{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T11:54:55Z","timestamp":1785412495593,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":118,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770681600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":40,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000155","name":"Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["512476"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["512476"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000155","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Law. Med. Ethics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Bribery by the pharmaceutical industry is one common manifestation of corruption that can be found in a pharmaceutical system. This study analyzes patterns of bribery in the global pharmaceutical industry through a systematic review of Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Working Group on Bribery Phase Reports published between 1999 and February 2025. These reports document investigations and enforcement actions related to bribery across jurisdictions. An inductive thematic analysis was used to identify key patterns in cases implicating pharmaceutical firms. We found patterns across many of the cases we studied. For example, bribery was often approved by high-ranking managers. Also, the use of intermediaries and complicated corporate structures to obscure bribes. Multiple cases revealed the involvement of subsidiaries, third-party vendors, or shell companies that processed payments disguised as legitimate transaction. Reported bribes amounted to about US$12.6 million, with sanctions exceeding US$1.1 billion. Government officials, regulatory authorities, and healthcare providers were bribed through cash, gifts, luxury travel, and fraudulent research to gain market access, increase sales, or influence prescribing. These findings underscore the systemic nature of bribery in the pharmaceutical sector and call for stronger oversight and accountability to protect public trust and equitable medicine access.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/jme.2026.10237","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T08:40:19Z","timestamp":1770712819000},"page":"119-129","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Bribery and the Global Pharmaceutical Industry: An Exploration of Patterns and Penalties in the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development Reports"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Jillian","family":"Kohler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03dbr7087","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Toronto"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anaam","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03dbr7087","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Toronto"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Bowra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03dbr7087","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Toronto"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"S107311052610237X_r76","unstructured":"76. OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Follow-Up Report: United States; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Report: Greece."},{"key":"S107311052610237X_r107","unstructured":"107. OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 3 Report-Italy; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 3 Follow-Up Report: Italy; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Report: Germany; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Follow-Up Report: Germany; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Follow-Up Report: United States; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Report: Greece; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Report: Denmark."},{"key":"S107311052610237X_r63","unstructured":"63. OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Report: Greece."},{"key":"S107311052610237X_r2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15171\/ijhpm.2019.48"},{"key":"S107311052610237X_r95","unstructured":"95. OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Follow-Up Report: United States."},{"key":"S107311052610237X_r73","unstructured":"73. OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Follow-Up Report: United States."},{"key":"S107311052610237X_r10","unstructured":"10. Lessig, \u201c\u2018Institutional Corruption\u2019 Defined.\u201d"},{"key":"S107311052610237X_r27","unstructured":"27. OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 3 Report-Italy; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 3 Follow-Up Report: Italy; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Report: Germany; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Follow-Up Report: Germany; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Follow-Up Report: United States; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Report: Greece; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Report: Denmark."},{"key":"S107311052610237X_r47","unstructured":"47. Rush, Joel C. , \u201cAn Overview of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act for Healthcare Companies,\u201d JD Supra, October 7, 2009, https:\/\/www.jdsupra.com\/legalnews\/an-overview-of-the-foreign-corrupt-pract-30712\/."},{"key":"S107311052610237X_r80","unstructured":"80. OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Follow-Up Report: United States; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Report: Greece."},{"key":"S107311052610237X_r39","unstructured":"39. OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Follow-Up Report: United States; Eli Lilly and Company."},{"key":"S107311052610237X_r28","unstructured":"28. OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 3 Report-Italy; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 3 Follow-Up Report: Italy; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Report: Germany; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Follow-Up Report: Germany; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Follow-Up Report: United States; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Report: Greece; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Report: Denmark."