{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T13:47:58Z","timestamp":1792072078758,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792022400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":287,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Law. Med. Ethics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In \u201cMinding the Gap: The Absence of Pennsylvania\u2019s Involuntary Commitment Data,\u201d Gluckman et al. draw on agnotology and undone science to argue that unreported information about psychiatric commitments results in the disenfranchisement of vulnerable populations and call for better data on those affected by involuntary commitment. Their analysis assesses ignorance as an object, focusing on the qualities of granularity, scale, and intentionality to describe the negative space around absent data. We present a complementary agnotological framework centered on the passive and active processes through which ignorance is generated and maintained. We examine four elements that passively produce ignorance: conceptual frameworks, which determine whether committed persons are constructed as patients, public safety risks, adjudicated individuals, or stakeholders; community, whose exclusion yields epistemic injustice and weaker science; methodologies, including the non-neutral construction of data dashboards; and incentives, which shape what is profitable to know. We then discuss active agnotological forces, both harmful and virtuous, and how they influence what is knowable. We address privacy, an intentionally constructed ignorance whose protective purpose is contested in the context of involuntary commitment. We conclude by arguing that understanding how ignorance is created is critical in designing data initiatives that improve outcomes rather than perpetuating existing harms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/jme.2026.10280","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T13:10:37Z","timestamp":1792069837000},"page":"339-343","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["What We Don\u2019t Know Can Hurt: Ignorance Creation and Involuntary Commitment Data Initiatives"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"54","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-5034-375X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. L. N.","family":"Kirby","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/016tfm930","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4061-443X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rocksheng","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/016tfm930","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1073110526102800_r34","unstructured":"34. Galison and Proctor, \u201cAgnotology in Action,\u201d at 32."},{"key":"S1073110526102800_r25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1699312"},{"key":"S1073110526102800_r12","unstructured":"12. Hess, \u201cUndone Science,\u201d at 167."},{"key":"S1073110526102800_r35","unstructured":"35. Proctor, \u201cAgnotology.\u201d"},{"key":"S1073110526102800_r8","volume-title":"Golden Holocaust: Origins of the Cigarette Catastrophe and the Case for Abolition","author":"Proctor","year":"2011"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S1073110526102800_r19.1","unstructured":"19. Revising Definitions of \"Adjudicated as a Mental Defective\" and \"Committed to a Mental Institution,\" 91 Fed. Reg. 25,166 (proposed May 8, 2026) (to be codified at 27 C.F.R. pt. 478)"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S1073110526102800_r19.2","unstructured":"Definitions for the Categories of Persons Prohibited From Receiving Firearms, 62 Fed. Reg. 34,634 (June 27, 1997) (codified at 27 C.F.R. pt. 178)."},{"key":"S1073110526102800_r45","unstructured":"45. Gluckman et al., \u201cMinding the Gap.\u201d"},{"key":"S1073110526102800_r13","unstructured":"13. Hess, \u201cUndone Science,\u201d at 169."},{"key":"S1073110526102800_r6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003100607"},{"key":"S1073110526102800_r5","unstructured":"5. Smithson, \u201cIgnorance Studies.\u201d"},{"key":"S1073110526102800_r1","first-page":"328","article-title":"Minding the Gap: The Absence of Pennsylvania\u2019s Involuntary Commitment Data","volume":"54","author":"Gluckman","year":"2026","journal-title":"Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics"},{"key":"S1073110526102800_r14","unstructured":"14. Gluckman et al., \u201cMinding the Gap.\u201d"},{"key":"S1073110526102800_r37","unstructured":"37. Gluckman et al., \u201cMinding the Gap.\u201d"},{"key":"S1073110526102800_r2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/12146.003.0003"},{"key":"S1073110526102800_r30","unstructured":"30. Carrier, \u201cAgnotological Challenges,\u201d at 61."},{"key":"S1073110526102800_r38","unstructured":"38. Kourany and Carrier, \u201cIntroducing the Issues\u201d; Galison and Proctor, \u201cAgnotology in Action.\u201d"},{"key":"S1073110526102800_r31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003100607-36"},{"key":"S1073110526102800_r29","unstructured":"29. Carrier, \u201cAgnotological Challenges,\u201d at 67."},{"key":"S1073110526102800_r42","unstructured":"42. Michaels, \u201cManufactured Uncertainty,\u201d at 101."},{"key":"S1073110526102800_r20","unstructured":"20. Schiebinger, \u201cExpanding the Agnotological Toolbox.\u201d"},{"key":"S1073110526102800_r41","unstructured":"41. Michaels, \u201cManufactured Uncertainty,\u201d at 98\u201399."},{"key":"S1073110526102800_r23","unstructured":"23. Gluckman et al., \u201cMinding the Gap,\u201d at 331."},{"key":"S1073110526102800_r17","first-page":"156","volume-title":"Science and the Production of Ignorance: When the Quest for Knowledge Is Thwarted","author":"Solomon","year":"2020"},{"key":"S1073110526102800_r33","first-page":"34","volume-title":"Science and the Production of Ignorance: When the Quest for Knowledge Is Thwarted","author":"Galison","year":"2020"},{"key":"S1073110526102800_r21","unstructured":"21. Gluckman et al., \u201cMinding the Gap,\u201d at 331."},{"key":"S1073110526102800_r44","unstructured":"44. Proctor, \u201cAgnotology\u201d; Kourany and Carrier, \u201cIntroducing the Issues.\u201d"},{"key":"S1073110526102800_r18","unstructured":"18. Kourany and Carrier, \u201cIntroducing the Issues,\u201d at 12."},{"key":"S1073110526102800_r9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/12146.003.0024"},{"key":"S1073110526102800_r15","unstructured":"15. 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Kitchin et al., \u201cPraxis and Politics,\u201d at 94."},{"key":"S1073110526102800_r16","first-page":"61","volume-title":"Science and the Production of Ignorance: When the Quest for Knowledge Is Thwarted","author":"Carrier","year":"2020"},{"key":"S1073110526102800_r24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/65283"},{"key":"S1073110526102800_r46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/07352751231206838"},{"key":"S1073110526102800_r43","unstructured":"43. 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