{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T03:37:29Z","timestamp":1792121849803,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":119,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,21]],"date-time":"2013-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1363824000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Med. Hist."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Social historians have argued that the reason the 1918\u201319 \u2018Spanish\u2019 influenza left so few traces in public memory is that it was \u2018overshadowed\u2019 by the First World War, hence its historiographical characterisation as the \u2018forgotten\u2019 pandemic. This paper argues that such an approach tends to overlook the crucial role played by wartime propaganda. Instead, I put emotion words, emotives and metaphors at the heart of my analysis in an attempt to understand the interplay between propaganda and biopolitical discourses that aimed to regulate civilian responses to the pandemic. Drawing on the letters of Wilfred Owen, the diaries of the cultural historian Caroline Playne and the reporting in the Northcliffe press, I argue that the stoicism exhibited by Owen and amplified in the columns of<jats:italic>The Times<\/jats:italic>and the<jats:italic>Daily Mail<\/jats:italic>is best viewed as a performance, an emotional style that reflected the politicisation of \u2018dread\u2019 in war as an emotion with the potential to undermine civilian morale. This was especially the case during the final year of the conflict when war-weariness set in, leading to the stricter policing of negative emotions. As a protean disease that could present as alternately benign and plague-like, the Spanish flu both drew on these discourses and subverted them, disrupting medical efforts to use the dread of foreign pathogens as an instrument of biopower. The result was that, as dread increasingly became attached to influenza, it destabilised medical attempts to regulate the civilian response to the pandemic, undermining Owen\u2019s and the Northcliffe press\u2019s emotives of stoicism.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/mdh.2012.101","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,21]],"date-time":"2013-03-21T15:35:34Z","timestamp":1363880134000},"page":"165-185","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Regulating the 1918\u201319 Pandemic: Flu, Stoicism and the Northcliffe Press"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Mark","family":"Honigsbaum","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0025727312001019_r70","unstructured":"Hadley, op. cit. (note 67), 31\u20133."},{"key":"S0025727312001019_r2","unstructured":"Ibid."},{"key":"S0025727312001019_r50","unstructured":"Dixey, op. cit. (note 44)."},{"key":"S0025727312001019_r3","unstructured":"The flu\u2019s nomenclature was due to the fact that Spain was a neutral country in WWI and foreign correspondents based in Madrid were not subject to the censorship rules that applied in other parts of Europe, meaning they could freely report the depredations of the epidemic. Niall Johnson, Britain and the 1918\u201319 Influenza Pandemic: A\u00a0Dark Epilogue (London, New York: Routledge, 2006), 37."},{"key":"S0025727312001019_r29","first-page":"149","volume-title":"Visions of The Press In Britain, 1850\u20131950","author":"Hampton","year":"2004"},{"key":"S0025727312001019_r27","unstructured":"George Boyce D. , \u2018Harmsworth, Alfred Charles William, Viscount Northcliffe (1865\u20131922)\u2019, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, January 2011, available online\u00a0at http:\/\/0-www.oxforddnb.com.catalogue.ulrls.lon.ac.uk\/view\/article\/33717 (accessed 25 January 2011)."},{"key":"S0025727312001019_r111","unstructured":"Manchester Guardian, 30 October 1918, 4."},{"key":"S0025727312001019_r114","unstructured":"Daily Mail, 13 November 1918, 4."},{"key":"S0025727312001019_r97","unstructured":"Daily Mail, 11 October 1918, 4."},{"key":"S0025727312001019_r87","unstructured":"Byerly, op. cit. (note 85), 103."