{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T12:56:02Z","timestamp":1780059362003,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,21]],"date-time":"2013-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1363824000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Med. Hist."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>This article examines the reception of the early modern hospital among the indigenous people of the Andes under Spanish colonial rule. During the period covered by this study (sixteenth to mid-eighteenth centuries), the hospital was conceived primarily as a manifestation of the sovereign\u2019s paternalistic concern for his subjects\u2019 spiritual well being. Hospitals in the Spanish American colonies were organised along racial lines, and those catering to Indians were meant to complement the missionary endeavour. Besides establishing hospitals in the main urban centres, Spanish colonial legislation instituted hospitals for Indians in provincial towns and in small rural jurisdictions throughout the Peruvian viceroyalty. Indian hospitals often met with the suspicion and even hostility of their supposed beneficiaries, especially indigenous rulers. By conceptualising the Indian hospital as a tool of colonial government, this article investigates the reasons behind its negative reception, the work of adaptation that allowed a few of them to thrive, and the eventual failure of most of these institutions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/mdh.2012.102","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,21]],"date-time":"2013-03-21T15:35:34Z","timestamp":1363880134000},"page":"186-205","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Indian Hospitals and Government in the\u00a0Colonial\u00a0Andes"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Gabriela","family":"Ramos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0025727312001020_r79","first-page":"259","volume-title":"Cat\u00e1logo cronol\u00f3gico de las pragm\u00e1ticas, c\u00e9dulas, decretos, \u00f3rdenes y resoluciones reales generales emanados despu\u00e9s de la Recopilaci\u00f3n de las Leyes de Indias [A Catalogue Organized in Chronological Order of the Laws and other Regulations Produced after the Compilation of the Laws of the Indies]","author":"Matraya y Ricci","year":"1978"},{"key":"S0025727312001020_r59","unstructured":"Valencia, op. cit. (note 56)."},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727312001020_r63.1","unstructured":"On health care in rural Spain under the Ancien R\u00e9gime see Luis Alfonso Alcarazo Garc\u00eda. La asistencia sanitaria p\u00fablica en el Arag\u00f3n rural entre 1673-1750. Las conducciones sanitarias de Barbastro [Public Health Assistance in Rural Aragon from 1673 to 1750. The Contracts to Provide Health Services in Barbastro] (Zaragoza: Instituci\u00f3n Fernando El Cat\u00f3lico, 2010)"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727312001020_r63.2","unstructured":"Anastasio Rojo Vega, Enfermos y sanadores en la Castilla del siglo XVI [Patients and Healers in Sixteenth-Century Castile] (Valladolid: Universidad de Valladolid, 1993). On the diverse forms of social assistance and health care in Europe, see Peregrine Horden, 'Household care and informal networks: comparisons and continuities from antiquity to the present', in P. Horden and R. Smith (eds), The Locus of Care: Families, Communities, Institutions and the Provision of Welfare Since Antiquity (London: Routledge, 1998), 21-67."