{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T16:34:58Z","timestamp":1785429298990,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":166,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,28]],"date-time":"2025-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748390400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":147,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011280","name":"Morsani College of Medicine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["F-112622"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F-112622"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011280","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Law. Med. Ethics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Recent literature describes the controversy relating to brain death\/death by neurological criteria (DNC), which some have referred to as \u201cwidely accepted, but not universally supported.\u201d This article provides an overview of differences in state laws relating to DNC and describes recent proposals to reform the definition of brain death. In 2023, the American Academy of Neurology (AAN) issued clinical guidelines stating that clinicians may declare a patient DNC despite evidence of neuroendocrine function \u2014 a position that directly conflicts with state law requirements for determining death. This article offers a critical analysis of AAN guidelines, an update on proposals to reform the Uniform Determination of Death Act, and explains why policy discussions should include how DNC exams occur in practice. Research suggests there are flaws with current clinical testing methods, which contributes to two separate problems: (1) false positives from insufficient testing, and (2) inadvertent misdiagnosis from unintentional errors. Together, this has produced confusion and reduced public trust in the concept of brain death. This article provides recommendations to clarify and retain the current legal standard for brain death, explains the ethical importance of accurate standards for determining DNC, and offers practical solutions to reduce errors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/jme.2025.10107","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,28]],"date-time":"2025-05-28T03:24:19Z","timestamp":1748402659000},"page":"244-253","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Addressing the Problem of Brain Death Misdiagnosis"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Marjorie","family":"Fitzsimmons","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/032db5x82","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"USF Health Morsani College of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4034-0160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katherine","family":"Drabiak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/032db5x82","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of South Florida Health"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prithvi","family":"Shetty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/032db5x82","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"USF Health Morsani College of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1073110525101071_r111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.1472","article-title":"The Uncertain Future of the Determination of Brain Death","volume":"329","author":"Truog","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r14","unstructured":"14. Id"},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r97","unstructured":"97. Miller et al., supra note 77."},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r138","unstructured":"138. Id."},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r112","unstructured":"112. Lewis et al., supra note 7."},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r154","unstructured":"154. Nair-Collins and Joffe, supra note 26."},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r39","unstructured":"39. Id."},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r89","unstructured":"89. DeCock et al., supra note 24; Sulmasy et al., supra note 6."},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12910-018-0315-0"},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r117","unstructured":"117. Sulmasy et al., supra note 6."},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r129","unstructured":"129. R. Stein, \u201c\u2018Horrifying\u2019 Mistake to Take Organs From a Living Person Was Averted, Witnesses Say,\u201d NPR, October 17, 2024, https:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/shots-health-news\/2024\/10\/16\/nx-s1-5113976\/organ-transplantion-mistake-brain-dead-surgery-still-alive."},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r149","unstructured":"149. Truog et al., supra note 80."},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r134","unstructured":"134. Id."},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r152","unstructured":"152. See Thomson v. Nason Hospital, 591 A.2d 703 (Pa. 1991)."},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r93","unstructured":"93. Id.; Shewmon, supra note 56; Miller et al., supra note 77."},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r123","unstructured":"123. Bernat and Brust, supra note 10."},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M19-2731"},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-024-01964-w","article-title":"The Quest to Revise the Uniform Determination of Death Act: Why We Tried, Why We Failed, and Where We Go from Here","volume":"41","author":"Lewis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurocritical Care"},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r30","unstructured":"30. Drost et al., supra note 3."},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r140","unstructured":"140. Id."},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r47","unstructured":"47. Lewis et al., supra note 7; Antommaria et al., supra note 43; Pope, supra note 43."},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r5","unstructured":"5. Drost et al., supra note 3."},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2021.11.026"},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r56","first-page":"1","article-title":"Statement in Support of Revising the Uniform Determination of Death Act and in Opposition to a Proposed Revision","volume":"jhab0","author":"Shewmon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Medicine and Philosophy"},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r122","unstructured":"122. Biel and Durrant, supra note 10; Barnes and Greer, supra note 7."