},{"key":"S0025727312001019_r105","unstructured":"The Times, 31 October 1918, 7."},{"key":"S0025727312001019_r104","unstructured":"The Times, 28 October 1918, 6."},{"key":"S0025727312001019_r113","unstructured":"Playne, Britain Holds On, op. cit. (note 37), 377."},{"key":"S0025727312001019_r98","unstructured":"Daily Mail, 21 October 1918, 4."},{"key":"S0025727312001019_r15","volume-title":"The Will to Knowledge, The History of Sexuality","author":"Foucault","year":"1998"},{"key":"S0025727312001019_r89","unstructured":"An exception is an article that appeared in The\u00a0Lancet in October referring to \u2018alarming accounts\u2019 of the deaths on an American troopship, S.S. Otranto. Addressing the issue of \u2018confusion\u2019 as to the case fatality rate, The Lancet reported there had been fifty cases of influenza and four deaths, with other deaths from pneumonia being due to the crewmens\u2019 \u2018exposure during rescue\u2019. The Lancet, 19 October 1918, 535."},{"key":"S0025727312001019_r43","unstructured":"Anonymous, Influenza, its Cause, Cure and Prevention, The Penny Medical Library (Manchester: Abel and Heywood, 1902), 226\u201330."},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727312001019_r41.1","unstructured":"Morell Mackenzie: 'Influenza', Fortnightly Review, 49, 394 (1891), 877-86: 881"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727312001019_r41.2","unstructured":"Clifford T. Allbutt 'Influenza: Introduction', Practitioner, 78 (1907), 1-10."},{"key":"S0025727312001019_r40","unstructured":"Playne, Society at War, op. cit. (note 37), 286\u20138."},{"key":"S0025727312001019_r112","unstructured":"Ibid.."},{"key":"S0025727312001019_r37","volume-title":"The Neuroses of The Nations","author":"Playne","year":"1925"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727312001019_r17.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"See for instance, Charles L. Briggs and Daniel C. Hallin, 'Biocommunicability: The Neoliberal Subject and its Contradictions in News Coverage of Health Issues', Social Text, 25, 4 (2007), 43-66","DOI":"10.1215\/01642472-2007-011"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727312001019_r17.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brigitte Nerlich and Christopher Halliday, 'Avian Flu: The Creation of Expectations in the Interplay Between Science and the Media', Sociology of Health and Illness, 29, 1 (2007), 46-65","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9566.2007.00517.x"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727312001019_r17.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patrick Wallis and Brigitte Nerlich, 'Disease Metaphors in New Epidemics: The UK Media Framing of the 2003 SARS Epidemic', Social Science and Medicine, 60 (2005), 2629-39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2004.11.031"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727312001019_r17.4","unstructured":"Patrick Wallis, Brigitte Nerlich, and Brendon M.H. Larson, 'Metaphors and Biorisks: The War on Infectious Diseases and Invasive Species', Science Communication, 26, 3 (2005), 243-68."},{"key":"S0025727312001019_r42","unstructured":"Honigsbaum Mark , \u2018The Great Dread: Cultural and Psychological Impacts and Responses to the \u201cRussian\u201d Influenza in the United Kingdom, 1889\u20131893\u2019, Social History of Medicine, 23, 2 (2010), 299\u2013319."},{"key":"S0025727312001019_r60","unstructured":"\u2018Men, if they see another man tremble, giddy, or sick of some fearful disease, their apprehension and fear is so strong in this kind that they will have the same disease\u2019. Robert Burton, The Anatomy of Melancholy, I (Philadelphia: J.W. Moore, 1857, first publ. 1638), 160."},{"key":"S0025727312001019_r71","unstructured":"Hadley, op. cit. (note 67), 31\u20133."},{"key":"S0025727312001019_r55","unstructured":"Bresalier, op. cit. (note 49), 3\u20134."},{"key":"S0025727312001019_r6","unstructured":"Johnson, op. cit. (note 3), 45\u20136, 73."