{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T11:23:13Z","timestamp":1785410593618,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785110400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":207,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Nutr Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a leading cause of preventable blindness, particularly in regions with poor glycemic control and limited access to structured education. Theory-driven interventions such as the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) may enhance self-care and improve clinical outcomes. To evaluate the effectiveness of a TPB-based self-care education programme on glycemic control, knowledge, self-care behaviours, and TPB constructs among patients with diabetic retinopathy. This quasi-experimental pretest\u2013posttest-controlled study was conducted between September 2024 and August 2025 among 200 patients with diabetic retinopathy attending a tertiary diabetes centre in Erbil, Iraq. Participants were allocated to an intervention group (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 100) receiving a structured three-session TPB-based education programme or a control group (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 100) receiving standard care. Outcomes were assessed at baseline and 3 months. The primary outcome was HbA1c. Secondary outcomes included diabetes knowledge, self-care practices, and TPB constructs. Statistical analyses included paired and independent t-tests, chi-square tests, and effect size estimation. At 3 months, HbA1c significantly decreased in the intervention group (\u22120.50%) but increased in controls (+1.06%), yielding a significant between-group difference (\u22121.50%, 95% CI: \u22121.93 to \u22121.07;\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; 0.001;\n                    <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.97). Significant improvements were observed in systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, and LDL cholesterol. Diabetes knowledge improved markedly, with 56% achieving high knowledge versus 0% in controls (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; 0.001). Self-care behaviours and TPB constructs also improved significantly (all\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; 0.001). A brief TPB-based education programme significantly improved glycemic control and self-management in patients with DR. This low-cost intervention offers a scalable strategy for reducing diabetes-related complications in resource-limited settings.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/jns.2026.10133","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T05:41:40Z","timestamp":1785130900000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effect of a theory of planned behaviour-based self-care education programme on glycaemic control in patients with diabetic retinopathy: a quasi-experimental study"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-2947-5699","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sazgar Ajeeb","family":"Mohammed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02a6g3h39","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Hawler Medical University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dler Hamad","family":"Ismael","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02a6g3h39","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Hawler Medical University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"S2048679026101335_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ijpp\/riaf075"},{"key":"S2048679026101335_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/03000605221117134"},{"key":"S2048679026101335_ref29","first-page":"22","article-title":"Effect of an educational intervention on self-care practices among patients with diabetic retinopathy","volume":"23","author":"Baiuomy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Alexandria Sci Nurs J"},{"key":"S2048679026101335_ref30","volume-title":"The Theory of Planned Behaviour: Reactions and 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2050","author":"Duncan","year":"2026"},{"key":"S2048679026101335_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/26350106211072203"},{"key":"S2048679026101335_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14183807"},{"key":"S2048679026101335_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-57416-0"},{"key":"S2048679026101335_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.25122\/jml-2022-0170"},{"key":"S2048679026101335_ref27","first-page":"1","article-title":"Self-management knowledge and practice of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in Baghdad, Iraq: a qualitative study","volume":"23","author":"Mikhael","year":"2018","journal-title":"Metab Syndr 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