{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T11:48:12Z","timestamp":1785412092075,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"S1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776297600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":105,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Law. Med. Ethics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Drug overdose and drug-related harm are major sources of preventable injury and death in the United States. The criminalization and stigmatization of people who use drugs continues to inform law and policy that is ineffective at preventing this harm. While harm reduction interventions such as syringe services programs (SSP) have been widely adopted, the laws that govern these programs often impose restrictions that make SSP operation more difficult and less effective. For example, 23 state permit SSPs to operate only if they receive authorization from state or local government officials, and 5 states continue to adhere to some version of a \u201cone for one\u201d exchange model. This article presents data on these and other state laws that impede the work of SSPs. It also highlights ways the experience and expertise of people who use drugs can be integrated into the creation and implementation of SSP operational models. Removing barriers to these life-saving programs is critical to decreasing drug-related harm.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/jme.2026.10233","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T04:29:18Z","timestamp":1776313758000},"page":"49-53","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Syringe Services Program Legal Restrictions Are Counter to Public Health and the Experience of People Who Use Drugs"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Amy","family":"Lieberman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05e58kh79","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Network for Public Health Law"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6278-5013","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Corey","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05e58kh79","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Network for Public Health Law"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alison","family":"Newman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00cvxb145","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Washington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1073110526102332_r32","unstructured":"32. Preventing Overdose & Reducing Drug-Related Harm: Policy & implementation guides for state & local change (ChangeLab Solutions, June 2024), https:\/\/www.changelabsolutions.org\/product\/state-local-od-prevention-policies (last visited Janury 6, 2026)."},{"key":"S1073110526102332_r33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209774","DOI":"10.1016\/j.josat.2025.209774","article-title":"Something does not add up: Rethinking how we compensate for research participation among people who use drugs","volume":"177","author":"Szlyk","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Substance Use and Addiction Treatment"},{"key":"S1073110526102332_r24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-0009.70034"},{"key":"S1073110526102332_r10","unstructured":"10. Dennis, Ashleigh , \u201cSome States Unwisely Cling to One-to-One Syringe Exchange Instead of Evidence Based Needs-Based Distribution,\u201d Network for Public Health Law, April 1, 2024, https:\/\/www.networkforphl.org\/news-insights\/some-states-unwisely-cling-to-one-to-one-syringe-exchange-instead-of-evidence-based-needs-based-distribution\/ (last visited January 6, 2026)."},{"key":"S1073110526102332_r30","unstructured":"30. Castro, Alexander , \u201cFirst state-regulated overdose prevention center could open by summer in Providence,\u201d Rhode Island Current, February 2, 2024, https:\/\/rhodeislandcurrent.com\/2024\/02\/02\/first-state-regulated-overdose-prevention-center-could-open-by-summer-in-providence\/ (last visited January 6, 2026)."},{"key":"S1073110526102332_r8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jurban\/jti053"},{"key":"S1073110526102332_r20","unstructured":"20. Kingston, et al., Results."},{"key":"S1073110526102332_r27","unstructured":"27. Lambdin, Barrot H. et al., \u201cImpact of the California Harm Reduction Initiative,\u201d RTI International, January 30, 2023, https:\/\/www.rti.org\/insights\/impact-of-california-harm-reduction-initiative (last visited January 6, 2026)."},{"key":"S1073110526102332_r9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2019.305268"},{"key":"S1073110526102332_r23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-024-01014-w"},{"key":"S1073110526102332_r11","unstructured":"11. Fla. Stat. Ann. \u00a7 381.0038(b)(3); Ariz. Rev. Stat. Ann. \u00a7 36-798.51(C)."},{"key":"S1073110526102332_r18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1007\/s10728-020-00406-w","article-title":"Harm Reduction Works: Evidence and Inclusion in Drug Policy and Advocacy","volume":"28","author":"Klein","year":"2020","journal-title":"Health Care Analysis"},{"key":"S1073110526102332_r25","article-title":"Distributing Safer Smoking Pipes Increases Engagement with Harm Reduction Services in the United States: Findings from the National Survey of Syringe Services Programs","author":"Chung","year":"2024","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"S1073110526102332_r28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lana.2024.100757"},{"key":"S1073110526102332_r12","unstructured":"12. Tenn. Code Ann. \u00a7 68-1-136(b)(2); W. Va. Code Ann. \u00a7 16-64-3(b)(4)."