},{"key":"S0025727312001019_r62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"For a recent discussion of the methodological problems involved in popular and historical treatments of trauma and shell shock see Tracey Loughran, \u2018Shell Shock, Trauma, and the First World War: The Making of a Diagnosis and Its Histories\u2019, Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, 67, 1 (2012), 94\u2013119.","DOI":"10.1093\/jhmas\/jrq052"},{"key":"S0025727312001019_r86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.6205.1632"},{"key":"S0025727312001019_r84","unstructured":"The Times, 18 September 1918, 8."},{"key":"S0025727312001019_r54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511529238"},{"key":"S0025727312001019_r108","unstructured":"Daily Mail, 15 November 1918, 2."},{"key":"S0025727312001019_r80","unstructured":"Bresalier, op. cit. (note 49), 25\u20138."},{"key":"S0025727312001019_r75","unstructured":"Daily Mail, 25 June 1918, 4. See also Chemist and Druggist, 29 June 1918, 44."},{"key":"S0025727312001019_r96","unstructured":"The Times, 21 October 1918, 7."},{"key":"S0025727312001019_r33","unstructured":"It is estimated that through his ownership of the Daily Mail, The Times, Evening News, and Sunday Evening Dispatch, Northcliffe controlled approximately forty per cent of the then English newspaper market. Northcliffe\u2019s brother, Harold (Lord Rothermere), also owned the Daily Mirror, the largest daily paper for women readers. J.L. Thompson, Politicians, The Press, and Propaganda: Lord Northcliffe and the Great War, 1914\u20131919 (Ohio, London: Kent State University Press, 1999), 2."},{"key":"S0025727312001019_r36","unstructured":"Oldfield Sybil , \u2018Playne, Caroline Elizabeth (1857\u20131948)\u2019, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford University Press, 2004), available online at http:\/\/www.oxforddnb.com\/view\/article\/38530 (accessed 27 January 2011)."},{"key":"S0025727312001019_r79","unstructured":"Daily Express, 29 May 1918, 1; \u2018The Influenza Epidemic\u2019, The Lancet, 2 November 1918, 595\u20136; Ministry of Health, Report on the Pandemic of Influenza 1918\u201319 (London: HMSO, 1920), xviii\u2013xix."},{"key":"S0025727312001019_r30","unstructured":"Haste, op. cit. (note 14), 79\u2013107. The term \u2018Hun\u2019 was coined by the Daily\u00a0Mail\u2019s senior reporter Lovat Fraser. S.J. Taylor, The Great Outsiders: Northcliffe, Rothermere and the Daily Mail (London: Orion, 1998), 143."},{"key":"S0025727312001019_r73","unstructured":"Daily Mail, 6 June 1918, 2."},{"key":"S0025727312001019_r91","unstructured":"Glasgow Herald, 15 October 1918, 4."},{"key":"S0025727312001019_r92","unstructured":"The Times, 3 October 1918, 5; Daily Mail, 10 October 1918, 4."},{"key":"S0025727312001019_r16","unstructured":"I use self-regulation in the Foucauldian sense to refer to the way that biopolitical discourses encourage individuals to act as \u2018doctors to oneself\u2019, thereby rendering them subjects of neoliberal forms of governance. Michel Foucault, \u2018Technologies of the self\u2019, in L.H. Martin, H. Gutman, and P.H. Hutton (eds), Technologies of the Self: A Seminar with Michel Foucault (London: Tavistock, 1988), 16\u201349."},{"key":"S0025727312001019_r7","unstructured":"The Times, 18 December 1918, 5."},{"key":"S0025727312001019_r106","unstructured":"Manchester Guardian, 21 December 1918, 4."},{"key":"S0025727312001019_r4","unstructured":"Daily Express, 23 May 1918, 1; Daily Express, 29 May 1918, 1."},{"key":"S0025727312001019_r34","unstructured":"Haste, op. cit. (note 14), 90\u20131. The story resulted from a misunderstanding over the German word \u2018Kadaver\u2019, which was incorrectly presumed to mean \u2018human body\u2019 rather than the more accurate \u2018animal corpse\u2019."},{"key":"S0025727312001019_r63","first-page":"91","volume-title":"A War of Nerves: Soldiers and Psychiatrists in the Twentieth Century","author":"Shephard","year":"2000"},{"key":"S0025727312001019_r93","unstructured":"Daily Mail, 11 October 1918, 4."