{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,11]],"date-time":"2023-11-11T16:27:51Z","timestamp":1699720071093},"reference-count":192,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,1]],"date-time":"2013-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1359676800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":31,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Med. Hist."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>This article continues the analyses in<jats:italic>Medical History<\/jats:italic>52 (2008), 73\u201390, 365\u201386 of William Harvey\u2019s self-understanding as the philosopher and discoverer of the blood\u2019s circulation. Harvey brilliantly and subversively assumed the persona of the mythological Hercules to embody his own anatomical labour in<jats:italic>De motu cordis et sanguinis<\/jats:italic>(1628). He reprised the role in self-defence against accusations in the College of Physicians, London, of his breach of faith with medical tradition. Harvey sought to usurp the medical epithet \u2018a second Hercules\u2019 by reforming humanist dependence on ancient texts as authoritative medicine. A knowledge of the theory and practice of Renaissance humanism discloses his identification with the Herculean labour of cleansing the Augean stable. He employed anatomical demonstration against Galen\u2019s porous cardiac septum, which admitted blood across the ventricles. Harvey\u2019s oath<jats:italic>mehercule<\/jats:italic>swore against Galen\u2019s<jats:italic>Dia<\/jats:italic>to assert the necessity of opening an alternate route for the blood flow. His Herculean labour was to dam the cardiac septum and divert the blood flow into a continuous channel through the arteries and veins. His circulation of the blood also imitated Hercules\u2019 successful dependence on the force of the water flow to flush the Augean stable. Harvey\u2019s<jats:italic>copia<\/jats:italic>did not denote a quantitative amount but a powerful supply. Harvey aspired to be, like Hercules, immortal, a term which the College belatedly acknowledged. This cultural analysis exposes Harvey\u2019s professional issues and personal ambitions, so to promote a fuller understanding of his historic role in medical discovery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/mdh.2012.78","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,1]],"date-time":"2013-02-01T16:31:28Z","timestamp":1359736288000},"page":"6-27","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Harvey, by Hercules! The Hero of the Blood\u2019s Circulation"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"MARJORIE","family":"O\u2019ROURKE BOYLE","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0025727312000786_r32","unstructured":"32Edward Hyde, History of the Rebellion, W. Dunn Macray (ed.), 6 vols (Oxford: Clarendon, 1888), Vol. 4: 489, cited by Julian Davies, The Caroline Captivity of the Church: Charles I and the Remoulding of Anglicanism 1625\u20131641 (Oxford: Clarendon, 1992), 82."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"139Cited by William T. Costello, The Scholastic Curriculum at Early Seventeenth-Century\u00a0Cambridge (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1958), 59.","DOI":"10.4159\/harvard.9780674284401"},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r149","unstructured":"149Fabrici, op. cit. (note 144), 75, 78, 80\u20131."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r14","unstructured":"14John Aubrey, \u2018Account of William Harvey\u2019, Appendix I in Geoffrey Keynes, The Life of William Harvey (Oxford: Clarendon, 1966), 434, 435. Cited by Franklin, op. cit. (note 6), 17\u201318."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r116","unstructured":"116Miguel Servet, Restitutio christianismi (Vienne, 1553)."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r134","unstructured":"134Jerome J. Bylebyl, \u2018Disputation and Description in the Renaissance Pulse Controversy\u2019, in op. cit. (note 88), 226\u20137, 241\u20132."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r56","unstructured":"56Harvey, op. cit. (note 1), 16."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r135","unstructured":"135Galen, De usu partium libri XVII, George Helmreich (ed.), 2 vols (Amsterdam: A. M. Hakkert, 1968), Vol. 1: 331. Cf. De methodo medendi, in Opera, Vol.\u00a010: 649, 697. George Ent\u2019s Apologia pro circuitione sanguinis (Leiden: Peter Vander, 1687), which was dedicated to Harvey, included a formal digression on \u2018the ebb and flow of the sea\u2019, 64\u2013100."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r130","unstructured":"130Harvey, op. cit. (note 1), 5, 58."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"162Thomas Fuller, History of the Worthies of England (London, J.\u00a0G.\u00a0W.\u00a0L. and W.\u00a0G. for Thomas Williams, 1662), cited by H. Bayon, \u2018William Harvey, Physician and Biologist: His Precursors, Opponents, and Successors\u2019, Annals of Science, 3 (1938), 59\u2013118: 85.","DOI":"10.1080\/00033793800200791"},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r41","unstructured":"41 Annals of the Royal College of Physician, 1518\u20131915, 48 vols (London: The College, 1518\u20131915), Vol. 2: 179a. For the Statuta vetera, see Clark, op. cit. (note 25), 172\u201381."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r129","unstructured":"129Harvey, op. cit. (note 1), 41."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r127","unstructured":"127Leach, op. cit. (note 9), 468."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r126","unstructured":"126Harvey, op. cit. (note 1), 41, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 50, 52, 53, 54, 63, 72. For quantitas, see 44."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r112","unstructured":"112Jacobus Sylvius, Vesani cujusdam calumniarum in Hippocratis Galenique rem anatomicam depulsio (Paris, 1551), fols. 4r, 28r, cited by O\u2019Malley, op. cit. (note 100), 248, 250, without reference to my argument. For Vesalius\u2019s impiety, see French, op. cit. (note 20), 36\u20138. For Vesalius\u2019s praise of Sylvius, see his De fabrica, 3r."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r166","unstructured":"166John Collop, \u2018On Doctor Harvey\u2019, in Poesis Redivia; or, Poesies Reviv\u2019d, in Conrad Hilberry (ed.), The Poems of John Collop (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1962), 102."