},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727312001020_r63.3","unstructured":"On health care in rural Spain under the Ancien R\u00e9gime see Luis Alfonso Alcarazo Garc\u00eda. La asistencia sanitaria p\u00fablica en el Arag\u00f3n rural entre 1673-1750. Las conducciones sanitarias de Barbastro [Public Health Assistance in Rural Aragon from 1673 to 1750. The Contracts to Provide Health Services in Barbastro] (Zaragoza: Instituci\u00f3n Fernando El Cat\u00f3lico, 2010); Luis S. Granjel, La medicina espa\u00f1ola renacentista [Spanish Medicine in the Renaissance] (Salamanca: Universidad de Salamanca, 1980); Anastasio Rojo Vega, Enfermos y sanadores en la Castilla del siglo XVI [Patients and Healers in Sixteenth-Century Castile] (Valladolid: Universidad de Valladolid, 1993). On the diverse forms of social assistance and health care in Europe, see Peregrine Horden, 'Household care and informal networks: comparisons and continuities from antiquity to the present', in P. Horden and R. Smith"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727312001020_r63.4","unstructured":"(eds), The Locus of Care: Families, Communities, Institutions and the Provision of Welfare Since Antiquity (London: Routledge, 1998), 21-67."},{"key":"S0025727312001020_r53","unstructured":"Jim\u00e9nez de la Espada, op. cit. (note 51), Vol. 1: 158\u20139."},{"key":"S0025727312001020_r15","first-page":"430","volume-title":"El hospital en Hispanoam\u00e9rica y Filipinas [The Hospital in Spanish America and the Philippines]","author":"Guerra","year":"1994"},{"key":"S0025727312001020_r25","unstructured":"Studies on colonial hospitals in Peru focus on the city of Lima only. See for example Miguel Rab\u00ed Chara, Del hospital de Santa Ana (1549 a 1924) al hospital Nacional Arzobispo Loayza (1925 a 1999): 450 a\u00f1os de protecci\u00f3n de la salud de las personas [From the Santa Ana Hospital (1549 to 1924) to the National Hospital Arzobispo Loayza (1925 to 1999): 450 Years Taking Care of People\u2019s Health] (Lima: n.p., 1999)."},{"key":"S0025727312001020_r77","unstructured":"AGN, Derecho Ind\u00edgena, leg. 23, c. 396, 1781."},{"key":"S0025727312001020_r35","unstructured":"Villena Lohman and Viejo Sarabia , op. cit. (note 11), Vol. 2: 73\u201390."},{"key":"S0025727312001020_r23","unstructured":"Matienzo, op. cit. (note 20), 79."},{"key":"S0025727312001020_r66","unstructured":"Liss\u00f3n, op. cit. (note 39), Vol. 5: 308."},{"key":"S0025727312001020_r21","unstructured":"Villena Lohmann and Viejo Sarabia , op. cit. (note 11), Vol. 1: 455\u20136."},{"key":"S0025727312001020_r38","unstructured":"Madrid\u2019s General Hospital possibly represented a model for the hospitals established in Spanish America. See Huguet-Termes, op. cit. (note 9), 76."},{"key":"S0025727312001020_r64","unstructured":"Since the late sixteenth century representatives of the Indians submitted requests to decrease the amount of contributions paid to the Church. This is why fifty years later the colonial government tried to reduce the contributions already included in the tithes. The Church fiercely opposed this initiative. Hanke and Rodr\u00edguez, op. cit. (note 31), Vol. 4: 122\u20133."},{"key":"S0025727312001020_r36","unstructured":"The Real Tribunal del Protomedicato, a body in charge of supervising medics, was founded in 1568. Juan B. Lastres, Historia de la medicina peruana [History of Peruvian Medicine], 3 vols (Lima: Imprenta Santa Mar\u00eda, 1951), Vol. 2: 57\u20138. See also John T. Lanning, The Royal Protomedicato: The Regulation of the Medical Professions in the Spanish Empire (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1985). Although documentation is scarce, it seems that indigenous healers were not uncommon among the empiricists working in the hospitals for Indians. Esquivel y Navia, op. cit. (note 17), Vol. 2: 48."},{"key":"S0025727312001020_r46","unstructured":"This was the case of Huarmey, a town situated on Peru\u2019s central coast. The records of archbishop Mogrovejo\u2019s pastoral visitation listed a hospital and a parish church in poor condition, whereas the inspectors sent by archbishop Lobo Guerrero, Mogrovejo\u2019s successor, noted that Huarmey had neither hospitals nor confraternities. Benito, op. cit. (note 43), 423\u20134; Liss\u00f3n, op. cit. (note 39), Vol. 5: 263."