{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T11:02:47Z","timestamp":1789383767068,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789344000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Law. Med. Ethics"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Collaboration between physician Key Opinion Leaders (KOLs) and the health care industry accelerates the adoption of new therapies, but public awareness of industry payments and research linking such payments to prescribing behaviors has fueled a sharp decline in trust. Meanwhile, for-profit, industry-aligned credentialing programs have begun to define and train KOLs with little public accountability. Without independent alternatives, these models may entrench standards that serve corporate interests over the public good. We review the evolution of the KOL role, from early communication theory to its integration into pharmaceutical marketing and examine the rise of Public Scholarship (PS) as an academic movement grounded in beneficence, transparency, and civic accountability. From this analysis, we propose a Key Opinion Leader Public Scholarship Certification (KOL-PSC) program, governed jointly by academics and patient advocates, to align KOL influence with public interests. The KOL-PSC model includes a skills-based curriculum in ethical science communication, patient engagement, and conflict-of-interest management, culminating in a public-facing capstone project. Governance safeguards will ensure independence from commercial influence while offering industry the reputational benefits of working with certified experts. This voluntary, non-regulatory credential offers a proactive means to restore public trust in physician\u2013industry collaboration, thereby benefitting patients, physicians, academia, and industry.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/jme.2026.10279","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T10:02:57Z","timestamp":1789380177000},"page":"1-12","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Restoring Trust in Health Care: Public Scholarship Based Certification of Key Opinion Leaders with Non-Profit Shared Academic-Patient Governance"],"prefix":"10.1017","author":[{"given":"Kim","family":"Thompson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03czfpz43","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Emory University School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan","family":"Masotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Colorado School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth","family":"Carter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03czfpz43","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Emory University"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03czfpz43","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Emory University Oxford College"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deepa","family":"Das Acevedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03czfpz43","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Emory University School of Law"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03czfpz43","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Emory University The James T Laney School of Graduate Studies"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerard","family":"Vong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03czfpz43","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Emory University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Winkler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emory University School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1073110526102794_r38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-021-06657-0"},{"key":"S1073110526102794_r26","unstructured":"26. Raising the Standard: Why Credentialing Is Critical for Medical Affairs and Medical Science Liaison (MSL) Excellence (Accreditation Council for Medical Affairs), https:\/\/medicalaffairsspecialist.org\/resources\/downloads\/raising-the-standard-why-credentialing-is-critical-for-medical-affairs-and-medical-science (last visited August 9, 2025)."},{"key":"S1073110526102794_r14","unstructured":"14. \u201cConflicts of Interest (COI) Training Series,\u201d CITI Program, https:\/\/about.citiprogram.org\/series\/conflicts-of-interest-coi\/ (last visited July 12, 2025); \u201cTerms of Service,\u201d CITI Program, https:\/\/about.citiprogram.org\/terms-of-service\/ (last visited August 10, 2025)."},{"key":"S1073110526102794_r77","unstructured":"77. GRI 413: Local Communities (Global Reporting Initiative (GRI), 2016), https:\/\/www.globalreporting.org\/pdf.ashx?id=12666&utm (last visited September 15, 2025); Proposed Changes to Provisional Standards: Basis for Conclusions (Sustainability Accounting Standards Board (SASB), 2018), https:\/\/sasb.ifrs.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/HealthCare-BasisForConclusions.pdf (last visited September 15, 2025)."