{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]],"date-time":"2025-05-13T21:50:23Z","timestamp":1747173023992,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,6]],"date-time":"2023-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675641600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":36,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Nutr Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t  <jats:p>The present study aims to develop a quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) to assess free sugar intake as a whole and at the food group levels, retrospectively, over the past 3 months among 4 to 5-year-old preschool children in the Colombo district, Sri Lanka. Then, to assess its reliability and relative validity. In the development phase, three 24-hour dietary recalls (24 hDRs) of 518 preschool children were collected from caregivers. Based on that, a 67-item FFQ was developed, including commonly consumed free sugar-containing food items. The validation study was conducted among another 108 preschool children. The relative validity of the FFQ was assessed by comparing it with the 24 hDRs. The test\u2013retest reliability was assessed by repeated application of the FFQ to the same population after 6 weeks. Wilcoxon sign rank test, cross-classification with weighted Kappa statistic, Spearman rank correlation and Bland\u2013Altman plots were used for comparison. Comparing the free sugar intake calculated by the two methods showed no difference (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0\u22c513), a good correlation (0\u22c589), good agreement in cross-classifying participants (78\u22c54 % correctly classified) and a good agreement in Bland\u2013Altman plots. Repeated application of the FFQ yielded; no differences in free sugar intake values (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0\u22c545) a good correlation (0\u22c571), acceptable agreement in cross-classifying participants (52\u22c53 % correctly classified) and acceptable agreement in the Bland\u2013Altman plot. Results were the same for all food groups. According to the results, the newly developed quantitative FFQ provides a relatively valid and reliable measure for quantifying free sugar intake among preschool children as a whole or by food group.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/jns.2023.5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,6]],"date-time":"2023-02-06T08:04:06Z","timestamp":1675670646000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Development and validation of a quantitative food frequency questionnaire to assess free sugar intake among Sri Lankan preschool children"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0437-220X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shanika","family":"Mututanthri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tharanga","family":"Thoradeniya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Harris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"S2048679023000058_ref16","article-title":"Survey of sugar intake among children in Scotland","author":"Sheehy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Food Stand Agency Scotl"},{"key":"S2048679023000058_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(15)00419-2","article-title":"Sweetening of the global diet, particularly beverages: patterns, trends, and policy responses","volume":"4","author":"Popkin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"S2048679023000058_ref10","first-page":"38","article-title":"Dietary assessment methods: dietary records","volume":"31","author":"Ortega","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutr Hosp"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"S2048679023000058_ref17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2017.05.030"},{"unstructured":"21. Boniface, OT (2013) Validation of a Short Food Frequency Questionnaire Which Ranks Individuals by Sugar Intakes in Pacific Islanders in South Auckland, New Zealand.","key":"S2048679023000058_ref21"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"S2048679023000058_ref19","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16234722"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"S2048679023000058_ref13","DOI":"10.4178\/epih\/e2014009"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"S2048679023000058_ref22","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14111361"},{"unstructured":"7. Sri Lanka | World Obesity Federation Global Obesity Observatory.","key":"S2048679023000058_ref7"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"2. Englyst, KN & Englyst, HN (2005) Horizons in Nutritional Science Carbohydrate Bioavailability. Published online.","key":"S2048679023000058_ref2","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN20051457"},{"volume-title":"National Oral Health Survey Sri Lanka 2015\u20132016","year":"2018","key":"S2048679023000058_ref5"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"S2048679023000058_ref8","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/2046428"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"S2048679023000058_ref23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcm.2016.02.012"},{"unstructured":"6. Department of Census and Statistics. Demographic and Health Survey, Sri Lanka.","key":"S2048679023000058_ref6"},{"key":"S2048679023000058_ref11","first-page":"283","article-title":"Food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) for sugar","volume":"18","author":"Shanita","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"S2048679023000058_ref20","DOI":"10.1186\/s12937-015-0027-y"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"S2048679023000058_ref14","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-375083-9.00075-1"},{"key":"S2048679023000058_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1079\/PHN2001318","article-title":"Development, validation and utilisation of food-frequency questionnaires \u2013 a review","volume":"5","author":"Cade","year":"2002","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"key":"S2048679023000058_ref18","first-page":"761","article-title":"HPLC analysis of mono- and disaccharides in food products","volume":"LX","author":"Petkova","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci Work"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"12. Sauvageot, N , Alkerwi, A , Albert, A , (2013) Use of food frequency questionnaire to assess relationships between dietary habits and cardiovascular risk factors in NESCAV study: Validation with biomarkers. Published online, 1\u201311.","key":"S2048679023000058_ref12","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2891-12-143"},{"key":"S2048679023000058_ref1","first-page":"34","article-title":"Guideline: Sugars intake for adults and children","volume":"26","year":"2015","journal-title":"WHO Libr Cat Data"},{"key":"S2048679023000058_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-019-01957-y","article-title":"Dietary sources of free sugars in the diet of European children: the IDEFICS study","volume":"59","author":"Graffe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Nutr"},{"volume-title":"Lifestyle and Related Risk Factors for Chronic Diseases","year":"2006","author":"Steyn","key":"S2048679023000058_ref3"}],"container-title":["Journal of Nutritional Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S2048679023000058","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,6]],"date-time":"2023-02-06T08:04:19Z","timestamp":1675670659000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S2048679023000058\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"references-count":23,"alternative-id":["S2048679023000058"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/jns.2023.5","relation":{},"ISSN":["2048-6790"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2048-6790"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"article-number":"e14"}}