},{"key":"S0025727312001019_r100","unstructured":"The Times, 23 October 1918, 7."},{"key":"S0025727312001019_r67","first-page":"3","volume-title":"The History of Bovril Advertising","author":"Hadley","year":"1971"},{"key":"S0025727312001019_r24","unstructured":"Scott C.P. , The Political Diaries of C.P. Scott, Trevor Wilson (ed.) (London: Collins, 1970), 324\u20135."},{"key":"S0025727312001019_r32","first-page":"174","volume-title":"Blighty: British Society in the Era of the Great War","author":"DeGroot","year":"1966"},{"key":"S0025727312001019_r20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/204622"},{"key":"S0025727312001019_r78","unstructured":"The Times, 25 June 1918, 5."},{"key":"S0025727312001019_r8","first-page":"326","volume-title":"Epidemics and Crowd Diseases: An Introduction to the Study of Epidemiology","author":"Greenwood","year":"1935"},{"key":"S0025727312001019_r23","unstructured":"The Oxford English Dictionary defines propaganda as \u2018the systematic dissemination of information, especially in a biased or misleading way, in order to promote a political cause or point of view\u2019. However, in this article I also use propaganda in the broader sense of \u2018mass suggestion or influence through the manipulation of symbols and the psychology of the individual\u2019. Anthony R. Pratkanis and Elliot Aronson, Age of Propaganda: The Everyday Use and Abuse of Persuasion (New York: W.H. Freeman, 2001), 11."},{"key":"S0025727312001019_r46","unstructured":"Moore John , \u2018Thoughts on Influenza\u2019, The Practitioner, 78 (1907), 15\u201321."},{"key":"S0025727312001019_r53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Newsholme Arthur , \u2018Discussion on Influenza\u2019, Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 12 (1919), 1-18:\u00a013.","DOI":"10.1177\/003591571901200502"},{"key":"S0025727312001019_r26","unstructured":"For futher discussion see Christopher Hampton, Visions of the Press in Britain, 1850\u20131950 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2004), 130\u201372."},{"key":"S0025727312001019_r10","first-page":"132","volume-title":"The Spanish Influenza Pandemic of 1918\u201319: New Perspectives","author":"Johnson","year":"2003"},{"key":"S0025727312001019_r39","unstructured":"Playne, Society at War, op. cit. (note 37), 7, 16\u201317, 25, 31."},{"key":"S0025727312001019_r56","unstructured":"Tomkins Sandra M. , \u2018The Failure of Expertise: Public Health Policy in Britain during the 1918\u201319 Influenza Epidemic\u2019, Social History of Medicine, 5, 3 (1992), 435\u201354: 445. For a detailed discussion of the responses in other countries see Phillips and Killingray, op. cit. (note 10)."},{"key":"S0025727312001019_r76","unstructured":"Glasgow Herald, 23 July 1918, 6."},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727312001019_r44.1","unstructured":"Dixey F.A. , 'On the Influenza Epidemic of 1892 in London', BMJ, 13 August 1892, 353-56. See also, F.A. Dixey, Epidemic Influenza: A Study in Comparative Statistics (Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1892)"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727312001019_r44.2","unstructured":"'The Plague of 1892', Illustrated London Police News, 30 January 1892, 1."},{"key":"S0025727312001019_r22","unstructured":"Bono, op. cit. (note 19), 222."},{"key":"S0025727312001019_r58","unstructured":"See, for instance, Chemist and Druggist, 6 July 1918, 35; 26 October 1918, 34."},{"key":"S0025727312001019_r13","unstructured":"Joanna Bourke argues that the authorities made a similar effort to manage fear responses in World War II, virtually dissolving the distinction between the home and military fronts. Joanna Bourke, \u2018Disciplining the emotions: fear, psychiatry and the second world war\u2019, in Roger Cooter, Mark Harrison and Steve Sturdy (eds), War, Medicine and Modernity (Stroud: Sutton Publishing, 1998), 225\u201338."},{"key":"S0025727312001019_r5","unstructured":"The Times, 25 June 1918, 9."},{"key":"S0025727312001019_r69","unstructured":"Hadley, op. cit. (note 67), 224."