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r142","unstructured":"142Seneca, Hercules Oetaeus lines 774\u2013841. For the heart and blood, see lines 1220\u20133; for the pillars of Hercules, line 1240."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r160","unstructured":"160Ernst R. Curtius, European Literature and the Latin Middle Ages, Willard R. Trask (trans.) (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1953), 132\u20133."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r120","unstructured":"120Vergil, Eclogae 1.34."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r79","unstructured":"79Baldwin, op. cit. (note 8), Vol.\u00a02: 749."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r151","unstructured":"151Portenari, op. cit. (note 120), 10, 11, 12."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r144","unstructured":"144Heywood, op. cit. (note 135), 34\u201342, with citation 39. See also Shakespeare, Antony and Cleopatra IV.xii.43\u20137."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r45","unstructured":"45Henry Peacham, The Complete Gentleman, the Truth of Our Times, and the Art of Living, Virgil B. Heltzel (ed.) (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press for the Folger Shakespeare Library, 1962), 158\u20139."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r156","unstructured":"156Harvey, op. cit. (note 1), 20. Cf. DuLaurens, op. cit. (note 131), 352."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r115","unstructured":"115Harvey, op. cit. (note 1), 12, for Matteo Realdo Columbo, De re anatomica (Venice: N. Bevilaqua, 1559)."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r155","unstructured":"155Whitteridge, op. cit. (note 135), 83."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r136","unstructured":"136Procopius, History of the Wars of Justinian 8.6.20, 10; Procopius, H.B. Dewing (trans.), 7 vols (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1962\u201371), Vol. 5: 107, 103\u20135, 107\u20139."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"118Columella, Res rustica 4.1.","DOI":"10.1093\/oseo\/instance.00148149"},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r138","unstructured":"138Nathanael Carpenter, Geography Delineated Forth in Two Books, 2nd edn (Oxford: John Lichfield and William Turner for Henry Cripps, 1625), book 2, 82."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r89","unstructured":"89See Webster, op. cit. (note 37), 3; Clark, op. cit. (note 25), 254\u20135."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r85","unstructured":"85Marcus Aurelius, in Michel J. van den Hout (ed.), Marcus Cornelius Fronto, Epistulae, 2 vols (Pisa: Giardini, 1989), Vol. 1: 27; cf. 41, 75."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r61","volume-title":"The Herakles Theme: The Adaptations of the Hero in Literature from Homer to the Twentieth Centuty","author":"Galinsky","year":"1972"},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r132","unstructured":"132Harvey, op. cit. (note 1), 20. This comparison is not in Aristotle\u2019s extant works, although he cites Euripus for earthquakes and the purple murex in Meterorologia 366a; Historia animalium 547a."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r159","unstructured":"159Keynes, op. cit. (note 14), vii, 47."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r30","unstructured":"30Harvey, op. cit. (note 1), 3\u20134."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r157","unstructured":"157Erasmus, Declamatio in laudem artis medicae, J. Doma\u0144ski (ed.), in Opera omnia (Amsterdam), Vol.\u00a01\u20134: 164\u20136, 167, 168, 178\u201380, 184, 185\u20136; Brian McGregor (trans.), Collected Works of Erasmus, Vol.\u00a029: 39, 45, 47\u20138, 49, 42."},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727312000786_r5.1","unstructured":"5Alexander Bowie (London: George Bell and Sons, 1889), 18. Cf. An Anatomical Dissertation upon the Movement of the Heart and Blood in Animals Being a Statement of the Discovery of the Circulation of the Blood"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727312000786_r5.2","unstructured":"Facsimile Reprint of Frankfurt 1628 with a Translation and Memoir (Canterbury: G. Moreton, 1894), 17. Although no translator is credited, the memoir is signed 'B' likely for Bowie. Cf. only 'pores' for 'porosities'."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r143","unstructured":"143Erasmus, De conscribendis epistolis, Jean-Claude Margolin (ed.), in Opera omnia (Amsterdam), Vol.\u00a01\u20132: 337; Charles Fantazzi (trans.), Collected Works of Erasmus, Vol.\u00a024: 88."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r54","unstructured":"54Aristotle, Rhetorica 3.14.6."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r71","unstructured":"71See Waith, op. cit. (note 18), 11."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r104","unstructured":"104Harvey, op.\u00a0cit. (note 1), 21."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r38","unstructured":"38Keynes, op. cit. (note 14), 63, 65."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r133","unstructured":"133Harvey, op. cit. (note 1), 20, citing Andr\u00e9 DuLaurens, Historia anatomia humani corporis, in Opera omnia anatomica et medica (Frankfurt: William Fitzer, 1627), 352. If Harvey consulted this edition, it would date his sentence, and it may have motivated the submission of his own manuscript to that publisher."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r47","article-title":"Calvinism and the English Church, 1570\u20131635","volume":"114","author":"Lake","year":"1987","journal-title":"Past and Present"},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.56021\/9780801861635","volume-title":"Shakespeare\u2019s Promises","author":"Kerrigan","year":"1999"},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r93","unstructured":"93Erasmus (trans.), Galen, Exhortatio ad bonas artes praesertim medicinam, De optimo docendi genere, Et qualem oporteat esse medicum, Jan Hendrik Wasink (ed.), in Opera omnia (Amsterdam), 1\u20131: 629\u201369."