{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T08:58:13Z","timestamp":1785488293381,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785456000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":211,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Nutr Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Prebiotics are selectively utilised dietary substrates that may influence depression through gut microbiota-related pathways, but population-level estimates of intake and associations with depression are limited. This repeated cross-sectional study estimated intake of International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP)-recognised prebiotics and examined associations with depression among US adults using National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2015\u20132018 and NHANES August 2021\u2013August 2023, analysed as independent survey periods. Estimated intakes of galactooligosaccharides and inulin-type fructans were assigned to foods using published source-food values, Food and Nutrient Database for Dietary Studies food codes, and ingredient-level information for mixed dishes. Depression was defined as Patient Health Questionnaire-9 score of 10 or greater. Survey-weighted analyses estimated intake distributions, and logistic regression models estimated ORs and 95% CIs for depression per 5 g\/day higher estimated prebiotic intake in restricted adult samples. Mean estimated prebiotic intake was 6.44 g\/day in NHANES 2015\u20132018 and 6.09 g\/day in NHANES 2021\u20132023. In NHANES 2015\u20132018, higher estimated intake was associated with lower odds of depression overall (OR: 0.69; 95% CI: 0.49\u20130.98) and among females (OR: 0.65; 95% CI: 0.45\u20130.94), but not among males. In NHANES 2021\u20132023, estimated intake was not associated with depression overall (OR: 1.03; 95% CI: 0.74\u20131.43) or in sex-stratified models. These repeated cross-sectional findings provide nationally representative estimates of intake of ISAPP-recognised prebiotics and indicate that the inverse association observed in 2015\u20132018 was not replicated in 2021\u20132023. Prospective studies are needed to clarify whether prebiotic intake is associated with depression risk.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/jns.2026.10136","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T08:08:10Z","timestamp":1785485290000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Estimated prebiotic intake and depression in US adults: repeated cross-sectional analyses of NHANES 2015\u20132018 and 2021\u20132023"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Cassandra","family":"Boyd","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04qyvz380","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"San Jos\u00e9 State University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1834-9708","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John","family":"Gieng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04qyvz380","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"San Jos\u00e9 State University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"S2048679026101360_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/NT.0000000000000207"},{"key":"S2048679026101360_ref21","unstructured":"21. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. NHANES August 2021-August 2023 procedure manuals. 2021. Accessed June 2026. https:\/\/wwwn.cdc.gov\/nchs\/nhanes\/continuousnhanes\/manuals.aspx?Cycle=2021-2023."},{"key":"S2048679026101360_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuad143"},{"key":"S2048679026101360_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11102335"},{"key":"S2048679026101360_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1559827615588079"},{"key":"S2048679026101360_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0271-5317(00)00128-7"},{"key":"S2048679026101360_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23094494"},{"key":"S2048679026101360_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2023.1206468"},{"key":"S2048679026101360_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8010028"},{"key":"S2048679026101360_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2017.11.009","article-title":"Association of individual and neighborhood factors with home food availability: evidence from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey","volume":"118","author":"Chai","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Acad Nutr Diet"},{"key":"S2048679026101360_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2021.2573"},{"key":"S2048679026101360_ref22","unstructured":"22. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. August 2021\u2013August 2023 dietary data: continuous NHANES. 2024. Accessed June 2026. https:\/\/wwwn.cdc.gov\/nchs\/nhanes\/search\/datapage.aspx?Component=Dietary&Cycle=2021-2023."},{"key":"S2048679026101360_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2005.05.003"},{"key":"S2048679026101360_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jf802700e"},{"key":"S2048679026101360_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.1097278"},{"key":"S2048679026101360_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.03.162"},{"key":"S2048679026101360_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jf970087g"},{"key":"S2048679026101360_ref18","unstructured":"18. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. NHANES 2015-2016 procedure manuals; 2016. Accessed June 2026. https:\/\/wwwn.cdc.gov\/nchs\/nhanes\/continuousnhanes\/manuals.aspx?BeginYear=2015."},{"key":"S2048679026101360_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2017.75"},{"key":"S2048679026101360_ref36","unstructured":"36. U.S. Department of Agriculture and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2020-2025, 9th ed.; 2020. Accessed June 2026. https:\/\/www.dietaryguidelines.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/2020-12\/Dietary_Guidelines_for_Americans_2020-2025.pdf."