},{"key":"S0025727312001019_r57","first-page":"186","volume-title":"The Great War and the British People","author":"Winter","year":"1985"},{"key":"S0025727312001019_r61","unstructured":"Anonymous, op. cit. (note 43), 237."},{"key":"S0025727312001019_r31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002200948201700304"},{"key":"S0025727312001019_r107","unstructured":"BMJ, 9 November 1918, 534."},{"key":"S0025727312001019_r109","unstructured":"Playne, Britain Holds On, op. cit. (note 37), 380. See also \u2018Playne Diary\u2019, 26 October 1918, Caroline Playne Collection, Senate House Library, University of London. MS1112. The entry in Playne\u2019s diary is slightly different from the edited version and reads: \u2018Influenza very bad in places. People did not seem cheered by the prospect of peace\u2026People full of very sad cases of influenza. A great sense of dread about everything\u2019."},{"key":"S0025727312001019_r28","unstructured":"Haste, op. cit. (note 14), 18."},{"key":"S0025727312001019_r65","unstructured":"Shephard, op. cit. (note 63), 90\u20133."},{"key":"S0025727312001019_r52","unstructured":"\u2018The Reported Epidemic in Spain\u2019, BMJ, 1 June 1918, 627. The first reference to the epidemic in The Lancet came in a short article in August in which the journal belatedly acknowledged the elevation of mortality that had occurred in July. The Lancet, 3 August 1918, 162."},{"key":"S0025727312001019_r68","unstructured":"Bovril Book of War Facts (London: Bovril, 1915)."},{"key":"S0025727312001019_r83","unstructured":"Manchester Guardian, 13 September 1918, 6; 14 September 1918, 6."},{"key":"S0025727312001019_r74","unstructured":"Daily Mail, 24 June 1918, 4."},{"key":"S0025727312001019_r48","first-page":"69","volume-title":"Influenza and Public Health: Learning from Past Pandemics","author":"Ramussen","year":"2010"},{"key":"S0025727312001019_r103","unstructured":"The Times, 26 October 1918, 7."},{"key":"S0025727312001019_r90","unstructured":"Glasgow Herald, 3 October 1918, 6."},{"key":"S0025727312001019_r59","unstructured":"The Times, 31 October 1918, 7. Not all commentators shared Newsholme\u2019s opinion that preventive measures were pointless. Indeed, George Newman, the then Chief Medical Officer of the Board of Education, was highly critical of the position adopted by Newsholme at the RSM meeting, describing him afterwards in his diary as \u2018vacillating\u2019 and \u2018incompetent\u2019. Mark Honigsbaum, Living With Enza: The Forgotten Story of Britain and the Great Flu Pandemic of 1918 (Basingstoke: Macmillan), 93."},{"key":"S0025727312001019_r101","unstructured":"Daily Mail, 28 October 1918, 2."},{"key":"S0025727312001019_r66","first-page":"167","volume-title":"The Female Malady: Women, Madness and English Culture, 1830\u20131980","author":"Showalter","year":"1998"},{"key":"S0025727312001019_r45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"The\u00a0Lancet, 11 January 1890, 88.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)13540-9"},{"key":"S0025727312001019_r35","first-page":"203","volume-title":"Fleet Street: Five Hundred Years of the Press","author":"Griffiths","year":"2006"},{"key":"S0025727312001019_r47","unstructured":"See, for instance, BMJ, 9 March 1895, 550."},{"key":"S0025727312001019_r49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jhmas\/jrr041"},{"key":"S0025727312001019_r14","unstructured":"A good example was the panic engendered by the Zeppelin raids on south and east coasts of England in 1915. Cate Haste, Keep the Home Fires Burning, Propaganda in the First World War (London: Allen Lane, 1977), 95\u20136."},{"key":"S0025727312001019_r72","unstructured":"Salford Reporter, 23 November 1918, 2."},{"key":"S0025727312001019_r99","unstructured":"The Times, 22 October 1918, 3."},{"key":"S0025727312001019_r110","unstructured":"Playne, Britain Holds On, op. cit. (note 37), 380."},{"key":"S0025727312001019_r82","unstructured":"For further discussion see Honigsbaum, op. cit. (note 59), 65\u20139."