{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T18:17:14Z","timestamp":1785435434750,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"S1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776297600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":105,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Law. Med. Ethics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Every US state requires drivers to pass a knowledge and skills examination before obtaining their driver\u2019s license. Surprisingly little is known about the progression of people through the examination process. To date, no research has been conducted on the proportion of individuals who pass from one stage of the driver examination process to the next compared to those who fail and are required to be reexamined. The purpose of this study was to follow the progression of a cohort of new drivers in Washington State as they advanced through the driver examination process. We reviewed driving records for 2,604 teens who started a driver education course in 2024. Of those who attempted the knowledge test at least once, 96 percent passed their knowledge test and 85 percent passed their skills exam. There were significant differences in pass and fail rates by sex, race, and household income. The overwhelming majority of new drivers passed both the knowledge and skills exams after two attempts. The fact that teenagers have a high risk of crashing in the first year of licensure suggests that the full safety potential of the knowledge and skills exams are not being realized.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/jme.2026.10229","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T04:29:18Z","timestamp":1776313758000},"page":"15-19","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Reforming the Driving Examination Process Evidence Gaps and Data Needs"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"54","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9869-1679","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johnathon P.","family":"Ehsani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00za53h95","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"Duren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00za53h95","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kerri","family":"McGowan Lowrey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04rq5mt64","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Maryland Baltimore Francis King Carey School of Law"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Cooke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Washington Department of Licensing"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1073110526102290_r5","unstructured":"5. Blincoe, Lawrence J. et al., The Economic and Societal Impact of Motor Vehicle Crashes, 2010 (Revised), DOT HS 812 013 (National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 2015), https:\/\/rosap.ntl.bts.gov\/view\/dot\/78697 (last visited January 2, 2025)."},{"key":"S1073110526102290_r25","unstructured":"25. Ehsani, et al., Predicting High-Risk Drivers: Skills Examination and Scoring Guidelines."},{"key":"S1073110526102290_r4","unstructured":"4. Tefft, Brian C. , Rates of Motor Vehicle Crashes, Injuries and Deaths in Relation to Driver Age, United States, 2014-2015 (AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety, June 2017), https:\/\/aaafoundation.org\/rates-motor-vehicle-crashes-injuries-deaths-relation-driver-age-united-states-2014-2015\/ (last visited January 2, 2025)."},{"key":"S1073110526102290_r28","unstructured":"28. Boufous, et al., \u201cAttempts at the Practical On-Road Driving Test\u201d"},{"key":"S1073110526102290_r10","unstructured":"10. Sermonti, Tony , \u201cThe First Driver Licenses: DOL History File, 1917\u20131921,\u201d Licensing Express, March 1, 2010, https:\/\/licensingexpress.wordpress.com\/2010\/03\/01\/the-first-driver-licenses-dol-history-file-1917-1921\/ (last visited January 2, 2025)."},{"key":"S1073110526102290_r8","unstructured":"8. \u201cDriver\u2019s license,\u201d EBSCO Information Services, https:\/\/www.ebsco.com\/research-starters\/law\/drivers-license (last visited January 2, 2025)."},{"key":"S1073110526102290_r21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2014.05.005"},{"key":"S1073110526102290_r17","volume-title":"Fighting Traffic: The Dawn of the Motor Age in the American City","author":"Norton","year":"2011"},{"key":"S1073110526102290_r1","unstructured":"1. \u201cRisk Factors for Teen Drivers,\u201d US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, August 4, 2025, https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/teen-drivers\/risk-factors\/index.html (last visited January 2, 2026)."},{"key":"S1073110526102290_r22","unstructured":"22. 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National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, \u201cDriver License Testing of Young Novice Drivers\u201d"},{"key":"S1073110526102290_r27","first-page":"666","volume-title":"The Development of Hazard Perception Testing","author":"Grayson","year":"2002"},{"key":"S1073110526102290_r7","unstructured":"7. \u201cGraduated licensing laws,\u201d Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, Highway Loss Data Institute, https:\/\/www.iihs.org\/research-areas\/teenagers\/graduated-licensing-laws-table (last visited January 2, 2025)."},{"key":"S1073110526102290_r18","unstructured":"18. \u201cDriver Guides,\u201d Washington State Department of Licensing, https:\/\/dol.wa.gov\/driver-licenses-and-permits\/driver-training-and-testing\/driver-guides (last visited January 2, 2025)."},{"key":"S1073110526102290_r13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15389588.2011.591856"},{"key":"S1073110526102290_r2","unstructured":"2. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Young Drivers Traffic Safety Facts: 2023 Data, DOT HS 813 736 (US Department of Transportation, July 2025), https:\/\/crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov\/#!\/DocumentTypeList\/11."},{"key":"S1073110526102290_r9","unstructured":"9. Washington Highway License Act, SB 147 Chapter IV, \u00a7 57 (1937), leg.wa.gov\/media\/m4icjp3s\/1937c188.pdf (last visited January 2, 2025)."},{"key":"S1073110526102290_r19","unstructured":"19. \u201cThe R Project for Statistical Computing,\u201d R Foundation, https:\/\/www.r-project.org\/ (last visited January 2, 2025)."}],"container-title":["Journal of Law, Medicine &amp; Ethics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S1073110526102290","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T04:29:55Z","timestamp":1776313795000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S1073110526102290\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"S1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}},"alternative-id":["S1073110526102290"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/jme.2026.10229","relation":{},"ISSN":["1073-1105","1748-720X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1073-1105","type":"print"},{"value":"1748-720X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}}}