{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T14:45:20Z","timestamp":1787064320642,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,19]],"date-time":"2021-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634601600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":291,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Law. Med. Ethics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Every year millions of people suffer minor brain injuries, many of which occur in collision sports. While there has been substantial commentary and debate about the nature of this public health crisis, it is clear that the scientific and clinical arguments reflect values preferences and judgments that are often invisible in documents which combine artful language with undue focus paid to sources of uncertainty at the cost of clarity and transparency. This essay gives a brief history of these patterns and proposes a remedy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/jme.2021.55","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,20]],"date-time":"2021-10-20T18:43:15Z","timestamp":1634755395000},"page":"365-371","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The Intertwined History of Malingering and Brain Injury: An Argument for Structural Competency in Traumatic Brain Injury"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Stephen T.","family":"Casper","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1073110521000553_r43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/shm\/hks018"},{"key":"S1073110521000553_r23","unstructured":"23. All quotes above are from \u201cSketches from Shady Places: XVI \u2013 Malingering,\u201d in Pall Mall Budget: Being a Weekly Collection of Articles Printed in the Pall Mall Gazette from Day to Day August 30, 1878, at 14."},{"key":"S1073110521000553_r15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1353\/book.29446","volume-title":"Chronic Disease in the Twentieth Century: A History","author":"Weisz","year":"2014"},{"key":"S1073110521000553_r32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5149\/northcarolina\/9781469653709.001.0001","volume-title":"No Game for Boys to Play: The History of Youth Football and the Origins of a Public Health Crisis","author":"Bachynski","year":"2019"},{"key":"S1073110521000553_r40","unstructured":"40. Id. at 33."},{"key":"S1073110521000553_r8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4159\/9780674246324"},{"key":"S1073110521000553_r29","unstructured":"29. Id."},{"key":"S1073110521000553_r2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(10)70069-7"},{"key":"S1073110521000553_r38","first-page":"437","volume-title":"The Late Effects of Head Injury","author":"Lawton","year":"1969"},{"key":"S1073110521000553_r4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/02699051003709623"},{"key":"S1073110521000553_r34","volume-title":"The Late Effects of Head Injury","author":"Walker","year":"1969"},{"key":"S1073110521000553_r9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4159\/9780674495517"},{"key":"S1073110521000553_r19","first-page":"125","volume-title":"War, Medicine and Modernity","author":"Cooter","year":"1998"},{"key":"S1073110521000553_r6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1080\/026990500120790","article-title":"Cultural Variations in the Understanding of Traumatic Brain Injury and Brain Injury Rehabilitation","volume":"14","author":"Simpson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Brain Injury"},{"key":"S1073110521000553_r26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1121130"},{"key":"S1073110521000553_r1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2017.10.JNS17352"},{"key":"S1073110521000553_r41","first-page":"112","article-title":"Decisions Concerning Cerebral Concussions in Football Players","volume":"1","author":"Schneider","year":"1969","journal-title":"Medicine and Science in Sports"},{"key":"S1073110521000553_r27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195057812.001.0001","volume-title":"Shattered Nerves\u201d: Doctors, Patients, and Depression in Victorian England","author":"Oppenheim","year":"1991"},{"key":"S1073110521000553_r12","first-page":"387","article-title":"Trains, Brains, and Sprains: Railway Spine and the Origins of Psychoneuroses","volume":"69","author":"Caplan","journal-title":"Bulletin of the History of Medicine"},{"key":"S1073110521000553_r31","first-page":"511","article-title":"Alleged Organic Disease of the Brain Following Moderate Concussion: Case of Louisa V. Russell vs. Boston and Lowell R. R. Co","volume":"CXIV","author":"Nichols","year":"1886","journal-title":"Boston Medical and Surgical Journal"},{"key":"S1073110521000553_r7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02699050410001719943"},{"key":"S1073110521000553_r13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2013.06.032"},{"key":"S1073110521000553_r30","unstructured":"30. Id."