},{"key":"S107311052610237X_r40","unstructured":"40. OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Follow-Up Report: United States; Eli Lilly and Company."},{"key":"S107311052610237X_r96","unstructured":"96. OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Follow-Up Report: United States."},{"key":"S107311052610237X_r46","unstructured":"46. OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Report: Germany; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Report: Denmark."},{"key":"S107311052610237X_r22","unstructured":"22. Gagnon, \u201cCombatting Corruption in the Pharmaceutical Sector\u201d; Kohler et al., Corruption in the Pharmaceutical Sector: Diagnosing the Challenges."},{"key":"S107311052610237X_r84","unstructured":"84. OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Follow-Up Report: United States."},{"key":"S107311052610237X_r20","unstructured":"20. Gagnon, \u201cCombatting Corruption in the Pharmaceutical Sector\u201d; Kohler et al., Corruption in the Pharmaceutical Sector: Diagnosing the Challenges; Kohler and Dimancesco, \u201cThe Risk of Corruption in Public Pharmaceutical Procurement.\u201d"},{"key":"S107311052610237X_r51","unstructured":"51. OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 3 Report-Italy; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 3 Follow-Up Report: Italy; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Report: Germany; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Follow-Up Report: Germany; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Follow-Up Report: United States; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Report: Greece; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Report: Denmark."},{"key":"S107311052610237X_r49","unstructured":"49. OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Follow-Up Report: United States; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Report: Greece."},{"key":"S107311052610237X_r33","unstructured":"33. OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Follow-Up Report: United States; United States Department of Justice, \u201cTeva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd. Agrees to Pay More Than $283 Million to Resolve Foreign Corrupt Practices Act Charges.\u201d"},{"key":"S107311052610237X_r42","unstructured":"42. OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 3 Report-Italy; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 3 Follow-Up Report: Italy; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Report: Germany; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Follow-Up Report: Germany; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Follow-Up Report: United States; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Report: Greece; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Report: Denmark."},{"key":"S107311052610237X_r112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/16549716.2022.2140494"},{"key":"S107311052610237X_r32","unstructured":"32. OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Follow-Up Report: United States; United States Department of Justice, \u201cTeva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd. Agrees to Pay More Than $283 Million to Resolve Foreign Corrupt Practices Act Charges,\u201d press release, December 22, 2016, https:\/\/www.justice.gov\/archives\/opa\/pr\/teva-pharmaceutical-industries-ltd-agrees-pay-more-283-million-resolve-foreign-corrupt."},{"key":"S107311052610237X_r50","unstructured":"50. OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 3 Report-Italy; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 3 Follow-Up Report: Italy; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Report: Germany; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Follow-Up Report: Germany; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Follow-Up Report: United States; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Report: Greece; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Report: Denmark."},{"key":"S107311052610237X_r100","unstructured":"100. Gagnon, \u201cCombatting Corruption in the Pharmaceutical Sector.\u201d"},{"key":"S107311052610237X_r34","unstructured":"34. OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 3 Report-Italy; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 3 Follow-Up Report: Italy; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Report: Germany; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Follow-Up Report: Germany; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Follow-Up Report: United States; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Report: Greece; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Report: Denmark."},{"key":"S107311052610237X_r83","unstructured":"83. OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Follow-Up Report: United States."},{"key":"S107311052610237X_r70","unstructured":"70. OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Follow-Up Report: United States."},{"key":"S107311052610237X_r16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0175493"},{"key":"S107311052610237X_r58","unstructured":"58. OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Follow-Up Report: United States; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Report: Greece; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Report: Denmark."},{"key":"S107311052610237X_r17","unstructured":"17. Gagnon, \u201cCombatting Corruption in the Pharmaceutical Sector\u201d; Kohler et al., Corruption in the Pharmaceutical Sector: Diagnosing the Challenges."},{"key":"S107311052610237X_r6","first-page":"206","article-title":"Why We Must Talk About Institutional Corruption to Understand Wrongdoing in the Health Sector Comment on \u2018We Need to Talk About Corruption in Health Systems","volume":"9","author":"Fotaki","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Health Policy and Management"},{"key":"S107311052610237X_r31","unstructured":"31. OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 3 Report-Italy; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 3 Follow-Up Report: Italy; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Report: Germany; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Follow-Up Report: Germany; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Follow-Up Report: United States; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Report: Greece; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Report: Denmark."