{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T12:04:42Z","timestamp":1783166682906,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,23]],"date-time":"2013-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1379894400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Med. Hist."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Histories of the global smallpox eradication programme have tended to concentrate on the larger national formations in Africa and Asia. This focus is generally justified by chroniclers by the fact that these locations contributed a major share of the world\u2019s annual tally of variola, which meant that international agencies paid a lot of attention to working with officials in national and local government on anti-smallpox campaigns in these territories. Such historiographical trends have led to the marginalisation of the histories of smallpox eradication programmes in smaller nations, which are presented either in heroic, institutional tropes as peripheral or as being largely shorn of sustained campaigns against the disease. Using a case study of Bhutan, a small Himalayan kingdom sandwiched between India and China, an effort is made to reclaim the historical experiences in small national entities in the worldwide smallpox eradication programme. Bhutan\u2019s experience in the 1960s and 1970s allows much more in addition. It provides us with a better understanding of the limited powers of international agencies in areas considered politically sensitive by the governments of powerful nations such as India. The resulting methodological suggestions are of wider historical and historiographical relevance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/mdh.2013.63","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,23]],"date-time":"2013-09-23T06:30:27Z","timestamp":1379917827000},"page":"461-486","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["International Health and the Limits of its Global Influence: Bhutan and the Worldwide Smallpox Eradication Programme"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Sanjoy","family":"Bhattacharya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"S002572731300063X_r55","unstructured":"Ibid., 20\u201327."},{"key":"S002572731300063X_r59","unstructured":"Fenner et al., Smallpox and its Eradication, 1126."},{"key":"S002572731300063X_r45","unstructured":"Memorandum, WHO SEARO, c.1973, File 826, Box 192, WHOHA."},{"key":"S002572731300063X_r71","unstructured":"Harish Naraindas, \u2018Charisma and Triage: Extirpating the Pox\u2019, Indian Economic and Social History Review, XL, 4 (2003), 425\u201358."},{"key":"S002572731300063X_r70","unstructured":"This academic tradition, closely allied to national and international people\u2019S health movements, has consistently advocated the need to focus state funding on the creation general healthcare facilities. For a public enagement-oriented piece by an influential academic thinker associated to this tradition, see Debabar Banerji, \u2018The Battle for Total Health Care\u2019, India International Centre Quarterly, 14, 3 (1987), 119\u201328."},{"key":"S002572731300063X_r43","unstructured":"Letter from N. Grasset, Smallpox Eradication Unit, WHO SEARO, New Delhi, to Jock (?), WHO HQ, Geneva, c.November 1974, File 388, Box 194, WHOHA."},{"key":"S002572731300063X_r57","unstructured":"Restricted document titled \u2018Eradication of Smallpox in Bhutan: Report of the International Smallpox Assessment Commission, April 1977\u2019, File 55, Box 184, WHOHA, 1."},{"key":"S002572731300063X_r74","unstructured":"See, for example, Daniel Tarantola and Stanley Foster, \u2018From smallpox Eradication to Contemporary Global Health Initiatives: Enhancing Human Capacity towards a Global Public Health Goal\u2019, Vaccine, Supplement 4, 29 (2011), 135\u201340."},{"key":"S002572731300063X_r47","unstructured":"Meeting notes, WHO SEARO, c.1972, c.1973, c.1974 and c.1975, File 826, Box 192, WHOHA. See also minutes of the third progress review meeting of the states\/union territories of the Eastern region, c. 1973\u20131974, File 834, Box 199, WHOHA."},{"key":"S002572731300063X_r52","unstructured":"Ibid., 12\u201313."},{"key":"S002572731300063X_r56","unstructured":"Ibid., 25."},{"key":"S002572731300063X_r58","unstructured":"Ibid., 2."},{"key":"S002572731300063X_r44","unstructured":"Letter from I. Arita, Smallpox Eradication Unit, WHO HQ, Geneva, to C. de Amaral, WHO SEARO, India, 20 December 1974, File 388, Box 194, WHOHA."},{"key":"S002572731300063X_r36","unstructured":"Gardner acknowledged the damaging impact of the monarch\u2019s death on the project in an e-mail to the author of this paper. Personal communication from Pierce Gardner, USA, to Sanjoy Bhattacharya, 15 May 2012."