},{"key":"S1073110526102794_r15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2018.1999"},{"key":"S1073110526102794_r27","volume-title":"Scholarship Reconsidered: Priorities of the Professoriate","author":"Boyer","year":"1990"},{"key":"S1073110526102794_r73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ribaf.2024.102490"},{"key":"S1073110526102794_r58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2308\/JOGNA-2022-011"},{"key":"S1073110526102794_r51","volume-title":"If I Understood You, Would I Have This Look on My Face?: My Adventures in the Art and Science of Relating and Communicating","author":"Alda"},{"key":"S1073110526102794_r45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)07684-5"},{"key":"S1073110526102794_r22","first-page":"CD000125","article-title":"Local Opinion Leaders: Effects on Professional Practice and Healthcare Outcomes","volume":"6","author":"Flodgren","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"key":"S1073110526102794_r65","unstructured":"65. \u201cPersonnel Certification Accreditation (ISO\/IEC 17024),\u201d ANSI National Accreditation Board (ANAB), https:\/\/anab.ansi.org\/accreditation\/personnel-certification\/."},{"key":"S1073110526102794_r8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1111\/jlme.12076","article-title":"Why We Don\u2019t Trust Doctors\u201d; Sunita Sah and Adriane Fugh-Berman, \u201cPhysicians Under the Influence: Social Psychology and Industry Marketing Strategies","volume":"41","author":"Ansberry","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics"},{"key":"S1073110526102794_r33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-017-4122-y"},{"key":"S1073110526102794_r47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3122\/jabfm.2022.220126R1"},{"key":"S1073110526102794_r40","unstructured":"40. Sismondo, , \u201cKey Opinion Leaders and the Corruption of Medical Knowledge\u201d; Lexchin and Fugh-Berman, \u201cA Ray of Sunshine.\u201d"},{"key":"S1073110526102794_r16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-145-4-200608150-00008"},{"key":"S1073110526102794_r76","unstructured":"76. Code on Interactions with Health Care Professionals (Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA), 2022), available at https:\/\/phrma.org\/resources\/code-on-interactions-with-health-care-professionals."},{"key":"S1073110526102794_r20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-081524-111735"},{"key":"S1073110526102794_r24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rcsop.2024.100543","article-title":"Key Opinion Leaders and the Corruption of Medical Knowledge\u201d; Brian Gac et al., \u201cPharmaceutical Industry Use of Key Opinion Leaders to Market Prescription Opioids: A Review of Internal Industry Documents","volume":"16","author":"Sismondo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Exploratory Research in Clinical and Social Pharmacy"},{"key":"S1073110526102794_r23","unstructured":"23. The Evolution of Biopharmaceutical Speaker Training: Identifying the Best Training Options for Your Speaker\u2019s Bureau (Vision2Voice Healthcare Communications), https:\/\/vision2voice.com\/public\/whitepaper\/Vision2Voice_White_Paper_Biopharmaceutical_Speaker_Training.pdf (last visited August 3, 2025)."},{"key":"S1073110526102794_r3","unstructured":"3. Public & Physician Trust in the U.S. Health Care System (ABIM Foundation, 2021), https:\/\/buildingtrust.org\/public-physician-trust-in-the-u-s-health-care-system\/ (last visited May 24, 2025)."},{"key":"S1073110526102794_r36","unstructured":"36. A Roadmap for New Physicians: Avoiding Medicare and Medicaid Fraud and Abuse (Office of Inspector General, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services), https:\/\/oig.hhs.gov\/compliance\/physician-education\/fraud-abuse-laws\/ (last visited August 10, 2025)."},{"key":"S1073110526102794_r37","unstructured":"37. Physician Payments Sunshine Act, \u00a7 6002 of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, Pub. L. No. 111-148, 124 Stat. 119, 684 (2010) (codified at 42 U.S.C. \u00a7 1320a-7h)."},{"key":"S1073110526102794_r71","first-page":"e2300119","article-title":"Presenting a Framework to Professionalize Health Supply Chain Management","volume":"13","author":"Brown","year":"2025","journal-title":"Global Health: Science and Practice"},{"key":"S1073110526102794_r49","unstructured":"49. \u201cPROBE: Ethics & Boundaries Program,\u201d Center for Personalized Education for Professionals (CPEP), https:\/\/www.cpepdoc.org\/probe-ethics-boundaries-program-us\/ (last visited July 12, 2025)."