},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727312000786_r152.1","unstructured":"152Corrado Lattanzi, 'L'attivit\u00e0 giovanile de Bartlomeo Ammannati in Veneto', in Niccol\u00f2 Rosselli Del Turco et al. (eds), Bartolommeo Ammanati scultore e architteto, 1511-1592 (Florence: Associazione dimore historiche italiane, Sezione Toscana: Alinea, 1995), 88-93"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727312000786_r152.2","unstructured":"Michael Kiene, Bartolomeo Ammannati (Milan: Electa, 1995), 34-45"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727312000786_r152.3","unstructured":"Lionello Puppi, 'Il \"Colosso\" del Mantova', in Sergio Bertelli et al. (eds), Essays Presented to Myron Gilmore, 2 vols. (Florence: La Nuova Italia, 1978): Vol. 1: 11-29"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727312000786_r152.4","unstructured":"Joachim Poeschke, Michelangelo and His World: Sculpture of the Italian Renaissance, Russell Stockman (trans.) (New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1996), 195-206."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r44","unstructured":"44William Harvey, The Anatomical Lectures of William Harvey: \u2018Prelectiones anatomie universalis\u2019, \u2018De musculis\u2019, Gweneth Whitteridge (ed.) (Edinburgh: E. & S. Livingstone for the Royal College of Physicians, London, 1964), 310. Translations are mine. For bodily oaths, see also Montagu, op. cit. (note 7), 63, 118; Shirley, op. cit. (note 15), 20. For the Ciceronian curse \u2018On their own heads be it!\u2019, see Erasmus, De copia verborum ac rerum, Betty I. Knott (ed.), in Opera omnia (Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1971-), Vol. 1\u20136: 416 (hereafter Amsterdam); Betty I. Knott (trans.), The Collected Works of Erasmus (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1974-), Vol.\u00a024: 494 (hereafter Collected Works of Erasmus). Cf. Matt. 5: 36."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r146","unstructured":"146 Ibid. Cf. Girolamo Fabrici d\u2019Aquapendente, De venarum ostiolis (Padua, 1603), facsimile reprint, Kenneth J. Franklin (ed.) (London: Balli\u00e9re, Tindall, and Cox, 1933), 72."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r150","unstructured":"150Seneca, Hercules Oetaeus line 1661."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r83","unstructured":"83See Galinsky, op. cit. (note 61), 2\u20133, 102."},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727312000786_r7.1","unstructured":"7For George, see Robert Graves, 'Lars porsena', or the Future of Swearing and Improper Language, 2nd edn (London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Treubner, 1936), 8-9"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727312000786_r7.2","unstructured":"Ashley Montagu, The Anatomy of Swearing (New York: Macmillan, 1967), 117."},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727312000786_r4.1","unstructured":"4Anonymous (trans.), The Anatomical Exercises of Dr William Harvey 'De motu cordis' 1628: 'De circulatione sanguinis' 1652: The First English Text of 1653, Geoffrey Keynes (ed.) (London: Nonesuch, 1928), reprinted in part two of op. cit. (note 1), 13"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727312000786_r4.2","unstructured":"Michael Ryan (trans.), 'The Anatomical Exercitations of William Harvey MD', London Medical and Surgical Journal 1 (1832), 590-94: 591"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727312000786_r4.3","unstructured":"Robert Willis (trans.), The Works of William Harvey, MD (London: Sydenham Society, 1847), 17"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727312000786_r4.4","unstructured":"Chauncey D. Leake (trans.), Exercitatio anatomica de motu cordis et sanguinis (Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas, 1931), 21"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727312000786_r4.5","unstructured":"Kenneth J. Franklin (trans.), Movement of the Heart and Blood in Animals (Oxford: Blackwell Scientific for the Royal College of Physicians of London, 1957), 19"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727312000786_r4.6","unstructured":"Gweneth Whitteridge (trans.), An Anatomical Disputation Concerning the Movement of the Heart and Blood in Living Creatures by William Harvey (Oxford: Blackwell Scientific, 1978), 20"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727312000786_r4.7","unstructured":"Emerson T. McMullen (trans.), William Harvey's 'De motu cordis': A New Translation and Latin Edition (Bethesda, MD: Academica, 2005), 115."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r125","unstructured":"125See e.g. French, op. cit. (note 20), 90\u20133, 106, 372; Pagel, op. cit. (note 113), 24\u20135, 73\u20139; Pagel, \u2018William Harvey Revisited (I) and (II)\u2019, History of Science, 9 (1970), 1; Don G. Bates, \u2018Harvey\u2019s Account of His \u201cDiscovery\u201d\u2019, Medical History, 36 (1992), 361\u201378, with copia as \u2018large amount\u2019, 363."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r8","unstructured":"8Quintilian, Institutio oratoria 1.4.7, 2.5.4, 2.16.12, 6.1.43, 6.3.74, 10.2.3, 12.1.7, 12.6.4. For his supremacy in the English curriculum, see Thomas W. Baldwin, William Shakespere\u2019s Small Latine and Lesse Greeke, 2 vols (Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1944), Vol. 2: 197\u2013238."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r50","unstructured":"50See Clark, op. cit. (note 25), 177, 181, 293, 190."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r46","unstructured":"46Montagu, op. cit. (note 7), 59\u201361."},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727312000786_r13.1","unstructured":"13See e.g. Charles Trinkaus, The Poet as Philosopher: Petrarch and the Formation of Renaissance Consciousness (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1979), 9, 23-4"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727312000786_r13.2","unstructured":"Stephen Greenblatt, Renaissance Self-Fashioning: From More to Shakespeare (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1980), 1-9, 256-7."},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727312000786_r88.1","unstructured":"88See Charles F. Mullett, The Bubonic Plague and England: An Essay in the History of Preventative Medicine (Lexington, KY: University of Kentucky Press, 1956), 55, 64, 90, 125, 160, 164"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727312000786_r88.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andrew Wear, Knowledge and Practice in English Medicine, 1550-1650 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 231-2.