},{"key":"S002572731300063X_r25","unstructured":"Letter to D.A. Henderson, Chief, Smallpox Eradication Unit, WHO HQ, Geneva, from P. Gardner, Assistant Professor of Medicine, The J. Hillis Miller Health Center, University of Florida, USA, 23 April 1969, Folder 55, Box 184, WHOHA."},{"key":"S002572731300063X_r17","unstructured":"Ibid."},{"key":"S002572731300063X_r50","unstructured":"Ibid., 10\u201311."},{"key":"#cr-split#-S002572731300063X_r24.1","unstructured":"The British government and its intelligence services were monitoring the political situation in Bhutan during this period, not least as the offer of military aid from the UK to the kingdom was being considered. For an assessment of trends between 1959 and 1965, see DO 164\/73, DO 196\/520 and DO 196\/521, National Archives of Britain, Kew, UK (NAB). India's defeat in its war with China led to greater levels of UK and US military assistance"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S002572731300063X_r24.2","unstructured":"The British government and its intelligence services were monitoring the political situation in Bhutan during this period, not least as the offer of military aid from the UK to the kingdom was being considered. For an assessment of trends between 1959 and 1965, see DO 164\/73, DO 196\/520 and DO 196\/521, National Archives of Britain, Kew, UK"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S002572731300063X_r24.3","unstructured":"(NAB). India's defeat in its war with China led to greater levels of UK and US military assistance; see PREM 11\/4857, NAB. This caused wider regional tensions, often involving countries such as Pakistan, which objected in 1964 and 1965 to the provision of this aid to India and Bhutan; see DO 164\/134, NAB."},{"key":"S002572731300063X_r13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(65)92976-4"},{"key":"S002572731300063X_r42","unstructured":"Personal letter to D.A. Henderson, Chief, Smallpox Eradication Unit, Geneva, from L.B. Brilliant, WHO SEARO, New Delhi, 8 August 1973, File 388, Box 194, WHOHA."},{"key":"S002572731300063X_r28","unstructured":"Letter to P. Gardner, Assistant Professor of Medicine, The J. Hillis Miller Health Center, University of Florida, USA, from D.A. Henderson, Chief, Smallpox Eradication Unit, WHO HQ, Geneva, 19 June 1969, Folder 55, Box 184, WHOHA."},{"key":"S002572731300063X_r38","unstructured":"Conboy and Morrison, The CIA\u2019s Secret War in Tibet. There is other evidence indicating that the Nixon administration was working secretly to improve relations with China at this time, which caused it to support Pakistan; this would also explain a reduction of CIA involvement with the covert Tibetan militias. Gandhi, \u2018The Tilt\u2019."},{"key":"S002572731300063X_r26","unstructured":"Letter to D.A. Henderson, Chief, Smallpox Eradication Unit, WHO HQ, Geneva, from P. Gardner, Assistant Professor of Medicine, The J. Hillis Miller Health Center, University of Florida, USA, 19 May 1969, Folder 55, Box 184, WHOHA."},{"key":"S002572731300063X_r7","unstructured":"Fenner et al., Smallpox and its Eradication, 802."},{"key":"S002572731300063X_r23","unstructured":"Letter number 2\u201310 (TCI)\/69 to P. Gardner, Camp Thimpu \u2013 Bhutan, from Minister for Trade, Commerce and Industries, 16 June 1969, Folder 55, Box 184, WHOHA."},{"key":"S002572731300063X_r12","volume-title":"Himalayan Frontiers of India: Historical, Geo-political and Strategic Perspectives","author":"Kharat","year":"2009"},{"key":"S002572731300063X_r16","unstructured":"A seasonal increase in diarrhoea was reported between the months of May and July. Gardner, \u2018Supplement Report\u2019, WHOHA."},{"key":"S002572731300063X_r5","unstructured":"Whilst the existing work on India and Bangladesh recognises the many complexities of the conditions on the ground, they do not refer to the conditions existing in the smaller political units in the neighbourhood or the effects of the influence of one nation over another. See, for instance, Sanjoy Bhattacharya, Expunging Variola: The Control and Eradication of Smallpox in India, 1947\u201377 (New Delhi: Orient Longman, 2006) and Paul Greenough, \u2018Intimidation, Coercion and Resistance in the Final Stages of the South Asian Smallpox Eradication Campaign, 1973\u20131975\u2019, Social Science & Medicine, 41, 5 (1995), 633\u201345."},{"key":"S002572731300063X_r31","unstructured":"Letter to P. Gardner, Assistant Professor of Medicine, The Children\u2019s Hospital Medical Center, Massachusetts, USA, from D.A. Henderson, Chief, Smallpox Eradication Unit, WHO HQ, Geneva, 2 July 1969, Folder 55, Box 184, WHOHA."