},{"key":"S107311052610237X_r48","unstructured":"48. Kohler et al., Corruption in the Pharmaceutical Sector: Diagnosing the Challenges."},{"key":"S107311052610237X_r21","unstructured":"21. Gagnon, \u201cCombatting Corruption in the Pharmaceutical Sector\u201d; Kohler et al., Corruption in the Pharmaceutical Sector: Diagnosing the Challenges."},{"key":"S107311052610237X_r4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jlme.12062"},{"key":"S107311052610237X_r13","unstructured":"13. \u201cWorking Group on Bribery,\u201d OECD, https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/en\/about\/committees\/working-group-on-bribery.html."},{"key":"S107311052610237X_r45","unstructured":"45. OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 3 Report-Italy; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 3 Follow-Up Report: Italy; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Report: Germany; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Follow-Up Report: Germany; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Follow-Up Report: United States; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Report: Greece; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Report: Denmark."},{"key":"S107311052610237X_r103","unstructured":"103. Kohler and Dimancesco, \u201cThe Risk of Corruption in Public Pharmaceutical Procurement.\u201d"},{"key":"S107311052610237X_r91","unstructured":"91. OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 3 Report: Italy."},{"key":"S107311052610237X_r78","unstructured":"78. OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Follow-Up Report: United States; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Report: Greece."},{"key":"S107311052610237X_r26","unstructured":"26. OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 3 Report-Italy; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 3 Follow-Up Report: Italy; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Report: Germany; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Follow-Up Report: Germany; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Follow-Up Report: United States; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Report: Greece; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Report: Denmark."},{"key":"S107311052610237X_r110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jlme.12071"},{"key":"S107311052610237X_r54","unstructured":"54. OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Follow-Up Report: United States."},{"key":"S107311052610237X_r35","unstructured":"35. OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 3 Report-Italy; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 3 Follow-Up Report: Italy; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Report: Germany; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Follow-Up Report: Germany; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Follow-Up Report: United States; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Report: Greece; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Report: Denmark."},{"key":"S107311052610237X_r41","unstructured":"41. OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Follow-Up Report: United States; Eli Lilly and Company."},{"key":"S107311052610237X_r53","volume-title":"Corruption in the Procurement of Pharmaceuticals in Anglophone sub-Saharan Africa: A Scoping Literature Review","author":"Onwujekwe","year":"2020"},{"key":"S107311052610237X_r52","unstructured":"52. OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Report: Denmark."},{"key":"S107311052610237X_r114","unstructured":"114. Kohler et al., Corruption in the Pharmaceutical Sector: Diagnosing the Challenges; Kohler and Dimancesco, \u201cThe Risk of Corruption in Public Pharmaceutical Procurement\u201d; European Commission \u2014 Directorate-General for Home Affairs and ECORYS, Study on Corruption in the Healthcare Sector."},{"key":"S107311052610237X_r109","unstructured":"109. Braithwaite, Corporate Crime in the Pharmaceutical Industry."},{"key":"S107311052610237X_r11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jlme.12062"},{"key":"S107311052610237X_r82","unstructured":"82. OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Follow-Up Report: United States; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Report: Denmark."},{"key":"S107311052610237X_r104","unstructured":"104. Kohler and Dimancesco, \u201cThe Risk of Corruption in Public Pharmaceutical Procurement.\u201d"},{"key":"S107311052610237X_r115","unstructured":"115. Kohler et al., Corruption in the Pharmaceutical Sector: Diagnosing the Challenges; Kohler and Dimancesco, \u201cThe Risk of Corruption in Public Pharmaceutical Procurement.\u201d"},{"key":"S107311052610237X_r38","unstructured":"38. OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Follow-Up Report: United States; Eli Lilly and Company."},{"key":"S107311052610237X_r117","unstructured":"117. Gagnon, \u201cCombatting Corruption in the Pharmaceutical Sector.\u201d"},{"key":"S107311052610237X_r105","volume-title":"Corporate Crime in the Pharmaceutical Industry","author":"Braithwaite","year":"1984"},{"key":"S107311052610237X_r36","unstructured":"36. OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 3 Report-Italy; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 3 Follow-Up Report: Italy; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Report: Germany; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Follow-Up Report: Germany; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Follow-Up Report: United States; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Report: Greece; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Report: Denmark."},{"key":"S107311052610237X_r74","unstructured":"74. OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Follow-Up Report: United States.; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Report: Greece."},{"key":"S107311052610237X_r12","unstructured":"12. Gagnon, \u201cCorruption of Pharmaceutical Markets.\u201d"},{"key":"S107311052610237X_r93","unstructured":"93. OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Report: Greece."