},{"key":"S1073110526102794_r9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-021-02009-1"},{"key":"S1073110526102794_r52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01421590601044984"},{"key":"S1073110526102794_r66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1177\/0095399716647152","article-title":"The Scale of Mission-Embeddedness as a Nonprofit Revenue Classification Tool: Different Earned Revenue Types, Different Performance Effects","volume":"50","author":"Tait","year":"2018","journal-title":"Administration and Society"},{"key":"S1073110526102794_r53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pec.2018.05.007"},{"key":"S1073110526102794_r18","unstructured":"18. It is important to distinguish the different meanings of reciprocity in ethics and psychology. In an ethics context, reciprocity refers to the moral principle of treating others as one would wish to be treated, serving as a normative guide for fairness and mutual respect. By contrast, in psychology, reciprocity describes the social and behavioral norm in which individuals tend to respond to the actions of others in kind. For the purposes of our discussion, we will be referring to the ethics definition of reciprocity."},{"key":"S1073110526102794_r32","unstructured":"32. \u201cAbout,\u201d Imagining America: Artists and Scholars in Public Life, https:\/\/imaginingamerica.org\/ (last visited July 31, 2025); \u201cMission\/Vision,\u201d Center for Public Scholarship & Engagement, https:\/\/research.emory.edu\/research_impact\/impact_programs\/center_public_scholarship_engagement.html (last visited May 24, 2025); \u201cAbout,\u201d Alan Alda Center for Communicating Science, https:\/\/www.aldacenter.org\/about\/index.php (last visited July 10, 2025)."},{"key":"S1073110526102794_r4","unstructured":"4. Glenza, Jessica , \u201cRFK Jr. Taps Anti-Vaccine Activist to CDC Panel on Vaccine Safety,\u201d The Guardian (US), June 10, 2025, https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2025\/jun\/10\/rfk-jr-cdc-vaccine-panel (last visited July 8, 2025); Ciruzzo, Chelsea , \u201cRFK Jr. Threatens to Bar Government Scientists from Publishing in Leading Medical Journals,\u201d Politico, May 27, 2025, https:\/\/www.politico.com\/news\/2025\/05\/27\/rfk-jr-nih-scientists-medical-journals-jama-lancet-nejm-00371349 (last visited July 8, 2025); Marish, Nina and Wang, Amy B. , \u201cRFK Jr. Says He May Bar Scientists From Publishing in Top Medical Journals,\u201d Washington Post, May 28, 2025, https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/health\/2025\/05\/28\/rfk-jr-ban-journals-lancet-jama\/ (last visited July 8, 2025)."},{"key":"S1073110526102794_r64","unstructured":"64. \u201cPrinciples for Good Governance and Ethical Practice: A Guide for Charities and Foundations,\u201d Independent Sector, 2015, https:\/\/independentsector.org\/research\/principles-for-good-governance\/; \u201cFinancial Transparency and Public Disclosure Requirements,\u201d National Council of Nonprofits, 2023, https:\/\/www.councilofnonprofits.org\/running-nonprofit\/ethics-accountability\/financial-transparency-and-public-disclosure-requirements."},{"key":"S1073110526102794_r25","unstructured":"25. \u201cAbout ACMA,\u201d Accreditation Council for Medical Affairs; Certificate of Amendment: The Apotheker Group LLC; \u201cKOL Speaker Certificate,\u201d Accreditation Council for Medical Affairs."},{"key":"S1073110526102794_r69","unstructured":"69. 2024 Index Finds Industry Performs Well on Policy, but Lags in Practice (Access to Medicine Foundation, 2024), https:\/\/accesstomedicinefoundation.org\/resource\/2024-index-finds-industry-performs-well-on-policy-but-lags-in-practice."},{"key":"S1073110526102794_r56","unstructured":"56. National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI), https:\/\/www.nami.org\/ (last visited August 4, 2025); Cancer Support Community, https:\/\/www.cancersupportcommunity.org\/ (last visited August 4, 2025)."},{"key":"S1073110526102794_r72","unstructured":"72. Standards for Integrity and Independence in Accredited Continuing Education (ACCME)."},{"key":"S1073110526102794_r31","unstructured":"31. Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, Pub. L. No. 111-148, \u00a7 6301, 124 Stat. 119, 727 (2010)."},{"key":"S1073110526102794_r11","unstructured":"11. \u201cFacts About Open Payments Data,\u201d Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, https:\/\/openpaymentsdata.cms.gov\/summary."},{"key":"S1073110526102794_r43","unstructured":"43. Code for Interactions with Companies (Council of Medical Specialty Societies, 2025), https:\/\/cmss.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/CMSS-Code-for-Interaction-with-Companies_2025.pdf."},{"key":"S1073110526102794_r57","first-page":"443","article-title":"Nonprofit Organizations Should Prioritize Governance in Board Selection Decisions\u2014Those That Prioritize Money May Pay Too Much","volume":"27","author":"Grunwald","year":"2022","journal-title":"Fordham Journal of Corporate and Financial Law"},{"key":"S1073110526102794_r39","unstructured":"39. A Roadmap for New Physicians, Office of the Inspector General."},{"key":"S1073110526102794_r35","unstructured":"35. Sismondo, , \u201cKey Opinion Leaders and the Corruption of Medical Knowledge.