},{"key":"S2048679026101360_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10942912.2012.680221"},{"key":"S2048679026101360_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-277X.2010.01139.x"},{"key":"S2048679026101360_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-024-00981-6"},{"key":"S2048679026101360_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/129.7.1407S"},{"key":"S2048679026101360_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxaa232"},{"key":"S2048679026101360_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10900-018-00601-w"},{"key":"S2048679026101360_ref23","unstructured":"23. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. NHANES survey methods and analytic guidelines; n.d. Accessed June 2026. https:\/\/wwwn.cdc.gov\/nchs\/nhanes\/analyticguidelines.aspx."},{"key":"#cr-split#-S2048679026101360_ref25.1","unstructured":"25. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Food Surveys Research Group. What We Eat in America, NHANES August 2021-August 2023"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S2048679026101360_ref25.2","unstructured":"2026. Accessed June 2026. https:\/\/www.ars.usda.gov\/northeast-area\/beltsville-md-bhnrc\/beltsville-human-nutrition-research-center\/food-surveys-research-group\/docs\/wweianhanes-2021-2023\/."},{"key":"S2048679026101360_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.747334"},{"key":"S2048679026101360_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980019004427"},{"key":"S2048679026101360_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7224a1"},{"key":"S2048679026101360_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2015.12.030"},{"key":"S2048679026101360_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2005.07.003"},{"key":"S2048679026101360_ref48","unstructured":"48. Lin, BH , Guthrie, J , Smith, T. Dietary quality by food source and demographics in the United States, 1977-2018. Economic Information Bulletin no. 249. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service. 2023. Accessed June 2026. https:\/\/www.ers.usda.gov\/publications\/pub-details?pubid=105955."},{"key":"S2048679026101360_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17197143"},{"key":"S2048679026101360_ref45","unstructured":"45. Saksena, MJ , Okrent, AM , Hamrick, KS , editors. America\u2019s eating habits: food away from home. Economic Information Bulletin no. 196. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service. 2018. Accessed June 2026. https:\/\/www.ers.usda.gov\/publications\/pub-details?pubid=90227."},{"key":"S2048679026101360_ref2","volume-title":"Prevalence of depression among adults aged 20 and over: United States, 2013\u20132016. NCHS Data Brief no. 303","author":"Brody","year":"2018"},{"key":"S2048679026101360_ref43","unstructured":"43. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. NHANES tutorials: Weighting module; n.d. Accessed June 2026. https:\/\/wwwn.cdc.gov\/nchs\/nhanes\/tutorials\/weighting.aspx."},{"key":"S2048679026101360_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2019.03.023"},{"key":"S2048679026101360_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002170050121"},{"key":"S2048679026101360_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11112803"},{"key":"S2048679026101360_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22386"},{"key":"S2048679026101360_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2022.104678"},{"key":"S2048679026101360_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1891\/2168-6653.29.3.261"},{"key":"S2048679026101360_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291717002781"},{"key":"S2048679026101360_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrefrig.2014.03.011"},{"key":"S2048679026101360_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2023.08.016"},{"key":"S2048679026101360_ref19","unstructured":"19. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. NHANES 2017-2018 procedure manuals. 2018. Accessed June 2026. https:\/\/wwwn.cdc.gov\/nchs\/nhanes\/continuousnhanes\/manuals.aspx?BeginYear=2017."},{"key":"S2048679026101360_ref24","unstructured":"24. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Food Surveys Research Group. Food and Nutrient Database for Dietary Studies (FNDDS); 2024. Accessed June 2026. https:\/\/www.ars.usda.gov\/northeast-area\/beltsville-md-bhnrc\/beltsville-human-nutrition-research-center\/food-surveys-research-group\/docs\/fndds\/."},{"key":"S2048679026101360_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4038\/jnsfsr.v43i1.7913"},{"key":"S2048679026101360_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2014.08.016"},{"key":"S2048679026101360_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199754038.003.0011"},{"key":"S2048679026101360_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.116.186726"},{"key":"S2048679026101360_ref3","unstructured":"3. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. How is depression related to education?; 2018. Accessed June 2026. https:\/\/www.oecd-ilibrary.org\/education\/how-is-depression-related-to-education_782fc82d-en."},{"key":"S2048679026101360_ref20","unstructured":"20. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. NHANES August 2021-August 2023 questionnaires, datasets, and related documentation. 2024. Accessed June 2026. https:\/\/wwwn.cdc.gov\/nchs\/nhanes\/continuousnhanes\/default.aspx?Cycle=2021-2023."},{"key":"S2048679026101360_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2018.04.001"},{"key":"S2048679026101360_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004836-200308000-00004"},{"key":"S2048679026101360_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/65.4.1220S"},{"key":"S2048679026101360_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejbt.2014.07.004"}],"container-title":["Journal of Nutritional Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S2048679026101360","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T08:08:15Z","timestamp":1785485295000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S2048679026101360\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":60,"alternative-id":["S2048679026101360"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/jns.2026.10136","relation":{},"ISSN":["2048-6790"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2048-6790","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"article-number":"e70"}}