},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r60","unstructured":"60. Berkowitz and Garrett, supra note 10; Shewmon, supra note 56."},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r53","unstructured":"53. Id."},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r45","unstructured":"45. Greer et al, supra note 10."},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r11","unstructured":"11. Pope, supra note 2."},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r75","unstructured":"75. Yanke et al., supra note 40."},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000207334"},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r96","unstructured":"96. Greer et al., supra note 10; but see Nair-Collins and Joffe, supra note 26."},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r48","unstructured":"48. Greer et al, supra note 10."},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r28","unstructured":"28. Greer et al., supra note 10."},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r19","first-page":"1","article-title":"The 2023 AAN\/AAP\/CNS\/SCCM Pediatric and Adult Brain Death\/Death by Neurologic Criteria Consensus Practice Guideline","volume":"13","author":"Lewis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurology: Clinical Practice"},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r46","unstructured":"46. Id.; Antommaria et al., supra note 43."},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r22","unstructured":"22. Id."},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r145","unstructured":"145. Id."},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40560-022-00609-4"},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.7326\/L20-0256","article-title":"It\u2019s Time to Revise the Uniform Determination of Death Act","volume":"173","author":"Kasarskis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Annals of Internal Medicine"},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r101","unstructured":"101. Id."},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r82","unstructured":"82. Lewis, supra note 40; Nev. Rev. Stat. \u00a7 451.007 (2021); Nev. Rev. Stat. \u00a7 451.008 (2021)."},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r66","unstructured":"66. Cal. Health & Safety Code \u00a7 1254.4 (2008); Pope, supra note 6; Pope supra note 16."},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r158","unstructured":"158. Braksik et al., supra note 10; Biel and Durrant, supra note 10."},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r69","unstructured":"69. Lewis et al., supra note 7; Omelianchuk et al. supra note 7."},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r55","unstructured":"55. Paquette et al., supra note 35."},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.2147\/MB.S70369","article-title":"Clinical and Ethical Perspectives on Brain Death","volume":"5","author":"Nair-Collins","year":"2015","journal-title":"Medicolegal and Bioethics"},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r20","unstructured":"20. Id."},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4300\/JGME-D-18-00185.1"},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r21","unstructured":"21. Id."},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r67","unstructured":"67. Lewis, supra note 40; Yanke et al., supra note 40; Nev. Rev. Stat. \u00a7 451.007 (2021); Nev. Rev. Stat. \u00a7 451.008 (2021)."},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r70","unstructured":"70. Russell et al., supra note 10."},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r131","unstructured":"131. Id."},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r136","unstructured":"136. Id."},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r92","unstructured":"92. Nair-Collins, supra note 77."},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r88","unstructured":"88. Pope, supra note 16."},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r27","unstructured":"27. Pelligrino Center for Clinical Bioethics, \u201cProposal for Revising the Uniform Determination of Death Act,\u201d Hastings Center Bioethics Forum (February 18, 2022), https:\/\/www.thehastingscenter.org\/defining-brain-death\/."},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1400930","article-title":"Accepting Brain Death","volume":"370","author":"Magnus","year":"2014","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.36646\/mjlr.48.2.piercing","article-title":"Piercing the Veil: The Limits of Brain Death as a Legal Fiction","volume":"48","author":"Shah","year":"2015","journal-title":"University of Michigan Journal of Legal Reform"},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r146","unstructured":"146. Shewmon, supra note 56; Miller et al., supra note 77; Shah, supra note 114."},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r107","unstructured":"107. Sulmasy et al, supra note 6."},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r25","unstructured":"25. Russell et al., supra note 10; but see Greer et al., supra note 10."},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r81","unstructured":"81. Biel and Durrant, supra note 10."},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r106","unstructured":"106. Sulmasy et al., supra note 6; Nair-Collins and Joffe, supra note 26."},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r115","unstructured":"115. Miller et al., supra note 77."},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r32","unstructured":"32. Drost et al., supra note 3."},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000207740","article-title":"Pediatric and Adult Brain Death\/Death by Neurologic Criteria Consensus Guideline","volume":"101","author":"Greer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r79","unstructured":"79. Id.; see also Pelligrino Center for Clinical Ethics, supra note 27."},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r90","unstructured":"90. Yanke et al., supra note 40; Shewmon, supra note 56."},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r102","unstructured":"102. Magnus et al., supra note 4; Russell et al. supra note 10."},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r29","first-page":"719","article-title":"Practice Variability in Determination of Death by Neurologic Criteria for Adult Patients","volume":"92","author":"Junn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine"},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r135","unstructured":"135. Id."