{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T21:03:50Z","timestamp":1760043830954,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"S1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,27]],"date-time":"2025-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743033600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":85,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Law. Med. Ethics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) represent a significant global health challenge, requiring distinct prevention and control strategies. Public health efforts have concentrated on regulating three primary risk factors: tobacco and nicotine products, unhealthy foods and beverages, and alcohol. While the World Health Organization (WHO) Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) stands as a legally binding international treaty, similar international legal efforts for alcohol and unhealthy foods have never gained significant traction. Consequently, global governance of NCD risk factors largely relies on soft law instruments, including WHO strategies, UN resolutions, and cross-sectoral initiatives that set political goals and technical standards. The article argues for the potential of a human rights-based approach to enhance global NCD regulation, emphasizing legal capacity building and managing industry influence. Future efforts should leverage regional and local governance, and ensure robust legislative frameworks to overcome the limitations of current international law and effectively address NCD risk factors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/jme.2025.19","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,27]],"date-time":"2025-03-27T07:08:19Z","timestamp":1743059299000},"page":"30-33","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Non-Communicable Disease: Challenges and Opportunities for Global Regulation of Tobacco, Unhealthy Food, and Alcohol"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Katharina","family":"\u00d3 Cathaoir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Margherita","family":"Melillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9057-8548","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roger S.","family":"Magnusson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1073110525000191_r16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e012186","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2023-012186","article-title":"The impact of UN high-level meetings on non-communicable disease funding and policy implementation","volume":"8","author":"Akselrod","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ Global Health"},{"key":"S1073110525000191_r21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12873","article-title":"Identifying a human rights\u2013based approach to obesity for States and civil society","volume":"20","author":"Patterson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Obesity Reviews"},{"key":"S1073110525000191_r25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.18.213777"},{"key":"S1073110525000191_r29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0272424"},{"key":"S1073110525000191_r5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/9781009354394.005"},{"key":"S1073110525000191_r7","unstructured":"7. Conference of the Parties to the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, sixth session, FCTC\/COP6(9), 18 October 2014."},{"key":"S1073110525000191_r2","unstructured":"2. WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, ISBN:\u00a09241591013 (May 25, 2003)."},{"volume-title":"Ending Childhood Obesity: A Challenge at the Crossroads of International Economic and Human Rights Law","year":"2020","author":"Cathaoir","key":"S1073110525000191_r17"},{"volume-title":"Foundations of Global Health and Human Rights","year":"2020","author":"Toebes","key":"S1073110525000191_r23"},{"key":"S1073110525000191_r33","first-page":"2219","article-title":"Management of Conflicts of Interest in WHO\u2019s Consultative Processes on Global Alcohol Policy","volume":"11","author":"Leung","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Journal of Health Policy and Management"},{"key":"S1073110525000191_r30","unstructured":"30. Id.; Pacific Community, Pacific legislative framework for non-communicable diseases, ISBN: 978-982-00-1412-1 (2021), https:\/\/www.who.int\/docs\/default-source\/wpro---documents\/dps\/phmm-phoh-documents\/14th-phmm\/ncds-annex-2-english.pdf?sfvrsn=8a8e06ae_3 (last visited July 28, 2024)."},{"key":"S1073110525000191_r11","unstructured":"11. Towards a global action plan for healthy lives and well-being for all: uniting to accelerate progress towards the health-related SDGs (World Health Organization, 2018)."},{"key":"S1073110525000191_r27","unstructured":"27. \u201cReducing Tobacco Use,\u201d Bloomberg Philanthropies, https:\/\/www.bloomberg.org\/public-health\/reducing-tobacco-use\/ (last accessed July 30, 2024)."