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511612763"},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r92","volume-title":"English Medical Humanists: Thomas Linacre and John Caius","author":"O\u2019Malley","year":"1965"},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r86","first-page":"99","volume-title":"Roman Surgical Instruments and Other Minor Objects in the National Archeological Museum of Naples","author":"Bliquez","year":"1994"},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r101","unstructured":"101Andreas Vesalius, Anatomicarum Gabrielis Falloppii observationum examen, in Opera omnia anatomica et chirguria, Hermann Baerhaave et al. (eds), 2 vols (Leiden: J. du Vivie and J. and H. Verbeek, 1725), Vol. 2: 794."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r113","unstructured":"113Harvey, op. cit. (note 1), 18."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r131","unstructured":"131Wolfgang H\u00f6fer, Hercules medicus; sive, locorum communum liber (Venice: Jacobus K\u00fcrner, 1657), frontispiece and preface."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r60","unstructured":"60Celsus, op. cit. (note 58) 66; first trans. mine; second, W.G. Spencer (trans.), 3 vols (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1971\u20139), Vol. 1: 35."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r91","unstructured":"91John A. Gee, The Life and Works of Thomas Lupset: With a Critical Text of the Original Treatises and the Letters (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1928), 59\u201363, 117\u201318."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r55","unstructured":"55Galen, \u2018De facultatibus naturalibus\u2019, in Karl Gottlob Kuhn (ed.), Opera, 22 vols in 20 (Leipzig: Cnobloch, 1821\u201331), Vol. 2: 202. For attraction, see Thomas S. Hall, \u2018Euripus; or, the Ebb and Flow of the Blood\u2019, Journal of the History of Biology, 8 (1975), 324\u201331. Cf. the oath \u2018per Iovem\u2019 about the failure of anatomists to dissect humans. Vesalius, De humani corporis fabrica (Basel: I. Oporini, 1543), 3r."},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727312000786_r26.1","unstructured":"26James I, The Political Works of James I, Charles H. McIlwain (ed.) (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1918), 73-4. See also Lori Anne Ferrell, Government by Polemic: James I, the King's Preachers, and the Rhetorics of Conformity, 1603-1625 (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1998), 22-3, 133-6"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727312000786_r26.2","unstructured":"Michael C. Questier, Conversion, Politics, and Religion in England (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 106-7."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r103","unstructured":"103For invention, see Boyle, \u2018Soliloquy\u2019, op. cit. (note 2), and especially its definition on 371."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r145","unstructured":"145Harvey, op. cit. (note 1), 20."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r37","unstructured":"37See Clark, op. cit. (note 25), 93, 188\u201390. For Harvey as a censor, see 293; Charles Webster, \u2018William Harvey and the Crisis of Medicine in Jacobean England\u2019, in Jerome J. Bylebyl (ed.), William Harvey and His Age: The Professional and Social Context of the Discovery of the Circulation (Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1979), 7\u20138."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r94","unstructured":"94See also Paul Oskar Kristeller, \u2018The Humanist Movement\u2019, in Michael Mooney (ed.), Renaissance Thought and Its Sources (New York: Columbia University Press, 1979), 21\u201332. For the term \u2018medical humanism\u2019, see recently Nancy G. Siraisi, History, Medicine, and the Traditions of Renaissance Learning (Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 2007), 4, 261\u201362."},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727312000786_r148.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Emma Stafford, 'Vice or Virtue? Herakles and the Art of Allegory', in Louis Rawlings et al. (eds), Herakles and Hercules: Exploring a Graceo-Roman Divinity (Swansea: The Classical Press of Wales, 2005), 71-96.","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctv1n357sj.8"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727312000786_r148.2","unstructured":"148Erasmus, op. cit. (note 44), 208; trans., 282. The source is Xenophon, Memorabilia 2.1.21-34; but also Cicero, De officiis 1.32.118. See Erwin Panofsky, Hercules am Scheidewege und andere antike Bildstoffe in der neuren Kunst (Leipzig: B.G. Teubner, 1930); Waith, op. cit. (note 18), 42-4; Emma Stafford, 'Vice or Virtue? Herakles and the Art of Allegory', in Louis Rawlings et al."},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727312000786_r148.3","unstructured":"(eds), Herakles and Hercules: Exploring a Graceo-Roman Divinity (Swansea: The Classical Press of Wales, 2005), 71-96."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r163","unstructured":"163Edelstein, op. cit. (note 39), 51\u20132."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r6","article-title":"On Translating Harvey","volume":"12","author":"Franklin","year":"1957","journal-title":"Journal of the History of Medicine"},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r121","unstructured":"121Harvey, op. cit. (note 1), 18, 32."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r17","unstructured":"17Plautus, Mercator line 411."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r66","unstructured":"66Jerry W. Williamson, The Myth of the Conquerer, Prince Henry Stuart: A Study in Seventeenth Century Personation (New York: AMS, 1978), 1\u20134, 6, 7, 33, 75\u20136."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r128","unstructured":"128Erasmus, op. cit. (note 44), 34, 26, 34, 28, 26, 35\u20138, 280; (trans.), 303, 295, 303, 298, 295, 658."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r87","unstructured":"87Jody R. Pinault, Hippocratic Lives and Legends (Leiden: E.\u00a0J. Brill, 1992), 7\u201310, 25, 35\u201360, 41, 126, 145, 147. See also Fran\u00e7ois Ratief and Louise Cilliers, \u2018The Epidemic of Athens, 430\u2013426 BC\u2019, South African Medical Journal, 88 (1998), 50\u20133."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r80","unstructured":"80Harvey, op. cit. (note 1), 21, 59."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r27","unstructured":"27Keynes, op. cit. (note 14), 137."},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727312000786_r90.