},{"key":"S107311052610237X_r23","unstructured":"23. OECD Leg. 0293, Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions, (November 21, 1997), https:\/\/legalinstruments.oecd.org\/en\/instruments\/OECD-LEGAL-0293."},{"key":"S107311052610237X_r77","unstructured":"77. OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Follow-Up Report: United States; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Report: Greece."},{"key":"S107311052610237X_r85","unstructured":"85. OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 3 Report: Italy; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Follow-Up Report: United States."},{"key":"S107311052610237X_r44","unstructured":"44. OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 3 Report-Italy; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 3 Follow-Up Report: Italy; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Report: Germany; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Follow-Up Report: Germany; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Follow-Up Report: United States; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Report: Greece; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Report: Denmark."},{"key":"S107311052610237X_r113","unstructured":"113. Kohler et al., Corruption in the Pharmaceutical Sector: Diagnosing the Challenges; Kohler and Dimancesco, \u201cThe Risk of Corruption in Public Pharmaceutical Procurement\u201d; European Commission \u2014 Directorate-General for Home Affairs and ECORYS, Study on Corruption in the Healthcare Sector."},{"key":"S107311052610237X_r98","unstructured":"98. OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Follow-Up Report: United States."},{"key":"S107311052610237X_r30","unstructured":"30. OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 3 Report-Italy; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 3 Follow-Up Report: Italy; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Report: Germany; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Follow-Up Report: Germany; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Follow-Up Report: United States; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Report: Greece; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Report: Denmark."},{"key":"S107311052610237X_r15","unstructured":"15. Kohler et al., Corruption in the Pharmaceutical Sector: Diagnosing the Challenges."},{"key":"S107311052610237X_r71","unstructured":"71. OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Report: Greece."},{"key":"S107311052610237X_r7","volume-title":"Corruption in the Pharmaceutical Sector: Diagnosing the Challenges","author":"Kohler","year":"2016"},{"key":"S107311052610237X_r60","unstructured":"60. OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Follow-Up Report: United States; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Report: Greece."},{"key":"S107311052610237X_r8","unstructured":"8. Transparency International, What Is Bribery?, https:\/\/www.antibriberyguidance.org\/guidance\/5-what-bribery\/guidance."},{"key":"S107311052610237X_r57","unstructured":"57. OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Follow-Up Report: United States; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Report: Greece; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Report: Denmark."},{"key":"S107311052610237X_r118","unstructured":"118. OECD, OECD Foreign Bribery Report."},{"key":"S107311052610237X_r1","unstructured":"1. United Nations Office of the High Commissioner, The Human Rights Case Against Corruption (2013), https:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/en\/documents\/tools-and-resources\/human-rights-case-against-corruption-2013."},{"key":"S107311052610237X_r97","unstructured":"97. OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Follow-Up Report: United States."},{"key":"S107311052610237X_r3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4337\/9781802206494.00094"},{"key":"S107311052610237X_r79","unstructured":"79. OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Follow-Up Report: United States; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Report: Greece."},{"key":"S107311052610237X_r81","unstructured":"81. OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Follow-Up Report: United States."},{"key":"S107311052610237X_r90","unstructured":"90. OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Report: Greece."},{"key":"S107311052610237X_r37","unstructured":"37. OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Follow-Up Report: United States; Securities and Exchange Commission v. Eli Lilly and Company, Litigation Release No. 22576, 2012 WL 6642672 (Dec 12, 2012) https:\/\/www.sec.gov\/enforcement-litigation\/litigation-releases\/lr-22576."},{"key":"S107311052610237X_r75","unstructured":"75. OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Follow-Up Report: United States; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Report: Greece."},{"key":"S107311052610237X_r72","unstructured":"72. OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Report: Greece."},{"key":"S107311052610237X_r25","unstructured":"25. OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 3 Report-Italy; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 3 Follow-Up Report: Italy; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Report: Germany; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Follow-Up Report: Germany; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Follow-Up Report: United States; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Report: Greece; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Report: Denmark."},{"key":"S107311052610237X_r106","unstructured":"106. Braithwaite, Corporate Crime in the Pharmaceutical Industry."},{"key":"S107311052610237X_r64","unstructured":"64. OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Follow-Up Report: United States."},{"key":"S107311052610237X_r99","unstructured":"99. \u201cResponsible Business Conduct,\u201d OECD, https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/en\/topics\/responsible-business-conduct.html."},{"key":"S107311052610237X_r56","unstructured":"56. OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Follow-Up Report: United States."