},{"key":"S1073110525000191_r34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1080\/17441692.2017.1342852","article-title":"Could the WHO\u2019s Framework on Engagement with Non-State Actors (FENSA) be a threat to tackling childhood obesity?","volume":"13","author":"Khayatzadeh-Mahani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Global Public Health"},{"key":"S1073110525000191_r14","unstructured":"14. Mid-point evaluation of the implementation of the WHO global action plan for the prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases 2013-2020 (NCD-GAP) Volume 1: Report Corporate evaluation commissioned by the WHO Evaluation Office (WHO, November 2020)."},{"key":"S1073110525000191_r18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1017\/S1744552311000139","article-title":"Human rights and the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control: mutually reinforcing systems","volume":"7","author":"Cabrera","year":"2011","journal-title":"International Journal of Law in Context"},{"key":"S1073110525000191_r6","unstructured":"6. Id., at 115."},{"key":"S1073110525000191_r22","unstructured":"22. See \u00d3 Cathaoir and Hartlev, supra note 17."},{"key":"S1073110525000191_r26","unstructured":"26. \u2018Best buys\u2019 and other recommended interventions for the prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases (World Health Organization, 2017)."},{"key":"S1073110525000191_r3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/err.2020.73"},{"key":"S1073110525000191_r24","unstructured":"24. \u201cHuman Rights capacity development for legal professionals, including support to national training institutions,\u201d Council of Europe, https:\/\/www.coe.int\/en\/web\/national-implementation\/thematic-work\/capacity-development-legal-professionals (last visited July 28, 2024)."},{"key":"S1073110525000191_r35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ejil\/chab014"},{"key":"S1073110525000191_r10","unstructured":"10. UN General Assembly, Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, A\/RES\/70\/1 (October 21, 2015)."},{"key":"S1073110525000191_r1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e6","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(22)00317-6","article-title":"Health and Cancer Risks Associated with Low Levels of Alcohol Consumption","volume":"8","author":"Anderson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"volume-title":"Health and Human Rights: Global and European Perspectives","year":"2022","author":"Cathaoir","key":"S1073110525000191_r20"},{"key":"S1073110525000191_r4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1314094"},{"key":"S1073110525000191_r31","first-page":"962","article-title":"Healthy, sustainable and equitable food systems: Growing the role of local government?","volume":"46","author":"Reeve","year":"2023","journal-title":"UNSW Law Journal"},{"key":"S1073110525000191_r12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09581596.2019.1693029"},{"key":"S1073110525000191_r32","unstructured":"32. Melillo, supra note 5."},{"key":"S1073110525000191_r8","first-page":"177","volume-title":"Global Health Law and Policy Ensuring Justice for a Healthier World","author":"Magnusson","year":"2024"},{"volume-title":"Prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases, Terms of reference for the global coordination mechanism on the prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases","year":"2014","key":"S1073110525000191_r9"},{"volume-title":"Progress on the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases: Report of the Secretary-General, A\/72\/662","year":"2017","key":"S1073110525000191_r13"},{"key":"S1073110525000191_r28","unstructured":"28. \u201cPromoting Healthy Food Choices,\u201d Bloomberg Philanthropies, https:\/\/www.bloomberg.org\/public-health\/promoting-healthy-food-choices\/ (last accessed July 30, 2024)."},{"key":"S1073110525000191_r15","unstructured":"15. \u201cOn the road to 2025 Preparatory process for the Fourth High-level Meeting of the UN General Assembly on the prevention and control of NCDs,\u201d World Health Organization, https:\/\/www.who.int\/teams\/noncommunicable-diseases\/on-the-road-to-2025 (last visited July 28, 2024)."},{"key":"S1073110525000191_r19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1017\/9781839702860","volume-title":"Children\u2019s Rights and Food Marketing: State Duties in Obesity Prevention","author":"Cathaoir","year":"2022"}],"container-title":["Journal of Law, Medicine &amp; Ethics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S1073110525000191","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,6]],"date-time":"2025-06-06T09:07:30Z","timestamp":1749200850000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S1073110525000191\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"S1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}},"alternative-id":["S1073110525000191"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/jme.2025.19","relation":{},"ISSN":["1073-1105","1748-720X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1073-1105"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1748-720X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}}}