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"90 Prefaces to the First Editions of the Greek and Roman Classics and of the Sacred Scriptures, Beriah Botfield (ed.), (London: H.\u00a0G. Bohn, 1861), 362, 364-65. Cf. Georg Agricola 'with Hercules blessing'. For dextro Hercule, see Erasmus, op. cit. (note 81), Vol.\u00a02-1: 186. See Jonathan Woolfson, Padua and the Tudors: English Students in Italy, 1485-1603 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1998), 80-5. See also Nikolaus Mani, 'Die griechische editio\u00a0princeps des Galenos (1525), ihre Enstehung und ihre Wikung', Gesnerus, 13 (1956), 29-52","DOI":"10.1163\/22977953-0130102002"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727312000786_r90.2","unstructured":"Paul Potter, 'The editiones\u00a0principes of Galen and Hippocrates and Their Relation', in Klaus-Dieterich Fischer et al.\u00a0(eds), Text and Tradition: Studies in Ancient Medicine and Its Transmission Presented to Jutta Kollesch (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1998), 243-61. For the single detailed record of Linacre's medical practice, see Erasmus, P.S. Allen et al. (eds), Epistolae, 12 vols (Oxford: Clarendon, 1906-58), Vol. 6: 46-7"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727312000786_r90.3","unstructured":"Alexander Dalzell (trans.), Collected Works of Erasmus, Vol. 11: 68. See also Francis Madison, 'Editor's Introduction', in Madison et\u00a0al.\u00a0(eds), Linacre Studies: Essays on the Life and Work of Thomas Linacre, c. 1460-1524 (Oxford: Clarendon, 1977), xv-vi."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r35","unstructured":"35Montagu, op. cit. (note 7), 166\u20137, cf. 118; Shirley, op. cit. (note 15), 9. Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd unabridged edn, s.v. \u2018troth\u2019."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r24","unstructured":"24Mark H. Curtis, Oxford and Cambridge in Transition, 1558\u20131642: An Essay on Changing Relations between the English Universities and English Society (Oxford: Claredon, 1959), 171\u20132, 194, cf. 51."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r59","unstructured":"59Cicero, Orator 157."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r34","unstructured":"34For the appointment, see Keynes, op. cit. (note 14), 279."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jhmas\/51.4.456"},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r97","unstructured":"97Harvey, op. cit. (note 1), 20."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r40","unstructured":"40Clark, op. cit. (note 25), 101, 177, 221, 222, 93, 94, 231, 213."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r141","unstructured":"141Erasmus, op. cit. (note 44), 104; translation mine. Erasmus, Parabolae, Betty I. Knott (ed.), in Opera omnia (Amsterdam), Vol.\u00a01\u20135: 272. Erasmus, \u2018Euripus homo\u2019, in op. cit. (note 31), Vol.\u00a02\u20132: 382\u20135; (trans.), Collected Works of Erasmus, Vol.\u00a032: 215\u20136."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r109","unstructured":"109Erasmus, \u2018Augeae stabulum repurgare\u2019, in Adagia, in J. Clericus (ed.), Opera omnia, 11 vols (Leiden, 1703\u20136), Vol. 2: 530; (trans.), Collected Works of Erasmus, Vol. 33: 201."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r48","unstructured":"48John Calvin, Institutio religionis christianae, in Eduard Reuss et al. (eds), Opera quae supersunt omnia, 59 vols in 26 (Brunswick: C.A. Schwetschke, 1863\u20131900), Vol. 2: col. 286."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r9","unstructured":"9\u2018Cathedrals of the New Foundation, 1541\u2019, in Arthur F. Leach, Educational Charters and Documents, 598\u20131909 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1911), 468."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r64","unstructured":"64 Ibid., 35. See also Marc-Ren\u00e9 Jung, Hercule dans la litt\u00e9rature fran\u00e7aise du XVIe si\u00e8cle: De l\u2019Hercule courtois \u00e0 l\u2019Hercule baroque (Geneva: Droz, 1966), 159\u201369, 174\u20137; Ulrich Huttner, Die politische Rolle der Heraklesgestalt im griechischen Herrschertum (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner, 1997)."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r31","unstructured":"31See Douglas Bush, English Literature in the Earlier Seventeenth Century: 1600\u20131660, 2nd edn rev. (Oxford: Clarendon, 1962), 27\u20138."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r75","unstructured":"75Horace, Odes 3.3.9\u201312; C.E. Bennett (trans.), The Odes and Epodes, rev. edn (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1927), 179."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2862079"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727312000786_r105.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pausanias, Descriptio Graeciae 5.1.10. For Theocritus, see Graham Zanker, 'Pictorial Description as a Supplement for Narrative: Augeas' Stable in Heracles Leontophonos', American Journal of Philology, 117 (1996), 411-23","DOI":"10.1353\/ajp.1996.0048"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727312000786_r105.2","unstructured":"Ivan M. Linforth, 'Theocritus XXV', Transactions of the American Philological Association, 78 (1947), 77-87. See also Pierre Brul\u00e9, 'H\u00e9racl\u00e8s et Aug\u00e9: \u00c0 propos d'origines rituelles du mythe', in Colette Jourdain-Annequin et al. (eds), IIe recontre H\u00e9racl\u00e9nne: H\u00e9racl\u00e8s: Les femmes et le f\u00e9minin (Brussels: Institut historique belge de Rome, 1996), 35-49. For the origin of the artistic cycle of his labours, see Bernard Ashmole and Nicholas Yalouris, Olympia: The Sculptures of the Temple of Zeus (London: Phaidon, 1967), 23, 29, pls. 202-11"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727312000786_r105.3","unstructured":"Frank Brommer, Heracles: The Twelve Labors of the Hero in Ancient Art and Literature, Shirley J. Schwarz (trans. and enlarged) (New Rochelle, NY: Aristide D. Caratzas, 1979), 30."},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727312000786_r105.4","unstructured":"105Apollodorus 2.5.5; Theocritus, Idylls 25; Pausanias, Descriptio Graeciae 5.1.10. For Theocritus, see Graham Zanker, 'Pictorial Description as a Supplement for Narrative: Augeas' Stable in Heracles Leontophonos', American Journal of Philology, 117 (1996), 411-23; Ivan M. Linforth, 'Theocritus XXV', Transactions of the American Philological Association, 78 (1947), 77-87. See also Pierre Brul\u00e9, 'H\u00e9racl\u00e8s et Aug\u00e9: \u00c0 propos d'origines rituelles du mythe', in Colette Jourdain-Annequin et al."