},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r148","unstructured":"148. Id."},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2021.11.029"},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r37","unstructured":"37. Id.; Berkowitz and Garrett, supra note 10."},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r64","unstructured":"64. Id.; Berkowitz and Garrett, supra note 10."},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r132","unstructured":"132. Id."},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1038","DOI":"10.1001\/amajethics.2020.1038","article-title":"What Should We Do About the Mismatch Between Legal Criteria for Death and How Brain Death Is Diagnosed?","volume":"22","author":"Robbins","year":"2020","journal-title":"AMA Journal of Ethics"},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r49","unstructured":"49. Lewis et al., supra note 7; Pope, supra note 43."},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r61","unstructured":"61. Berkowitz and Garrett, supra note 9; Yanke et al., supra note 40."},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r94","unstructured":"94. Nair-Collins, supra note 77; Shewmon, supra note 56; Miller et al., supra note 77; Yanke et al., supra note 40."},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"41. 10 NYCRR \u00a7 400.16 (2011).","DOI":"10.1109\/TMECH.2011.2106415"},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r72","unstructured":"72. Magnus et al., supra note 4."},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r113","unstructured":"113. Omelianchuk, supra note 7."},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1047","DOI":"10.1001\/amajethics.2020.1047","article-title":"What Does the Public Need to Know About Brain Death","volume":"22","author":"Busl","year":"2020","journal-title":"AMA Journal of Ethics"},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r118","unstructured":"118. American College of Physicians, supra note 9."},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r142","unstructured":"142. Id."},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r160","unstructured":"160. Bernat and Brust, supra note 10."},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r63","unstructured":"63. Muramoto, supra note 35."},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21507740.2021.1973148"},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r105","unstructured":"105. Magnus et al., supra note 4; Bernat, supra note 91."},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r120","unstructured":"120. Lewis, supra note 119."},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r159","unstructured":"159. Id.; Hocker et al., supra note 10."},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r130","unstructured":"130. Braksick et al., supra note 10."},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r13","unstructured":"13. Greer et al., supra note 10."},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"68. N.J. Rev. Stat. \u00a7 26:6A (1991).","DOI":"10.1097\/00004424-199105000-00030"},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r150","unstructured":"150. Biel and Durrant, supra note 10."},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-021-01439-2"},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r23","unstructured":"23. Id."},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r165","unstructured":"165. Bernat and Brust, supra note 10."},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r87","unstructured":"87. Sulmasy et al., supra note 6."},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r137","unstructured":"137. Id."},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1968.03140320031009","article-title":"A Definition of Irreversible Coma: Report of the Ad Hoc Committee of the Harvard Medical School to Examine the Definition of Brain Death","volume":"205","author":"Beecher","year":"1968","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2017.1636"},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r15","unstructured":"15. Id."},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r36","unstructured":"36. Pope, supra note 16."},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r109","unstructured":"109. DeCock et al., supra note 24; Pelligrino Center for Clinical Bioethics, supra note 27; Sulmasy et al., supra note 6."},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r164","unstructured":"164. Douglas et al., supra note 157; Fourcand and Barratt, supra note 157."},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r58","unstructured":"58. Id."},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r62","unstructured":"62. Russell et al., supra note 10."},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r100","unstructured":"100. Russell et al., supra note 10."},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r133","unstructured":"133. Id."},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hast.954"},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r156","unstructured":"156. Sulmasy et al., supra note 6."},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r38","unstructured":"38. Pope, supra note 16."},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r42","unstructured":"42. Pope, supra note 16; Berkowitz and Garrett, supra note 10."},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r153","volume-title":"Persons, Humanity, and the Definition of Death","author":"Lizza","year":"2006"},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r128","unstructured":"128. Id."},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r116","unstructured":"116. Shah, supra note 114."},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r124","unstructured":"124. Junn and Hwang, supra note 29."},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1097\/ACO.0000000000001173","article-title":"Brain Death\/Death by Neurologic Criteria Determination: An Update","volume":"35","author":"Drost","year":"2022","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Anesthesiology"},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r50","unstructured":"50. Greer et al, supra note 10; Antommaria et al., supra note 43."},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r52","unstructured":"52. Lewis et al., supra note 7."},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r76","unstructured":"76. Shewmon, supra note 56; see also Pelligrino Center for Clinical Bioethics, supra note 27."},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r104","unstructured":"104. Id."