{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T12:45:39Z","timestamp":1785415539277,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777939200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":124,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Law. Med. Ethics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>President Trump and his administration have repeatedly threatened to invoke insurrection powers and unleash US military and National Guard members in American cities in response to civil uprisings and alleged interferences with immigration officials\u2019 actions. In so doing, they raise a specter of significant constitutional clashes over the use of these antiquated emergency authorities. To the extent Congress is unwilling to constrain presidential discretion, the US Supreme Court may be called on to clarify the scope and limits of Insurrection Act powers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/jme.2026.10253","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T07:57:50Z","timestamp":1777967870000},"page":"251-254","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Insurrection Powers and the Public\u2019s Health"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"54","author":[{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"James G.","family":"Hodge","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03efmqc40","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"ASU Sandra Day O\u2019Connor College of Law"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taylor","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03efmqc40","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"ASU Sandra Day O\u2019Connor College of Law"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kimberly","family":"Hartle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03efmqc40","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"ASU Sandra Day O\u2019Connor College of Law"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1073110526102538_r7","unstructured":"7. Trump v. Illinois, No. 25A443 (U.S. Dec. 23, 2025)."},{"key":"S1073110526102538_r33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.64628\/AAI.j397ucu7g"},{"key":"S1073110526102538_r15","first-page":"384","volume-title":"Public Health Law in a Nutshell","author":"Hodge","year":"2025"},{"key":"S1073110526102538_r30","unstructured":"30. Nunn, Joseph and Goitein, Elizabeth , \u201cThe Insurrection Act, Explained,\u201d Brennan Center for Justice, November 12, 2025, https:\/\/www.brennancenter.org\/our-work\/research-reports\/insurrection-act-explained (last visited March 5, 2026)."},{"key":"S1073110526102538_r2","unstructured":"2. 10 USC \u00a7\u00a7\u00a0251\u201354."},{"key":"S1073110526102538_r9","first-page":"32","article-title":"U.S. Immigration policy: Mental health impacts of increased detentions and deportations","volume":"56","author":"Valero","year":"2025","journal-title":"Monitor on Psychology"},{"key":"S1073110526102538_r23","unstructured":"23. Trump v. Illinois, No. 25A443 (US Dec. 23, 2025)."},{"key":"S1073110526102538_r10","unstructured":"10. Goitein, Elizabeth , \u201cThe Antiquated Law Endangering Democracy,\u201d Brennan Center for Justice, July 15, 2024, https:\/\/www.brennancenter.org\/our-work\/research-reports\/antiquated-law-endangering-democracy (last visited March 5, 2026)."},{"key":"S1073110526102538_r22","unstructured":"22. Trump v. Illinois, No. 25A443 (US Dec. 23, 2025)."},{"key":"S1073110526102538_r20","unstructured":"20. 18 USC \u00a7 1385."},{"key":"S1073110526102538_r4","unstructured":"4. Marques, Alexandra and Ingram, David , \u201cTrump backs away from sending federal troops to San Francisco after please from tech leaders,\u201d NBC News, October 23, 2025, https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/politics\/donald-trump\/trump-san-francisco-troops-rcna239409 (last visited March 5, 2026)."},{"key":"S1073110526102538_r26","unstructured":"26. 10 USC \u00a7\u00a0252."},{"key":"S1073110526102538_r49","unstructured":"49. Rosales, Isabel et al., \u201cFederal authorities have called those who monitor ICE \u2018domestic terrorists.\u2019 Here\u2019s what we know,\u201d Cable News Network, January 22, 2026, https:\/\/www.cnn.com\/2026\/01\/22\/us\/ice-watch-observers-federal-agents (last visited March 6, 2026); Graham Hurley, \u201cBlood. Pain. Disorientation. Here\u2019s what protestors say \u2018less-lethal\u2019 weapons feel like,\u201d Cable News Network, January 23, 2026, https:\/\/www.cnn.com\/2026\/01\/20\/us\/protestors-tear-gas-pepper-balls (last visited March 6, 2026)."},{"key":"S1073110526102538_r5","unstructured":"5. Trump, Donald J. , \u201cDepartment of Defense Security for the Protection of Department of Homeland Security Functions,\u201d presidential memoranda, June 7, 2025, https:\/\/www.whitehouse.gov\/presidential-actions\/2025\/06\/department-of-defense-security-for-the-protection-of-department-of-homeland-security-functions\/ (last visited March 5, 2026)."},{"key":"S1073110526102538_r12","unstructured":"12. 42 USC \u00a7\u00a05122(1)."},{"key":"S1073110526102538_r39","unstructured":"39. Martin v. Mott, 25 US 12 (1827)."},{"key":"S1073110526102538_r6","unstructured":"6. 10 USC \u00a7 12406."},{"key":"#cr-split#-S1073110526102538_r16.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"16. Banks, William and Nevitt, Mark , \"The Mounting Crisis of Militarizing Immigration Enforcement,\" Just Security, Emory Legal Studies Research Paper, ahead of print, June 11, 2025, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.5289898","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.5289898"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S1073110526102538_r16.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mark Nevitt, \"Trump, the National Guard, and the District of Columbia: What You Need to Know,\" Just Security, August 18, 2025, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.5396418.