},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727312000786_r105.5","unstructured":"(eds), IIe recontre H\u00e9racl\u00e9nne: H\u00e9racl\u00e8s: Les femmes et le f\u00e9minin (Brussels: Institut historique belge de Rome, 1996), 35-49. For the origin of the artistic cycle of his labours, see Bernard Ashmole and Nicholas Yalouris, Olympia: The Sculptures of the Temple of Zeus (London: Phaidon, 1967), 23, 29, pls. 202-11; Frank Brommer, Heracles: The Twelve Labors of the Hero in Ancient Art and Literature, Shirley J. Schwarz (trans. and enlarged) (New Rochelle, NY: Aristide D. Caratzas, 1979), 30."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r51","unstructured":"51Calvin, op. cit. (note 48), 287, 284."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r3","unstructured":"3 Proctor Donald , \u2018William Harvey (1578\u20131657): Blood Circulates\u2019, in Donald Proctor (ed.), A History of Breathing Physiology (New York: Marvel Dekker, 1995), 61\u201374: 69."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r43","unstructured":"43\u2018The Refoundation of Canterbury Cathedral and Grammar School, 1541\u2019, in Leach, op. cit. (note 9), 464."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r36","unstructured":"36Harvey, op. cit. (note 1), 5\u20139."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r29","unstructured":"29See in general Montagu, op. cit. (note 7), 107\u201372; Hughes, op. cit. (note 18), 55\u2013125. See in particular Shirley, op. cit. (note 15), xii, xiii, 4\u20135, 7\u201310, and passim; Kerrigan, op. cit. (note 22); Montagu, ibid, 138\u201353, 157, 159, 163\u20134; Hughes, op. cit. (note 18), 103, 105, 108; Alvin B. Kernan, Shakespeare, the King\u2019s Playwright: Theater in the Stuart Court, 1603\u20131613 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1995), 14\u201316."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r158","unstructured":"158Harvey, op. cit. (note 44), 175."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r154","unstructured":"154C. L. Day, Quipus and Witches Knots: The Role of the Knot in Primitive and Ancient Cultures (Lawrence, KS: University of Kansas Press, 1967), 53\u20137, citing Pliny, Naturalis historia 28.17.63\u20134. For Oribasius in translation, De laqueis, see 117\u201318. For illustrations, see 133, 138, 144."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r53","unstructured":"53Hippocratic corpus, op. cit. (note 39), 300; (trans.), 301. See Sanford V. Larkey, \u2018The Hippocratic Oath in Elizabethan England\u2019, Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 4 (1936), 201\u201319: 215, 217, 219. See also Miles, op. cit. (note 39), 163\u20134."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r72","unstructured":"72Galinsky, op. cit. (note 61), 6."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r49","unstructured":"49Harvey, op. cit. (note 1), 21."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r1","unstructured":"1 Harvey William , Exercitatio anatomica de motu cordis et sanguinis in animalibus, facsimile reprint of Frankfurt: William Fitzer, 1628 (Birmingham, AL: Classics of Medicine Library, 1978), 18. Translations of Harvey\u2019s texts are mine, except as noted."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r76","unstructured":"76Erasmus, op. cit. (note 37), 126; (trans.), 676, 131."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r63","unstructured":"63Galinksy, op. cit. (note 61), 35, 128, 129, 131\u201347. See also 138\u20139."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r81","unstructured":"81Erasmus, \u2018Herculi labores\u2019, in M.L. van Poll-von de Lisdonk et al. (eds), Adagia, in Opera omnia (Amsterdam), Vol.\u00a02\u20135: 24, 26, 28, 39. See also Galinsky, op. cit. (note 61), 139\u201341."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r23","unstructured":"23See J.R. Tanner, Tudor Constitutional Documents,\u00a0AD\u00a01485\u20131603 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1922), 134."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07341510701616840"},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1768803"},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.33137\/rr.v30i2.11489","article-title":"The Reception of Erasmus\u2019 Adages in Sixteenth-Century England","volume":"30","author":"Rummel","year":"1994","journal-title":"Renaissance and Reformation"},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r98","unstructured":"98Boyle, op. cit. (note 2)."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r77","unstructured":"77See Carl Bridenbaugh, Vexed and Troubled Englishmen: 1590\u20131642 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1968), 43."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r95","unstructured":"95Erasmus. op. cit. (note 93), 631\u20135."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r52","unstructured":"52For the terms, see Montagu, op. cit. (note 7), 105."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r153","unstructured":"153Erasmus, \u2018Herculanus nodus\u2019, in op. cit. (note 81), Vol.\u00a02\u20132: 367\u20138; \u2018nodum solvere\u2019, Vol.\u00a02\u20131: 28, 118\u201319. For the knot of virginity (hymen) on the London stage, see Ben Johnson, \u2018Hymnaei; or, the Solemnities of Masque and Barrier at a Marriage\u2019, in Stephen Orgel (ed.), Selected Masques (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1970), 49, 342; William Shakespeare and George Willis, Pericles IV.ii.1146, cf. Shakespeare, The Tempest IV.i.16. See also Stephanos Panayotakis, \u2018The Knot and the Hymen: A Reconsideration of nodus virginitatis (Hist. Apoll. 1)\u2019, Mnemosyne, 53 (2000), 605, 603. See also Ann M. Nicgorski, \u2018The Magic Knot of Herakles: the Propaganda of Alexander the Great, and Tomb II at Vegina\u2019, in Rawlings et al. (eds), op. cit. (note 146), 97\u2013102."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r67","unstructured":"67Robert Wilcher, The Writing of Royalism, 1628\u20131660 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), 11, 13."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r147","unstructured":"147Franklin, ibid., 72, 71, 75, 78, 80\u20131."