},{"key":"S0025727312001019_r94","unstructured":"Daily Mail, 29 October 1918, 2."},{"key":"S0025727312001019_r19","volume-title":"Science Studies: Probing the Dynamics of Scientific Knowledge","author":"Bono","year":"2001"},{"key":"S0025727312001019_r77","unstructured":"Salford Reporter, 29 June 1918, 2."},{"key":"S0025727312001019_r9","volume-title":"America\u2019s Forgotten Pandemic: The Influenza of 1918","author":"Crosby","year":"1989"},{"key":"S0025727312001019_r21","unstructured":"Ibid., 332."},{"key":"S0025727312001019_r38","unstructured":"Playne, Society at War, ibid., 7; Gustave Le Bon, The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind, repr. of 1896 edition (London: Ernest Benn, 1930); W. Trotter, Instincts of the Herd in Peace and War, first publ. 1910 (London: T. Fisher Unwin, 1916)."},{"key":"S0025727312001019_r51","unstructured":"Daily Express, 23 May 1918, 1; 29 May 1918, 1; Daily Mail, 28 May 1918, 3; 29 May 1918, 3; 30 May 1918,\u00a03."},{"key":"S0025727312001019_r18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226470993.001.0001"},{"key":"S0025727312001019_r64","first-page":"63","volume-title":"The Harmony of Illusions: Inventing Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder","author":"Young","year":"1995"},{"key":"S0025727312001019_r102","unstructured":"Daily Mail, 28 October 1918, 3."},{"key":"S0025727312001019_r1","unstructured":"\u2018Letter to Susan Owen, 24 June 1918\u2019, in H. Owen and J. Bell (eds), Wilfred Owen Collected Letters (London: Oxford University Press, 1967), 560."},{"key":"S0025727312001019_r85","first-page":"97","volume-title":"Fever Of War: The Influenza Epidemic in the U.S. Army During World War I","author":"Byerly","year":"2005"},{"key":"S0025727312001019_r81","first-page":"594","volume-title":"Lloyd George: War Leader, 1916\u20131918","author":"Grigg","year":"2003"},{"key":"S0025727312001019_r95","unstructured":"The Times, 10 October 1918, 5."},{"key":"S0025727312001019_r11","unstructured":"Other factors cited by Johnson include the \u2018mild\u2019 nature of the initial wave of infections in the summer of 1918 and the fact that, in contrast to Spain where foreign correspondents were free to write about the flu\u2019s depredations, the British phase of the epidemic went largely unreported by domestic newspaper correspondents. He also argues that, while the second wave of the pandemic was associated with high levels of mortality and would have \u2018terrified\u2019 Britons, \u2018the lesser magnitude of the third wave\u2026undermined the committing of the pandemic to memory\u2019. Johnson, op. cit. (note 3), 165."},{"key":"S0025727312001019_r12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/hwj\/55.1.111"},{"key":"S0025727312001019_r88","unstructured":"Lauder R.E. , Annual Report on the Health of the County Borough of Southampton and the Port of Southampton for the Year 1918 (Southampton County Council), 8."},{"key":"S0025727312001019_r25","unstructured":"See, for instance, M.L. Sanders and P.M. Taylor, British Propaganda during the First World War, 1914\u201318 (London: Macmillan, 1982); G.S. Messinger, British Propaganda and the State in the First World War (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1992); Brock Millman, Managing Domestic Dissent in First World War Britain (London: Frank Cass, 2000)."}],"container-title":["Medical History"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0025727312001019","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,24]],"date-time":"2020-07-24T04:58:21Z","timestamp":1595566701000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0025727312001019\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,21]]},"references-count":119,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S0025727312001019"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/mdh.2012.101","relation":{},"ISSN":["0025-7273","2048-8343"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0025-7273","type":"print"},{"value":"2048-8343","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,21]]}}}