\u201d"},{"key":"S1073110526102794_r10","volume-title":"Wonder Drug: The Secret History of Thalidomide in America and Its Hidden Victims","author":"Sah","year":"2024"},{"key":"S1073110526102794_r12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M20-5665"},{"key":"S1073110526102794_r19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7312\/laza93930"},{"key":"S1073110526102794_r29","first-page":"1","article-title":"Scholarship Reconsidered: Reconsidered","volume":"7","author":"Bowden","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning"},{"key":"S1073110526102794_r59","unstructured":"59. Standards for Integrity and Independence in Accredited Continuing Education (Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education (ACCME), 2020), https:\/\/accme.org\/resource\/standards-for-integrity-and-independence-accredited-continuing-education-pdf\/."},{"key":"S1073110526102794_r48","unstructured":"48. \u201cConflicts of Interest (COI) Training Series,\u201d CITI Program."},{"key":"S1073110526102794_r6","unstructured":"6. Kekatos, Mary , \u201cMore than 750 HHS Employees Sign Letter Urging RFK Jr. to Withdraw over Vaccine Misinformation,\u201d ABC News, August 14, 2025, https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/amp\/Health\/750-hhs-employees-send-signed-letter-rfk-jr\/story?id=124805697 (last visited August 15, 2025)."},{"key":"S1073110526102794_r30","unstructured":"30. 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Alliance for Physician Certification & Advancement (APCA), https:\/\/www.apca.org\/ (last visited July 13, 2025)."},{"key":"S1073110526102794_r55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.1947"},{"key":"S1073110526102794_r5","unstructured":"5. Mandavilli, Apoorva , \u201cAfter Years of Anger Directed at C.D.C., Shooting Manifests Worst Fears,\u201d New York Times, August 9, 2025, https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2025\/08\/09\/us\/politics\/cdc-shooting-staff.html (last visited August 10, 2025); McFadden, Alyce et al., \u201cWhat We Know About the C.D.C. Shooting in Atlanta,\u201d New York Times, August 10, 2025, https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2025\/08\/10\/us\/cdc-shooting-atlanta.html (last visited August 10, 2025)."},{"key":"S1073110526102794_r54","unstructured":"54. Hwong, , Sah, , and Lehmann, , \u201cThe Effects of Public Disclosure of Industry Payments to Physicians on Patient Trust.\u201d"},{"key":"S1073110526102794_r61","unstructured":"61. Sismondo, , \u201cKey Opinion Leaders and the Corruption of Medical Knowledge.\u201d"},{"key":"S1073110526102794_r42","unstructured":"42. Long-Term Trends Show Decline in Federally Funded R&D as a Share of GDP While Business-Funded R&D Increases as a Share of GDP (National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, National Science Foundation, 2025), NSF 25-334, https:\/\/ncses.nsf.gov\/pubs\/nsf25334."},{"key":"S1073110526102794_r68","unstructured":"68. \u201cAbout ACMA,\u201d Accreditation Council for Medical Affairs; Certificate of Amendment: The Apotheker Group LLC; \u201cKOL Speaker Certificate,\u201d Accreditation Council for Medical Affairs; Raising the Standard (Accreditation Council for Medical Affairs); \u201cConflicts of Interest (COI) Training Series,\u201d CITI Program; \u201cPROBE: Ethics & Boundaries Program,\u201d Center for Personalized Education for Professionals (CPEP); \u201cTerms of Service,\u201d CITI Program; \u201cAbout Us,\u201d Center for Personalized Education for Professionals (CPEP), https:\/\/www.cpepdoc.org\/about-us\/ (last visited August 10, 2025); \u201cGovernance,\u201d International Hospital Federation, https:\/\/ihf-fih.org\/who-we-are\/governance\/ (last visited August 10, 2025)."},{"key":"S1073110526102794_r41","unstructured":"41. Hwong, , Sah, , and Lehmann, , \u201cThe Effects of Public Disclosure of Industry Payments to Physicians on Patient Trust.\u201d"},{"key":"S1073110526102794_r13","unstructured":"13. \u201cAbout,\u201d Accreditation Council for Medical Affairs, https:\/\/www.medicalaffairsspecialist.org\/about\/ (last visited August 9, 2025); Certificate of Amendment: The Apotheker Group LLC (New Jersey Division of Revenue and Enterprise Services, March 22, 2026); \u201cKOL Speaker Certificate,\u201d Accreditation Council for Medical Affairs, https:\/\/medicalaffairsspecialist.org\/certifications\/certificate-programs\/kol-speaker\/ (last visited August 9, 2025)."},{"key":"S1073110526102794_r34","first-page":"82","article-title":"Commodification of Healthcare and Its Consequences","volume":"8","author":"Christiansen","year":"2017","journal-title":"World Review of Political Economy"},{"key":"S1073110526102794_r1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.24984"}],"container-title":["Journal of Law, Medicine &amp; Ethics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S1073110526102794","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T10:03:22Z","timestamp":1789380202000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S1073110526102794\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]},"references-count":77,"alternative-id":["S1073110526102794"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/jme.2026.10279","relation":{},"ISSN":["1073-1105","1748-720X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1073-1105","type":"print"},{"value":"1748-720X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]}}}