},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r33","unstructured":"33. Id."},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000207407"},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r84","unstructured":"84. 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Magnus et al., supra note 4; Greer et al. supra note 10; Lewis et al., supra note 7; Omelianchuk et al., supra note 7."},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1086\/JCE201425309","article-title":"Legal Briefing: Brain Death and Total Brain Failure","volume":"25","author":"Pope","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Ethics"},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.05.032","article-title":"COUNTERPOINT: Should Informed Consent be Required for Apnea Testing in Patients with Suspected Brain Death? Yes","volume":"152","author":"Truog","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r127","unstructured":"127. Hocker et al., supra note 10."},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r162","unstructured":"162. Bernat and Brust, supra note 10; Braksick, supra note 10; Greer et al., supra note 10."},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r24","unstructured":"24. Sulmasy et al., supra note 6; Sulmasy and DeCock, supra note 12; C. DeCock et al., \u201cReader Response: Pediatric and Adult Brain Death\/Death by Neurological Criteria Consensus Guideline,\u201d Neurology (December 6, 2023), https:\/\/www.neurology.org\/do\/10.1212\/comment.207740-reader-response-decock\/full\/."},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r44","unstructured":"44. Lewis et al., supra note 7; Antommaria et al., supra note 43."},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r57","unstructured":"57. Truog and Tasker, supra note 35."},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15265161.2016.1222007"},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r54","unstructured":"54. Truog and Tasker, supra note 35; Paquette et al., supra note 35; Muramoto, supra note 35; Yanke et al., supra note 40."},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r98","unstructured":"98. Nair-Collins and Joffe, supra note 26; Sulmasy et al., supra note 6."},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r59","unstructured":"59. Berkowitz and Garrett, supra note 10; Paquette et al., supra note 35; Yanke et al., supra note 40."},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r103","unstructured":"103. Greer et al., supra note 10; Lewis et al., supra note 19."},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r17","unstructured":"17. Russell et al., supra note 10; Greer et al., supra note 10."},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r51","unstructured":"51. Id."},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r18","unstructured":"18. Id."},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E986","DOI":"10.1001\/amajethics.2020.986","article-title":"What Should We Do When Families Refuse Testing for Brain Death?","volume":"22","author":"Truog","year":"2020","journal-title":"AMA Journal of Ethics"},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r121","unstructured":"121. Sulmasy and DeCock, supra note 12; Nair-Collins and Joffe, supra note 26."},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r110","unstructured":"110. American College of Physicians, supra note 9."},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r86","unstructured":"86. Omelianchuk et al., supra note 7; Pope, supra note 16; Shewmon, supra note 56; Robbins and Bernat, supra note 9; Sulmasy et al., supra note 6."},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r144","unstructured":"144. Sulmasy et al., supra note 6, at 963."},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r73","unstructured":"73. Russell et al., supra note 10."},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r151","unstructured":"151. Pope, supra note 2; Yanke et al., supra note 40; Shewmon, supra note 56."},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1177\/1941874420923906","article-title":"A Qualitative Identification of Gaps in Understanding About Brain Death Among Trainees, Health Care Personnel and Families at an Academic Medical Center","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurohospitalist"},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r71","unstructured":"71. Id."},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r126","unstructured":"126. Junn and Hwang, supra note 29."},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r83","unstructured":"83. Biel and Durrant, supra note 10."},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1001\/amajethics.2020.1004","article-title":"Should a patient who is pregnant and brain dead receive life support, despite objection from her appointed surrogate?","volume":"22","author":"Sperling","year":"2020","journal-title":"AMA Journal of Ethics"},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r147","unstructured":"147. Shewmon, supra note 56; Son and Setta, supra note 78; Truog et al., supra note 80."},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r108","unstructured":"108. DeCock et al., supra note 24."},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r74","unstructured":"74. Id.; Omelianchuk et al. supra note 7."},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1017\/S0963180114000097","article-title":"Dignity and the Ownership and Use of Body Parts","volume":"23","author":"Foster","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics"},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r163","unstructured":"163. Biel and Durrant, supra note 10."},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r34","unstructured":"34. Lewis et al., supra note 7; Hocker et al., supra note 10."},{"key":"S1073110525101071_r95","unstructured":"95. Nair-Collins and Joffe, supra note 26."}],"container-title":["Journal of Law, Medicine &amp; Ethics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S1073110525101071","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T11:59:17Z","timestamp":1765799957000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S1073110525101071\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"references-count":166,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}},"alternative-id":["S1073110525101071"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/jme.2025.10107","relation":{},"ISSN":["1073-1105","1748-720X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1073-1105","type":"print"},{"value":"1748-720X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}}}