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Ethics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Involuntary commitment links the healthcare, public health, and legislative systems to act as a \u201ccarceral health-service.\u201d While masquerading as more humane and medicalized, such coercive modalities nevertheless further reinforce the systems, structures, practices, and policies of structural oppression and white supremacy. We argue that due to involuntary commitment\u2019s inextricable connection to the carceral system, and a longer history of violent social control, this legal framework cannot and must not be held out as a viable alternative to the criminal legal system responses to behavioral and mental health challenges. Instead, this article proposes true alternatives to incarceration that are centered on liberation that seeks to shrink the carceral system\u2019s grasp on individuals\u2019 and communities\u2019 lives. In this, we draw inspiration from street-level praxis and action theory emanating from grassroots organizations and community organizers across the country under a Public Health Abolition framework.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/jme.2022.5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,4]],"date-time":"2022-03-04T06:22:37Z","timestamp":1646374957000},"page":"23-30","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Involuntary Commitment as \u201cCarceral-Health Service\u201d: From Healthcare-to-Prison Pipeline to a Public Health Abolition Praxis"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Rafik","family":"Wahbi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leo","family":"Beletsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1073110522000055_r39","unstructured":"39. Re-Imagine L.A. County, available at <https:\/\/reimagine.la\/> (last visited December 26, 2021)."},{"key":"S1073110522000055_r15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1341787"},{"key":"S1073110522000055_r41","unstructured":"41. Craver, R. , \u201cMental Health Advocates Say North Carolina Is Headed toward Crisis. They\u2019re Asking Lawmakers for Help,\u201d Winston-Salem Journal, June 21, 2021, available at <https:\/\/journalnow.com\/news\/local\/mental-health-advocates-say-north-carolina-is-headed-toward-crisis-they-re-asking-lawmakers-for\/article_ec710aa6-d2cc-11eb-8033-03936e2cbdab.html> (last visited December 26, 2021)."},{"key":"S1073110522000055_r5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2020.08.014"},{"key":"S1073110522000055_r28","unstructured":"28. D. Berger, The Struggle Within: Prisons, Political Prisoners, and Mass Movements in the United States (PM Press: 2014), available at <https:\/\/www.pmpress.org\/index.php?l=product_detail&p=632> (last visited December 26, 2021)."},{"key":"S1073110522000055_r25","unstructured":"25. Richie and Martensen, supra note 10."},{"key":"S1073110522000055_r4","unstructured":"4. The Public Surveillance Program, \u201cLong-Term Involuntary Commitment Laws,\u201d available at <https:\/\/lawatlas.org\/datasets\/long-term-involuntary-commitment-laws> (last visited December 10, 2021)."},{"key":"S1073110522000055_r36","unstructured":"36. Id."},{"key":"S1073110522000055_r13","unstructured":"13. Chief Executive Office: Los Angeles County, \u201cThe L.A. County Alternatives to Incarceration Initiative,\u201d October 5, 2020, available at <https:\/\/ceo.lacounty.gov\/ati\/> (last visited December 16, 2021)."},{"key":"S1073110522000055_r17","volume-title":"Critical Race Theory: The Key Writings That Formed the Movement","author":"Crenshaw","year":"1995"},{"key":"S1073110522000055_r19","first-page":"163","volume-title":"Disability Incarcerated: Imprisonment and Disability in the United States and Canada","author":"Ware","year":"2014"},{"key":"S1073110522000055_r35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2020-004582"},{"key":"S1073110522000055_r23","unstructured":"23. Foucault, supra note 20."},{"key":"S1073110522000055_r24","unstructured":"24. Critical Resistance: Beyond the Prison Industrial Complex 1998 Conference \u2014 Critical Resistance, September 1998, University of California, available at <http:\/\/criticalresistance.org\/critical-resistance-beyond-the-prison-industrial-complex-1998-conference\/> (last visited December 26, 2021)."},{"key":"S1073110522000055_r26","unstructured":"26. Id."},{"key":"S1073110522000055_r37","unstructured":"37. JusticeLA, \u201cFighting the L.A. County Jail Expansion,\u201d January 30, 2021, available at <https:\/\/justicelanow.org\/> (last visited December 26, 2021)."},{"key":"S1073110522000055_r40","unstructured":"40. See supra note 13."},{"key":"S1073110522000055_r2","unstructured":"2. Id."},{"key":"S1073110522000055_r9","unstructured":"9. Lee and Cohen, supra note 7."},{"key":"S1073110522000055_r11","first-page":"2646","article-title":"Policing the Emergency Room","volume":"134","author":"Song","year":"2021","journal-title":"Harvard Law Review"},{"key":"S1073110522000055_r8","unstructured":"8. Id. (Caspar and Joukov)."},{"key":"S1073110522000055_r22","first-page":"3","volume-title":"Disability Incarcerated: Imprisonment and Disability in the United States and Canada","author":"Chapman","year":"2014"},{"key":"S1073110522000055_r12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0091450917739391"},{"key":"S1073110522000055_r31","first-page":"122","article-title":"The Supreme Court 2018 Term","volume":"133","author":"Roberts","year":"2019","journal-title":"Harvard Law Review"},{"key":"S1073110522000055_r1","unstructured":"1. Ryan, J. , Attorney, \u201cUS Supreme Court United States Court of Appeals for the 4th Circuit Decides Limitations on TASER Use. LLRMI - Training and Expert Services for Law Enforcement, Jails & Corrections, Insurance Pools, Risk Managers, and Attorneys,\u201d October 27, 2016, available at <https:\/\/www.llrmi.com\/articles\/legal_update\/2016_armstrong_v_village_of_pinehurst\/> (last visited December 10, 2021)."},{"key":"S1073110522000055_r38","unstructured":"38. Los Angeles County, \u201cMeasure J Background,\u201d November 17, 2020, available at <https:\/\/ceo.lacounty.gov\/measure-j-background\/> (last visited December 26, 2021)."},{"key":"S1073110522000055_r14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1361332052000341006"},{"key":"S1073110522000055_r3","first-page":"30","article-title":"Civil Commitment in the United States","volume":"7","author":"Testa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychiatry Edgmont"},{"key":"S1073110522000055_r30","unstructured":"30. 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Beletsky, L. and Tomasini-Joshi, D. , \u201cOpinion: \u2018Treatment Facilities\u2019 Aren\u2019t What You Think They Are,\u201d New York Times, September 3, 2019, available at <https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2019\/09\/03\/opinion\/opioid-jails-treatment-facilities.html> (last visited December 16, 2021)."},{"key":"S1073110522000055_r34","unstructured":"34. End Police Violence Collective, available at <https:\/\/www.endingpoliceviolence.com> (last visited December 26, 2021)."},{"key":"S1073110522000055_r21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0896920511430864"},{"key":"S1073110522000055_r29","unstructured":"29. See supra note 24."},{"key":"S1073110522000055_r10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886109919897576"},{"key":"S1073110522000055_r27","unstructured":"27. 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