},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727312000786_r114.1","unstructured":"114C.R.S. Harris, The Heart and the Vascular System in Ancient Greek Medicine: From Alcmaeon to Galen (Oxford: Clarendon, 1973), 305, 313-14, 322, 333, 334"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727312000786_r114.2","unstructured":"Walter Pagel, William Harvey's Biological Ideas: Selected Aspects and Historical Background (Basel: S. Karger, 1967), 129-30, 134, 156-69."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r68","unstructured":"68Harvey, op. cit. (note 1), 3\u20134."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r57","unstructured":"57 Ibid., 42, 59. Cf. Harvey, op. cit. (note 44), 2, citing Virgil, Eclogiae 3.60. See also Erasmus, De ratione studii, Jean-Claude Margolin (ed.), in Opera omnia (Amsterdam), Vol.\u00a01\u20132: 139\u201342."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r108","unstructured":"108Jung, op. cit. (note 64), 120. For a Hercules\u2013Christ comparison in 1629, see John Milton\u2019s \u2018Ode on the Morning of Christ\u2019s Nativity\u2019, cited by Galinsky, op. cit. (note 61), 205."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/310401"},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r21","unstructured":"21Shirley, op. cit. (note 15), xi."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r65","unstructured":"65Stephen Orgel, \u2018The Example of Hercules\u2019, in Walther Killy (ed.), Mythographie der fr\u00fchen Neuzeit: ihre Anwendung in den K\u00fcnsten (Wiesbaden: O. Harrassowitz, 1984), 25\u201347: 25, 27."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r99","unstructured":"99Charles Singer, \u2018Some Vesalian Problems\u2019, Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 17 (1945), 425\u201338: 426. See also 427\u20139, 437\u20138. Johann Guinther von Andernach, Institutionum anatomicarum secundum Galeni sententiam ad candidatos medicinae libri quatuor (Basel: Balthasar Lasium and Thomas Platter, 1536), 46. Translation mine. For Massa\u2019s influence on Harvey, see French, op. cit. (note 20), 22\u20136."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r82","unstructured":"82George Chapman and Allardyce Nicoll (eds), Chapman\u2019s Homer: The \u2018Iliad\u2019, the \u2018Odyssey\u2019, and the Lesser Homerica, 2 vols (New York: Pantheon for the Bolligen Foundation, 1956), Vol. 2: 8, lines 203, 210."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r119","unstructured":"119Vergil, Eclogae 3.60, cited by Harvey, op. cit. (note 44), 2."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r25","unstructured":"25See George N. Clark, A History of the Royal College of Physicians of London, Vol. 1 (Oxford: Clarendon for the Royal College of Physicians, 1964), 191\u20132."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r19","unstructured":"19Harvey, op. cit. (note 1), 6; Anonymous (trans.), op. cit. (note 4), 11; Ryan (trans.), op. cit. (note 4), 591; Willis (trans.), op. cit. (note 4), 16; Bowie (trans.), op. cit. (note 4), 16; Leake (trans.), op. cit. (note 4), 18; Franklin (trans.), op. cit. (note 4), 17; Whitteridge (trans.), op. cit. (note 4), 18; McMullen (trans.), op. cit. (note 4), 113."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r15","first-page":"12","volume-title":"Swearing and Perjury in Shakespeare\u2019s Plays","author":"Shirley","year":"1979"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727312000786_r18.1","unstructured":"Geoffrey Hughes, Swearing: A Social History of Foul Language, Oaths, and Profanity in English (Oxford: Blackwell, 1991), 104. Shakespeare, Antony and Cleopatra III.vii.67. For that play as Herculean, see Eugene M. Waith, The Herculean Hero in Marlowe, Chapman, Shakespeare, and Dryden (London: Chatto and Windus, 1962), 113-41. For pagan oaths in Shakespeare's classical plays, see Shirley, op. cit. (note. 15), 126-33. For Shakespeare's use of Hercules, see Adrian Poole, review of Charles Martindale and A.B. Taylor (eds), Shakespeare and the Classics, in the The Times Literary Supplement, 29 July 2005, 10."},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727312000786_r18.2","unstructured":"18Shirley, op. cit. (note 15), 2; Geoffrey Hughes, Swearing: A Social History of Foul Language, Oaths, and Profanity in English (Oxford: Blackwell, 1991), 104. Shakespeare, Antony and Cleopatra III.vii.67. For that play as Herculean, see Eugene M. Waith, The Herculean Hero in Marlowe, Chapman, Shakespeare, and Dryden (London: Chatto and Windus, 1962), 113-41. For pagan oaths in Shakespeare's classical plays, see Shirley, op. cit. (note. 15), 126-33. For Shakespeare's use of Hercules, see Adrian Poole, review of Charles Martindale and A.B. Taylor"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727312000786_r18.3","unstructured":"(eds), Shakespeare and the Classics, in the The Times Literary Supplement, 29 July 2005, 10."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r124","unstructured":"124Harvey, op. cit. (note 1), 32, 41."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r117","unstructured":"117Celsus, De medicina 4.1.4; (trans.), Vol. 1:357; cf. 7.4.2. See also Jacques Andr\u00e9, La vocabulaire latin de l\u2019anatomie (Paris: Belles lettres, 1991), 139."},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727312000786_r122.1","unstructured":"122For contemporary English travelogues, see Thomas Coryat, Coryat's Crudites, 2 vols (Glasgow: James Maclehose and Sons for the University, 1905), Vol. 1: 270"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727312000786_r122.2","unstructured":"Fynes Moryson, An Itinerary, 3 vols (Glasgow: James Maclehose and Sons, 1907), Vol. 1: 150. See also Vicenzo Dotto's map, Pianta di Padova, in Angelo Portenari, Della felicit\u00e0 di Padova (Padua: Tozzi, 1623). For Harvey and Paduan waterways, see also Boyle, 'Harvey in the Sluice', op. cit. (note 2)."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r33","unstructured":"33 Ibid., 82, 275\u201387. For religion, see also 5\u201345, 275\u2013402; Kevin Sharpe, The Personal Rule of Charles I (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1992), 280\u20132; L.J. Reeve, Charles I and the Road to Personal Rule (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), 59\u201398."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r100","unstructured":"100C. D. O\u2019Malley, Andreas Vesalius of\u00a0\u00a0Brussels (Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press, 1964), 90\u20134, 46, without reference to mehercule."