},{"key":"S0025727312001020_r58","unstructured":"Valencia\u2019s observation that the barbers were Indians suggests that the surgeons were probably Spanish."},{"key":"S0025727312001020_r31","unstructured":"A few years later, viceroy Toledo stipulated that the profits generated by encomiendas without holders be assigned to the hospital of Santa Ana. However, these revenues were neither safe nor permanent. Lewis Hanke and Celso Rodr\u00edguez (eds), Los virreyes espa\u00f1oles en Am\u00e9rica durante el gobierno de la Casa de Austria [The Spanish Viceroys in America under the Habsburgs], 7 vols. Biblioteca de Autores Espa\u00f1oles [Spanish Authors Library] (Madrid: Atlas, 1978\u201380), Vol. 2: 66\u20137."},{"key":"S0025727312001020_r69","unstructured":"The curacas stated during the investigation on this case that \u2018the parish priests usually take for themselves the property and livestock belonging to the hospitals\u2019. AAL, Hospitales, leg. 2, exp. 8."},{"key":"S0025727312001020_r24","unstructured":"MacHugh, op. cit. (note 11), 21\u20132."},{"key":"S0025727312001020_r42","unstructured":"Liss\u00f3n, op. cit. (note 39), Vol. 3: 451-2; Hanke and Rodr\u00edguez, op. cit. (note 31), Vol. 1: 234\u20135."},{"key":"S0025727312001020_r13","unstructured":"Recopilaci\u00f3n de leyes de los reinos de las Indias [Compilation of the Laws of the Kingdoms of the Indies], 4 vols (Madrid: Cultura Hisp\u00e1nica, 1973), Vol. 1: T\u00edtulo Cuarto, Ley Primera."},{"key":"S0025727312001020_r71","unstructured":"AAL, leg. 2, exp.13, 1629."},{"key":"S0025727312001020_r4","unstructured":"Pi\u00f1eyr\u00faa, op. cit. (note 2); Miri Rubin, \u2018Imagining medieval hospitals: considerations on the cultural meaning of institutional change\u2019, in J. Barry and C. Jones (eds), Medicine and Charity Before the Welfare State (London: Routledge, 1991), 14\u201325; Juan Ignacio Carmona Garc\u00eda, El sistema de hospitalidad p\u00fablica en la Sevilla del Antiguo R\u00e9gimen [The Public Hospital System in Ancien R\u00e9gime Seville] (Seville: Diputaci\u00f3n Provincial, 1978); Lindemann, op. cit. (note 2), 123\u20137."},{"key":"S0025727312001020_r19","unstructured":"Olmedo Jim\u00e9nez, op. cit. (note 16), 585."},{"key":"S0025727312001020_r47","unstructured":"Liss\u00f3n, op. cit. (note 39), Vol. 5: 271."},{"key":"S0025727312001020_r75","unstructured":"The religious order of the Bethlehemites, devoted to the care of the poor, was founded in Guatemala in the seventeenth century and rapidly spread throughout Spanish America. There are few historical studies about the Bethlehemites. See for example Carlos Mayo, Los betlemitas en Buenos Aires: convento, econom\u00eda y sociedad, 1748\u20131822 [The Bethlehemites in Buenos Aires: Convent, Economy, and Society, 1748\u20131822] (Sevilla: Excelent\u00edsima Diputaci\u00f3n de Sevilla, 1991). There is no historical study about the order of San Juan de Dios in the Andes. For Mexico, see Solange Alberro, Apuntes para la historia de la Orden Hospitalaria de San Juan de Dios en la Nueva Espa\u00f1a-M\u00e9xico, 1604\u20132004 [Notes for the History of the Hospital Order of Saint John of God in New Spain-Mexico, 1604\u20132004] (M\u00e9xico: El Colegio de M\u00e9xico, 2005)."},{"key":"S0025727312001020_r6","first-page":"157","volume-title":"Health Care and Poor Relief in Counter-Reformation Europe","author":"Arrizabalaga","year":"1999"},{"key":"S0025727312001020_r3","volume-title":"Hospitals and Healing from Antiquity to the Later Middle Ages","author":"Horden","year":"2008"},{"key":"S0025727312001020_r9","unstructured":"Carmona Garc\u00eda, op. cit. (note 4), 200\u20135; Linda Martz, Poverty and Welfare in Habsburg Spain: The Example of Toledo (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983); Teresa Huguet-Termes, \u2018Madrid Hospitals in the Context of the Hapsburg Empire\u2019, Medical History Supplement, 29 (2009), 64\u201385; Arrizabalaga, op. cit. (note\u00a06)."