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.5396418"},{"key":"S1073110526102538_r44","unstructured":"44. Sterling v. Constantin, 287 US 378, 401 (1932)."},{"key":"S1073110526102538_r31","volume-title":"The Role of Federal Military Forces in Domestic Disorders 1789\u20131878","author":"Coakley","year":"2011"},{"key":"S1073110526102538_r48","unstructured":"48. Stelter, Brian , \u201c\u2019Thank God we have video\u2019: Minnesota\u2019s escalating fights over eyewitness footage,\u201d Cable News Network, January 24, 2026, https:\/\/www.cnn.com\/2026\/01\/24\/media\/alex-pretti-minnesota-ice-shooting-video-media (last visited March 6, 2026)."},{"key":"S1073110526102538_r18","unstructured":"18. 10 USC \u00a7 12406(3)."},{"key":"S1073110526102538_r35","unstructured":"35. Nunn and Goitein, \u201cThe Insurrection Act, Explained.\u201d"},{"key":"S1073110526102538_r21","unstructured":"21. Lonsdorf, Kat , \u201cBehind the front lines of the legal battle against Trump\u2019s National Guard deployments,\u201d National Public Radio, January 15, 2026, https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2026\/01\/15\/nx-s1-5672596\/national-guard-trump-attorney-general (last visited March 5, 2026)."},{"key":"S1073110526102538_r11","unstructured":"11. 42 USC \u00a7\u00a7 5121\u2013207."},{"key":"S1073110526102538_r32","first-page":"124","article-title":"Calling Forth the Military: A Brief History of the Insurrection Act","volume":"99","author":"Rouland","year":"2020","journal-title":"Joint Force Quarterly"},{"key":"S1073110526102538_r24","unstructured":"24. 10 USC \u00a7\u00a7\u00a0251\u201354."},{"key":"S1073110526102538_r50","unstructured":"50. \u201cTrump Administration Live Updates: Democrats Block Funding Bill as Homeland Security Shutdown Looms,\u201d New York Times, https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/live\/2026\/02\/12\/us\/trump-news\/ (last visited March 6, 2026)."},{"key":"S1073110526102538_r47","unstructured":"47. Marimow, Ann E. , \u201cTrump Asks Supreme Court to Allow National Guard Deployment in Chicago Area,\u201d New York Times, October 17, 2025, https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2025\/10\/17\/us\/politics\/trump-supreme-court-national-guard-chicago.html (last visited March 6, 2026)."},{"key":"S1073110526102538_r19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.5679642"},{"key":"S1073110526102538_r28","unstructured":"28. 10 USC \u00a7\u00a0254."},{"key":"S1073110526102538_r14","unstructured":"14. 42 USC \u00a7\u00a0247d."},{"key":"S1073110526102538_r42","unstructured":"42. Luther v Borden, 48 US 1 (1849)."},{"key":"S1073110526102538_r37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.37419\/LR.V9.I1.6"},{"key":"S1073110526102538_r36","unstructured":"36. Bauer and Goldsmith, \u201cHere\u2019s What Trump Could Unleash.\u201d"},{"key":"S1073110526102538_r1","unstructured":"1. Trump, Donald J. , \u201cIf the corrupt politicians of Minnesota don\u2019t obey the law and stop the professional agitators and insurrectionists from attacking the Patriots of I.C.E., who are only trying to do their job, I will institute the INSURRECTION ACT, which many Presidents have done before me, and quickly put an end to the travesty that is taking place in that once great State. Thank you for you attention to this matter! President DJT,\u201d Truth Social, January 15, 2026, https:\/\/truthsocial.com\/@realDonaldTrump\/posts\/115899252938886431 (last visited March 5, 2026)."},{"key":"S1073110526102538_r27","unstructured":"27. 10 USC \u00a7\u00a0253."},{"key":"S1073110526102538_r34","unstructured":"34. Rouland and Fearer, \u201cCalling Forth the Military.\u201d"},{"key":"S1073110526102538_r8","unstructured":"8. Trump v. Illinois, No. 25A443 (U.S. Dec. 23, 2025)."},{"key":"S1073110526102538_r41","unstructured":"41. Martin v. Mott, 25 US 12, 29 (1827)."},{"key":"S1073110526102538_r46","unstructured":"46. Nunn and Goitein, \u201cThe Insurrection Act, Explained.\u201d"},{"key":"S1073110526102538_r13","unstructured":"13. 50 USC \u00a7 1621."},{"key":"S1073110526102538_r17","unstructured":"17. 10 USC \u00a7\u00a012406."},{"key":"S1073110526102538_r40","unstructured":"40. Bauer and Goldsmith, \u201cHere\u2019s What Trump Could Unleash.\u201d"},{"key":"S1073110526102538_r45","unstructured":"45. 10 USC \u00a7\u00a0252."},{"key":"S1073110526102538_r25","unstructured":"25. 10 USC \u00a7\u00a0252."},{"key":"S1073110526102538_r43","unstructured":"43. Martin v. Mott, 25 US 12, 29 (1827)."},{"key":"S1073110526102538_r3","unstructured":"3. \u201cNoem says Trump has authority to invoke Insurrection Act and send military to Minneapolis,\u201d Associated Press, January 15, 2026, 1 minute 31 seconds, https:\/\/apnews.com\/video\/noem-says-trump-has-authority-to-invoke-insurrection-act-and-send-military-to-minneapolis-2391b0953ee64078b74b80e19486c287 (last visited March 5, 2026)."},{"key":"S1073110526102538_r38","unstructured":"38. Bauer and Goldsmith, \u201cHere\u2019s What Trump Could Unleash.\u201d"},{"key":"S1073110526102538_r29","unstructured":"29. Bauer, Bob and Goldsmith, Jack , \u201cHere\u2019s What Trump Could Unleash by Invoking the Insurrection Act,\u201d New York Times, October 18, 2025, https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2025\/10\/18\/opinion\/trump-insurrection-act.html (last visited March 5, 2026)."}],"container-title":["Journal of Law, Medicine &amp; Ethics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S1073110526102538","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T12:31:36Z","timestamp":1780576296000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S1073110526102538\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}},"alternative-id":["S1073110526102538"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/jme.2026.10253","relation":{},"ISSN":["1073-1105","1748-720X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1073-1105","type":"print"},{"value":"1748-720X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}}}