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511628245"},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r16","unstructured":"16Montagu, op. cit. (note 7), 31\u20132."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r123","unstructured":"123Moryson, ibid., 152."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r165","unstructured":"165Keynes, op. cit. (note 14), 290, 316, 420, 397."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r102","unstructured":"102Harvey, op. cit. (note 1), 20\u20131."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r10","unstructured":"10Charleton T. Lewis and Charles Short, A Latin Dictionary (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1969), s.v. \u2018Hercules\u2019."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r164","unstructured":"164Erasmus, op. cit. (note 44), 76; trans., 347. For cursing, see Edelstein, op. cit. (note 39), 157\u20138."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r74","unstructured":"74Erasmus, op. cit. (note 44), 216, 60, 152, 180, 236; (trans.), 591, 331, 481, 538, 611. See also the eloquent Gallic Hercules, 206, 216; and Peacham, op. cit. (note 45), 18. For the curriculum, see Leach, op. cit. (note 9), 468."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022046901008740"},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r42","unstructured":"42See Keynes, op. cit. (note 14), 53\u20134."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r137","unstructured":"137Pliny, Naturalis historia 2.99.218\u20132.100.219; Strabo, Geographia 1.2.30; Boethius, De consolatione philosophiae 2.1 meter. Cf. the tidal phenomenon of the straits of Gibralter with the Pillars of Hercules, which the hero erected as his monument. Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca 4.18.4\u20135; Procopius, Historia 8.6.3, 8.6.8; Thomas Heywood, The Brazen Age (London: Nicholas Okes for Samuel Rand, 1613), 38, 42. See also the title page of Bacon, Instauratio magna, 1620, and A.D. Burnett, The Engraved Title-Page of Bacon\u2019s \u2018Instauratio magna\u2019: An Icon and Paradigm of Science and its Wider Implications (Durham: Thomas Harriot Seminar, 1998), 2 figure 1, and 6\u201311. For Bacon and Harvey, see also Keynes, op. cit. (note 14), 157\u201361, 433; French, op. cit. (note 20), 325\u20137. Cf. also the mouth of the Thames River, a native analogy that Harvey later explicates, inserting himself into the tradition of Aristotle\u2019s deliberation about Euripus with that English example. Ercole V. Ferrario and F.N.L. Poynter, \u2018William Harvey\u2019s Debate with Casper Hofmann on the Circulation of the Blood: New Documentary Evidence\u2019, Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, 15 (1960), 15\u201321: 15. Hofmann seems not to have known that the Thames is a tidal river, which regularly reverses its flow. \u2018Caspar Hofmann to William Harvey\u2019, Appendix I in Gweneth Whitteridge, William Harvey and the Circulation of the Blood (London: Macdonald, 1971), 242. For Hofmann, see French, op. cit. (note 20), 255\u20138."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r140","unstructured":"140Francesco Stelluti, \u2018Al detto Sig. Galilei del sig. Francesco Stelluti, Accademico Linceo\u2019, in Galileo Galilei, Antonio Favoro et al. (eds), Le opere di Galileo Galilei, reprint of Edizione Nazionale, 20 vols (Florence: S.A.G. Barb\u00e8ra, 1929\u201339), Vol. 6: 209; The Controversy on the Comets of 1618, Stillman Drake et al. (trans.), (Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1960), 159."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r58","unstructured":"58Celsus, De medicina prooem. 66."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r28","unstructured":"28Ex. 20: 7 (AV)."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"84Vivian Nutton, Ancient Medicine (London: Routledge, 2004), 273, 290, 279, 35.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203490914"},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r111","unstructured":"111Erasmus, op. cit. (note 90), Vol. 2: 101. Erasmus, Antibarbari, Kasimierz Kumaniecki (ed.), in Opera omnia (Amsterdam), Vol. 1\u20131: 74\u20135, 59\u201360, 62\u20133; Mann Phillips (trans.), op. cit. (note 96), Vol. 23: 49, 25, 36\u20137."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r96","unstructured":"96Erasmus, op. cit. (note 31), Vol. 2\u20135: 29; Margaret Mann Phillips et al. (trans.), Collected Works of Erasmus, Vol.\u00a034: 172."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r62","unstructured":"62Waith, op. cit. (note 18). Around the turn of the seventeenth century \u2018The Birth of Hercules\u2019 was performed at Cambridge. G.C. Moore Smith, College Plays Performed in the University of Cambridge (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1923), 65."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r106","first-page":"55","volume-title":"Songs on Bronze: The Greek Myths Made Real","author":"Spivey","year":"2005"},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r70","unstructured":"70Vergil, Aeneid 6.110\u201311."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r110","unstructured":"110Leone Allacci, Animadversiones in antiquitatum etruscarum fragmenta ab Inghiramo edita (Paris: S. Cramoisy, 1640), 1, 22, cited by Ingrid D. Rowland, The Scarith of Scornello: A Tale of Renaissance Forgery (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2004), 74, 75."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r107","unstructured":"107Coluccio Salutati, De laboris Herculis, B.L. Ullman (ed.), 2 vols in 1 (Zurich: In aedibus Thesauri mundi, 1951), 365\u20137."},{"key":"S0025727312000786_r161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511484018"}],"container-title":["Medical History"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0025727312000786","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,29]],"date-time":"2023-06-29T04:02:43Z","timestamp":1688011363000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0025727312000786\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,1]]},"references-count":192,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S0025727312000786"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/mdh.2012.78","relation":{},"ISSN":["0025-7273","2048-8343"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0025-7273","type":"print"},{"value":"2048-8343","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,1]]}}}