},{"key":"S0025727312001020_r29","unstructured":"Diez de San Miguel, op. cit., (note 1), 259."},{"key":"S0025727312001020_r2","first-page":"274","volume-title":"From Medical Police to Social Medicine: Essays on the History of Healthcare","author":"Rosen","year":"1974"},{"key":"S0025727312001020_r41","unstructured":"Liss\u00f3n, op. cit. (note 39), Vol. 3: 349\u201372."},{"key":"S0025727312001020_r8","volume-title":"Rich and Poor in Renaissance Venice: The Social Institutions of a Catholic State, to 1620","author":"Pullan","year":"1971"},{"key":"S0025727312001020_r76","unstructured":"AGN, Derecho Ind\u00edgena, leg. 17, c.291, 1756."},{"key":"S0025727312001020_r17","volume-title":"Anales del Per\u00fa [Annals of Peru]","volume":"2 vols","author":"de Montesinos","year":"1906\u00a0[1642]"},{"key":"S0025727312001020_r67","unstructured":"Archivo Arzobispal de Lima (from now on AAL), Hospitales, leg. 1, exp. 1. Archbishop Mogrovejo\u2019s inspection records document the presence in the region of a Garci Barba, head of a powerful family that owned land, ranches, and a sugar cane plantation. Benito, op. cit. (note 43), 19, 29, 376\u20139."},{"key":"S0025727312001020_r62","unstructured":"Bishop Valencia accused the caciques of being rebellious, idolaters, and of antagonising the parish priests. Valencia, op. cit (note 56)."},{"key":"S0025727312001020_r30","unstructured":"In Mexico a portion of the Indian head tax, known as \u2018medio real del hospital\u2019, was used to support the hospitals. Josefina Muriel, Hospitales de la Nueva Espa\u00f1a [Hospitals of New Spain], 2 vols (M\u00e9xico: Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, 1990), Vol. 1: 138."},{"key":"S0025727312001020_r51","volume-title":"Relaciones Geogr\u00e1ficas de Indias, Per\u00fa [Geographical Descriptions of the Indies, Peru]","volume":"3 vols","author":"de la Espada","year":"1965"},{"key":"S0025727312001020_r22","unstructured":"Villena Lohmann and Viejo Sarabia , op. cit. (note 11), Vol. 2: 14\u201315, 17."},{"key":"S0025727312001020_r52","unstructured":"Liss\u00f3n, op. cit. (note 39), Vol. 5: 268."},{"key":"S0025727312001020_r68","unstructured":"This was the bank owned by Juan de la Cueva, a noted financial institution in the seventeenth century. AAL, Hospitales, leg. 2, exp. 2."},{"key":"S0025727312001020_r48","unstructured":"Liss\u00f3n, op. cit. (note 39), Vol. 5: 282."},{"key":"S0025727312001020_r32","unstructured":"Archivo General de la Naci\u00f3n del Per\u00fa (from now on AGN), Derecho Ind\u00edgena, Leg. 3, c.31. On epidemics in colonial Peru and their effects on the indigenous population, see Noble David Cook, Demographic Collapse: Indian Peru, 1520\u20131620 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981)."},{"key":"S0025727312001020_r5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctt5vkf6w","volume-title":"Medicine and Politics in Colonial Peru: Population Growth and the Bourbon Reforms","author":"Warren\u2019s","year":"2010"},{"key":"S0025727312001020_r80","unstructured":"Cahill, op. cit. (note 65)."},{"key":"S0025727312001020_r50","unstructured":"Diez de San Miguel, op. cit. (note 1), 118."},{"key":"S0025727312001020_r7","volume-title":"Pobreza y asistencia social en Espa\u00f1a, siglos XVI al XX [Poverty and Social Assistance in Spain, 16th to 20th Centuries]","author":"Zorrilla","year":"1987"},{"key":"S0025727312001020_r78","unstructured":"AGN, Derecho Ind\u00edgena, leg. 24, c. 442, 1790."},{"key":"S0025727312001020_r60","unstructured":"Diez de San Miguel, op. cit. (note 1), 220."},{"key":"S0025727312001020_r28","unstructured":"Villena Lohmann and Viejo Saravia , op. cit. (note 11), Vol. 1: 453."