},{"key":"S107311052610237X_r18","volume-title":"Study on Corruption in the Healthcare Sector","year":"2013"},{"key":"S107311052610237X_r94","unstructured":"94. OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Follow-Up Report: United States."},{"key":"S107311052610237X_r88","unstructured":"88. OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Follow-Up Report: United States."},{"key":"S107311052610237X_r24","volume-title":"Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 3 Report-Italy","year":"2012"},{"key":"S107311052610237X_r86","unstructured":"86. OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 3 Report: Italy; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Follow-Up Report: United States."},{"key":"S107311052610237X_r43","unstructured":"43. OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 3 Report-Italy; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 3 Follow-Up Report: Italy; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Report: Germany; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Follow-Up Report: Germany; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Follow-Up Report: United States; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Report: Greece; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Report: Denmark."},{"key":"S107311052610237X_r5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jlme.12066"},{"key":"S107311052610237X_r19","unstructured":"19. European Commission \u2014 Directorate-General for Home Affairs and ECORYS, Study on Corruption in the Healthcare Sector."},{"key":"S107311052610237X_r29","unstructured":"29. OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 3 Report-Italy; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 3 Follow-Up Report: Italy; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Report: Germany; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Follow-Up Report: Germany; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Follow-Up Report: United States; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Report: Greece; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Report: Denmark."},{"key":"S107311052610237X_r116","unstructured":"116. Gagnon, \u201cCombatting Corruption in the Pharmaceutical Sector.\u201d"},{"key":"S107311052610237X_r69","unstructured":"69. OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Follow-Up Report: United States."},{"key":"S107311052610237X_r92","unstructured":"92. OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Follow-Up Report: United States; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Report: Greece."},{"key":"S107311052610237X_r14","volume-title":"Integrity of Scientific Research","author":"Gagnon","year":"2022"},{"key":"S107311052610237X_r65","unstructured":"65. OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Follow-Up Report: United States."},{"key":"S107311052610237X_r62","unstructured":"62. OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Report: Greece."},{"key":"S107311052610237X_r87","unstructured":"87. OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 3 Report: Italy; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Follow-Up Report: United States."},{"key":"S107311052610237X_r61","unstructured":"61. OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Follow-Up Report: United States."},{"key":"S107311052610237X_r68","unstructured":"68. OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Report: Greece."},{"key":"S107311052610237X_r101","unstructured":"101. Kohler and Dimancesco, \u201cThe Risk of Corruption in Public Pharmaceutical Procurement.\u201d"},{"key":"S107311052610237X_r9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jlme.12063"},{"key":"S107311052610237X_r55","unstructured":"55. OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 3 Report-Italy; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 3 Follow-Up Report: Italy; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Report: Germany; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Follow-Up Report: Germany; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Follow-Up Report: United States; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Report: Greece; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Report: Denmark."},{"key":"S107311052610237X_r108","unstructured":"108. OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 3 Report-Italy; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 3 Follow-Up Report: Italy; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Report: Germany; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Follow-Up Report: Germany; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Follow-Up Report: United States; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Report: Greece; OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Report: Denmark."},{"key":"S107311052610237X_r59","unstructured":"59. OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Follow-Up Report: United States."},{"key":"S107311052610237X_r67","unstructured":"67. OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Follow-Up Report: United States."},{"key":"S107311052610237X_r102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2011.300187"},{"key":"S107311052610237X_r89","unstructured":"89. OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Follow-Up Report: United States."},{"key":"S107311052610237X_r66","unstructured":"66. OECD, Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Phase 4 Follow-Up Report: United States."},{"key":"S107311052610237X_r111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/PPL-170451"}],"container-title":["Journal of Law, Medicine &amp; Ethics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S107311052610237X","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T12:29:09Z","timestamp":1780576149000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S107311052610237X\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":118,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}},"alternative-id":["S107311052610237X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/jme.2026.10237","relation":{},"ISSN":["1073-1105","1748-720X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1073-1105","type":"print"},{"value":"1748-720X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}}}