},{"key":"S1073110521000553_r20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1111\/head.13288","article-title":"Concussion: A History of Science and Medicine, 1870\u20102005","volume":"58","author":"Casper","year":"2018","journal-title":"Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain"},{"key":"S1073110521000553_r21","volume-title":"On Railway and Other Injuries of the Nervous System","author":"Erichsen","year":"1867"},{"key":"S1073110521000553_r10","volume-title":"Malingering and Illness Deception","author":"Halligan","year":"2006"},{"key":"S1073110521000553_r17","first-page":"775","article-title":"The Historical Origins and Economic Structure of Workers\u2019 Compensation Law","volume":"16","author":"Epstein","year":"1982","journal-title":"Georgia Law Review"},{"key":"S1073110521000553_r39","unstructured":"39. Poinsett, A. , \u201cPro Football\u2019s Mightiest Player: Jim Brown Heads for Sixth Title, May Gain 2,000 yards,\u201d Ebony, January 1964, at 34."},{"key":"S1073110521000553_r3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"3. Barr, W.B. , \u201cBelievers versus Deniers: The Radicalization of Sports Concussion and Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE) Science,\u201d\u00a0Canadian Psychology\/Psychologie Canadienne\u00a061, no. 2 (2020): 151\u2013162; D. Malcolm, The Concussion Crisis in Sport. (Routledge, 2019).","DOI":"10.1037\/cap0000210"},{"key":"S1073110521000553_r18","first-page":"161","volume-title":"See R. Smith, Trial by Medicine: Insanity and Responsibility in Victorian Trials","year":"1981"},{"key":"S1073110521000553_r25","unstructured":"25. \u201cSketches from Shady Places: XVI \u2013 Malingering,\u201d in Pall Mall Budget: Being a Weekly Collection of Articles Printed in the Pall Mall Gazette from Day to Day (August 30, 1878): at 15."},{"key":"S1073110521000553_r14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2019.112688"},{"key":"S1073110521000553_r22","unstructured":"22. An excellent review of matters made in the 1940s was published by Moses Keschner. See \u201cThe Medico-Legal Aspects of Injuries of the Brain and Spinal Cord and Their Coverings,\u201d in S. Brock ed. Injuries of the Brain and Spinal Cord and Their Coverings: Neuro-Psychiatric, Surgical, and Medico-Legal Aspects (Baltimore: The Williams & Wilkins Company, 1949)."},{"key":"S1073110521000553_r11","volume-title":"Traumatic Pasts","author":"Micale","year":"2011"},{"key":"S1073110521000553_r37","unstructured":"37. Id."},{"key":"S1073110521000553_r5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.04.007"},{"key":"S1073110521000553_r33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3138\/9781442682214"},{"key":"S1073110521000553_r42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780429292408"},{"key":"S1073110521000553_r24","unstructured":"24. \u201cSketches from Shady Places: XVI \u2013 Malingering,\u201d in Pall Mall Budget: Being a Weekly Collection of Articles Printed in the Pall Mall Gazette from Day to Day (August 30, 1878): at 15."},{"key":"S1073110521000553_r36","first-page":"435","volume-title":"The Late Effects of Head Injury","author":"Lawton","year":"1969"},{"key":"S1073110521000553_r16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1121130"},{"key":"S1073110521000553_r35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.5230.919"},{"key":"S1073110521000553_r28","first-page":"510","article-title":"Alleged Organic Disease of the Brain Following Moderate Concussion: Case of Louisa V. Russell vs. Boston and Lowell R. R. Co","volume":"CXIV","author":"Nichols","year":"1886","journal-title":"Boston Medical and Surgical Journal"}],"container-title":["Journal of Law, Medicine &amp; Ethics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S1073110521000553","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,12]],"date-time":"2023-01-12T20:50:01Z","timestamp":1673556601000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S1073110521000553\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021]]}},"alternative-id":["S1073110521000553"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/jme.2021.55","relation":{},"ISSN":["1073-1105","1748-720X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1073-1105","type":"print"},{"value":"1748-720X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021]]}}}