},{"key":"S0025727312001020_r44","unstructured":"For example, the herds belonging to the rural parish of Hua\u00f1ec, Yauyos, are described as the property of two different kin groups (ayllus), Hua\u00f1ec and Llacuaz, respectively. Benito, ibid., 212. Historians of Africa and Europe have highlighted the importance of kin groups and of family structures for the study of poverty and social assistance. John Iliffe, The African Poor (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), 8; Peregrine Horden, \u2018Family history and hospital history in the middle ages\u2019, in P. Horden (ed.), op. cit. (note 3), 146\u2013282."},{"key":"S0025727312001020_r1","first-page":"100","volume-title":"Visita hecha a la provincia de Chucuito [Inspection of the Chucuito Province]","author":"de San Miguel","year":"1964"},{"key":"S0025727312001020_r12","first-page":"89","volume-title":"Governmentality: Power and Rule in Modern Society","author":"Dean","year":"1999"},{"key":"S0025727312001020_r34","first-page":"267","article-title":"Una epidemia en el siglo XVI [An Epidemic in the 16th Century]","volume":"19","author":"Lastres","year":"1955","journal-title":"Revista del Archivo Nacional del Per\u00fa [Journal of the National Archives of Peru]"},{"key":"S0025727312001020_r54","unstructured":"Jim\u00e9nez de la Espada, op. cit. (note 51), Vol. 1: 172."},{"key":"S0025727312001020_r10","first-page":"245","article-title":"La condici\u00f3n miserable del indio y sus privilegios [The Condition of the American Indian as Wretched and its Associated Privileges]","volume":"28","author":"Delgado Paulino","year":"1971","journal-title":"Anuario de Estudios Americanos [Yearbook of American Studies]"},{"key":"S0025727312001020_r81","unstructured":"AGN; Derecho Ind\u00edgena, leg. 16, c. 278, 1748."},{"key":"S0025727312001020_r74","unstructured":"Hanke and Rodr\u00edguez, op. cit. (note 31), Vol. 5: 208."},{"key":"S0025727312001020_r16","volume-title":"Actas del III Congreso Internacional sobre los Dominicos y el Nuevo Mundo","author":"Jim\u00e9nez","year":"1991"},{"key":"S0025727312001020_r73","unstructured":"AAL, Hospitales, leg. 2, exp. 25, 1660."},{"key":"S0025727312001020_r56","unstructured":"\u2018Relaci\u00f3n de Chucuyto\u2019 [Report on Chucuyto] by Pedro de Valencia, bishop of La Paz. British Library, Ms. AD13977, f. 519."},{"key":"S0025727312001020_r26","first-page":"207","article-title":"Los errores y supersticiones de los indios [The Errors and Superstitions of the Indians]","volume":"1","author":"de Ondegardo","year":"1906","journal-title":"Revista Hist\u00f3rica (Lima)"},{"key":"S0025727312001020_r40","unstructured":"Ibid., Vol. 3: 334\u20135."},{"key":"S0025727312001020_r72","unstructured":"On the question of church jurisdiction over rural hospitals, see Juan Bautista Lass\u00e8gue, \u2018La fundaci\u00f3n progresiva de un convento-hospital en Parinacochas, di\u00f3cesis del Cuzco, 1567\u20131586. Apuntes de lectura e hip\u00f3tesis de estudio [The Gradual Founding of a Convent-Hospital in Parinacochas, Cuzco Diocese, 1567\u20131586: Some Notes and a Hypothesis]\u2019, Revista Andina [Andean Review], 4 (1984), 487\u2013512."},{"key":"S0025727312001020_r70","unstructured":"AAL, Hospitales, leg. 1, exp. 9."},{"key":"S0025727312001020_r65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1008259"},{"key":"S0025727312001020_r61","unstructured":"The Indians of the Anansaya kin group in Chucuito stated that, \u2018it would be good to build a hospital in each town, but not establish one single hospital for the whole province because the patients won\u2019t be able to make use of it\u2019. Diez de San Miguel, op. cit. (note 1), 87."},{"key":"S0025727312001020_r55","unstructured":"After visiting the province of Yauyos, the inspectors wrote, \u2018the Indians never come to these hospitals\u2019. Liss\u00f3n, op. cit. (note 39), Vol. 5: 284."