},{"key":"S1073110526102332_r6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S39","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit296","article-title":"Combination Interventions to Prevent HCV Transmission Among People Who Inject Drugs: Modeling the Impact of Antiviral Treatment, Needle and Syringe Programs, and Opiate Substitution Therapy","volume":"57","author":"Martin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clinical Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"S1073110526102332_r3","unstructured":"3. Garnett and Mini\u00f1o, \u201cDrug Overdose Deaths.\u201d"},{"key":"S1073110526102332_r16","unstructured":"16. The NY law provides that programs without state funding may be approved \u201cwith plans that do not include all of the elements specified in subdivision (m) of this section.\u201d While it\u2019s likely that the intention is to expand access, it is still a restriction on funding for a program. N.Y. Comp. Codes R. & Regs. tit. 10, \u00a7 80.135(n)(1)."},{"key":"S1073110526102332_r15","unstructured":"15. Bluthenthal, et al., \u201cHigher syringe coverage.\u201d"},{"key":"S1073110526102332_r31","unstructured":"31. J\u00fcrgens, Ralf , Nothing About Us Without Us (Open Society Foundations, 2008), https:\/\/www.opensocietyfoundations.org\/publications\/nothing-about-us-without-us (last visited January 6, 2026)."},{"key":"S1073110526102332_r1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15620\/cdc\/170565"},{"key":"S1073110526102332_r21","unstructured":"21. Davis, et al., \u201cLegality of drug checking equipment.\u201d"},{"key":"S1073110526102332_r14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/phn.12823"},{"key":"S1073110526102332_r7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002312"},{"key":"S1073110526102332_r26","unstructured":"26. \u201cHarm Reduction Resources for People Who Use Drugs in California,\u201d National Harm Reduction Coalition, https:\/\/harmreduction.org\/our-work\/action\/california\/ (last visited January 6, 2026)."},{"key":"S1073110526102332_r22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2024.104588"},{"key":"S1073110526102332_r19","volume-title":"Results from the 2023 WA State Syringe Services Program Health Survey","author":"Kingston","year":"2024"},{"key":"S1073110526102332_r29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-025-22210-8"},{"key":"S1073110526102332_r5","unstructured":"5. \u201cPrinciples of Harm Reduction,\u201d National Harm Reduction Coalition, https:\/\/harmreduction.org\/about-us\/principles-of-harm-reduction\/ (last visited January 6, 2026)."},{"key":"S1073110526102332_r2","unstructured":"2. Garnett and Mini\u00f1o, Drug Overdose Deaths ; Spencer, Merianne R. et al., Drug Overdose Deaths in the United States, 2002\u20132022 (National Center for Health Statistics, March 2024): Data Brief 491, https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/products\/databriefs\/db491.htm (last visited January 6, 2026; Tim Henderson, \u201cOverdose deaths are rising among Black and Indigenous Americans,\u201d Stateline, October 29, 2024, https:\/\/stateline.org\/2024\/10\/29\/overdose-deaths-are-rising-among-black-and-indigenous-americans\/ (last visited January 6, 2026); CDC Newsroom, \u201cCDC Reports Nearly 24% Decline in U.S. Drug Overdose Deaths,\u201d press release, February 25, 2025, https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/media\/releases\/2025\/2025-cdc-reports-decline-in-us-drug-overdose-deaths.html (last visited January 6, 2026)."},{"key":"S1073110526102332_r17","unstructured":"17. Colorado Health Network Inc., a nonprofit corporation and Southern Colorado Harm Reduction Association, a nonprofit corporation v. City Of Pueblo, Case No. 2024CV30274, Order Re: Determination of the Merits of the Case, https:\/\/www.aclu-co.org\/app\/uploads\/2024\/08\/2024-08-22_order_on_determination_of_the_merits.pdf."},{"key":"S1073110526102332_r34","unstructured":"34. Davis, Corey , \u201cRepeal of Paraphernalia Laws: Minnesota Leads the Way,\u201d Network for Public Health Law, December 13, 2023, https:\/\/www.networkforphl.org\/news-insights\/repeal-of-paraphernalia-laws-minnesota-leads-the-way\/ (last visited January 6, 2026)."},{"key":"S1073110526102332_r4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2022.109425"},{"key":"S1073110526102332_r13","unstructured":"13. 10-144-252 Me. Code R. \u00a7 2(E)(1)."}],"container-title":["Journal of Law, Medicine &amp; Ethics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S1073110526102332","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T04:29:59Z","timestamp":1776313799000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S1073110526102332\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"S1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}},"alternative-id":["S1073110526102332"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/jme.2026.10233","relation":{},"ISSN":["1073-1105","1748-720X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1073-1105","type":"print"},{"value":"1748-720X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}}}