},{"key":"S0025727312001020_r45","unstructured":"For example, the hospital of the rural parish of Los Reyes de Chinchaycocha, with a population of 2,100, was listed as \u2018deserted\u2019. Liss\u00f3n, op. cit. (note 39), Vol. 5: 292."},{"key":"S0025727312001020_r33","unstructured":"AGN, Derecho Ind\u00edgena, leg. 3, c.33."},{"key":"S0025727312001020_r57","unstructured":"Diez de San Miguel, op. cit. (note 1); John Murra, op. cit. (note 1), 205."},{"key":"S0025727312001020_r11","unstructured":"Lohmann Villena G. and Sarabia Viejo M. J. \u00a0(eds), Francisco de Toledo: Disposiciones gubernativas para el virreinato del Per\u00fa 1575\u20131580 [Francisco de Toledo\u2019s Regulations for the Government of the Viceroyalty of Peru 1575\u20131580], 2 vols (Seville: Escuela de Estudios Hispanoamericanos, 1986\u20139), Vol. 2: 95. For a similar description of the king\u2019s paternal role in France, see Tim McHugh, Hospital Politics in Seventeenth-Century France: The Crown, Urban Elites and the Poor (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2007), 50."},{"key":"S0025727312001020_r82","unstructured":"The trial records contain statements given by curacas, other indigenous authorities, and parish priests confirming that social assistance in Chucuito was provided as described."},{"key":"S0025727312001020_r49","unstructured":"Liss\u00f3n, op. cit. (note 39), Vol. 5: 303."},{"key":"S0025727312001020_r43","first-page":"367","volume-title":"Libro de visitas de Santo Toribio de Mogrovejo 1593\u20131605 [Records of Santo Toribio de Mogrovejo\u2019s Pastoral Visitations 1593\u20131605]","author":"Benito","year":"2006"},{"key":"S0025727312001020_r27","unstructured":"Matienzo, op. cit. (note 20), 18."},{"key":"S0025727312001020_r18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"While in France the monarchy did not receive this and other decrees from the Council of Trent, in Spain King Philip II accepted the decrees as state law. Thus the bishops\u2019 authority over the hospitals went unquestioned. On Spain, see Carmona Garc\u00eda, op. cit. (note 4), 69, and on France, see Jean Imbert, \u2018Les prescriptions hospitali\u00e8res du Concile de Trente et leur diffusion en France [The Rulings about Hospitals Issued by the Council of Trent and Their Propagation in France]\u2019, Revue d\u2019Histoire de l\u2019\u00c9glise de France [Journal of the History of the French Church], 42 (1956), 5\u201328.","DOI":"10.3406\/rhef.1956.3190"},{"key":"S0025727312001020_r14","unstructured":"Carmona Garc\u00eda, op. cit. (note 4), 25."},{"key":"S0025727312001020_r39","volume-title":"La Iglesia de Espa\u00f1a en el Per\u00fa [The Church of Spain in Peru]","volume":"5 vols","author":"Liss\u00f3n","year":"1943\u20137"},{"key":"S0025727312001020_r37","volume-title":"Diccionario de gobierno y legislaci\u00f3n de Indias [Dictionary of Government and Legislation of the Indies]","volume":"13 vols","author":"de Ayala","year":"1989\u201396"},{"key":"S0025727312001020_r20","unstructured":"Pullan Brian , Rich and Poor, op. cit. (note 8), 239; Juan de Matienzo, Gobierno del Per\u00fa [Government of Peru] (Lima: Institut Fran\u00e7ais d\u2019\u00c9tudes Andines, 1967), 74."}],"container-title":["Medical History"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0025727312001020","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,23]],"date-time":"2019-04-23T22:31:14Z","timestamp":1556058674000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0025727312001020\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,21]]},"references-count":85,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S0025727312001020"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/mdh.2012.102","relation":{},"ISSN":["0025-7273","2048-8343"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0025-7273","type":"print"},{"value":"2048-8343","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,21]]}}}