},{"key":"S002572731300063X_r75","unstructured":"An approach that is best served by rigorous research in the archives, it helps prepare a methodology that does not rely on the selective reading of relatively small sets of published materials. This allows us to avoid a mindless dependence of views expressed inside institutions in Europe and North America, a tendency that can be seen in a recent working paper produced by Eleanor Davey, in association with John Borton and Matthew Foley. E. Davey, A History of the Humanitarian System: Western Origins and Foundations (London: Humanitarian Policy Group, 2013). This publication is accessible at: http:\/\/www.odi.org.uk\/sites\/odi.org.uk\/files\/odi-assets\/publications-opinion-files\/8439.pdf)."},{"key":"S002572731300063X_r18","unstructured":"Gardner, \u2018Partnership for medical progress in Bhutan\u2019, 3, WHOHA."},{"key":"S002572731300063X_r27","unstructured":"Letter to P. Gardner, Assistant Professor of Medicine, The J. Hillis Miller Health Center, University of Florida, USA, from D.A. Henderson, Chief, Smallpox Eradication Unit, WHO HQ, Geneva, 29 May 1969, Folder 55, Box 184, WHOHA."},{"key":"S002572731300063X_r29","unstructured":"Letter to P. Gardner, Assistant Professor of Medicine, The J. Hillis Miller Health Center, University of Florida, USA, from D.A. Henderson, Chief, Smallpox Eradication Unit, WHO HQ, Geneva, 2 July 1969, Folder 55, Box 184, WHOHA."},{"key":"S002572731300063X_r34","unstructured":"For memoranda and telegrams about smallpox incidence and control measures in Bhutan during the 1970s, exchanged between WHO HQ, the smallpox eradication unit in WHO SEARO and WHO SEARO\u2019s Regional Director\u2019s office, see File 826, Box 192, WHOHA."},{"key":"S002572731300063X_r8","unstructured":"For an effective treatment of the formation, composition and activities of the BSC, see Awadesh Coomar Sinha, Himalayan Kingdom Bhutan: Tradition, Transition and Transformation (New Delhi: Indus, 2001). A full transcript of the India Bhutan Friendship Treaty of 2007 is available at: http:\/\/www.satp.org\/satporgtp\/countries\/india\/document\/papers\/indiabhutan.htm (accessed on 2 May 2012)."},{"key":"S002572731300063X_r66","unstructured":"An early example of a history saturated with heroic accounts of the contributions of a handful of people can be seen in Donald R. Hopkins, The Greatest Killer: Smallpox in History (Chicago: Chicago University Press), 1983. More measured, albeit largely celebratory, accounts are available in Foege, House on Fire, Henderson, Smallpox, and Isao Arita, The Smallpox Eradication Saga: An Insider\u2019s View (New Delhi: Orient BlackSwan, 2010)."},{"key":"S002572731300063X_r53","unstructured":"Ibid., 13."},{"key":"S002572731300063X_r30","unstructured":"Memorandum titled \u2018Vaccination \u2013 Kingdom of Bhutan\u2019 to Regional Director, WHO SEARO, New Delhi, from D.A. Henderson, Chief, Smallpox Eradication Unit, WHO HQ, Geneva, 2 July 1969, Folder 55, Box 184, WHOHA."},{"key":"S002572731300063X_r64","unstructured":"Fenner et al., Smallpox and its eradication, 802."},{"key":"S002572731300063X_r54","unstructured":"Ibid., 14."},{"key":"S002572731300063X_r40","unstructured":"David Myard, \u2018Sadruddin Aga Khan and the 1971 East Pakistani Crisis: Refugees and Mediation in Light of the Records of the Office of the High Commissioner for Refugees\u2019, Global Migration Research Paper (The Graduate Institute, Geneva), 1 (2010) 1\u201365."},{"key":"S002572731300063X_r61","unstructured":"Fenner et al., Smallpox and its eradication, 1186\u20137."},{"key":"S002572731300063X_r6","first-page":"93","volume-title":"The Eradication of Smallpox from India","author":"Basu","year":"1979"},{"key":"S002572731300063X_r68","unstructured":"The sustenance that these historical interpretations provide each other is powerfully exemplified by the mutual, public adoration between the works of Ian and Jennifer Glynn, and Frank Fenner and Donald Henderson. Whilst the Glynns make wide-ranging, uncritical use of retrospective histories of smallpox eradication authored or co-authored by Fenner and Henderson, the latter\u2019s promotion of The Life and Death of Smallpox in its dust jacket is self-explanatory."},{"key":"S002572731300063X_r39","unstructured":"Personal letter to D.A. Henderson, Chief, Smallpox Eradication, WHO HQ, Geneva, from L.B. Brilliant, WHO SEARO, New Delhi, 20 July 1973, File 388, Box 194, WHOHA."},{"key":"S002572731300063X_r73","unstructured":"Powerful examples of this are available in the messages transmitted from within departments of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. See, for instance, Tachi Yamada, \u2018Smallpox Eradication Taught Us How to Fight Polio: Now We Need to Win the Battle\u2019, 26 August 2010 (accessible at: http:\/\/www.impatientoptimists.org\/Posts\/2010\/08\/Smallpox-Eradication-Taught-Us-How-to-Fight-Polio-Now-We-Need-to-Win-the-Battle). For a fearless assessment of the origins of the global polio eradication programme and the use subjective historical narratives to advocate it, see William Muraskin, Polio Eradication and its Discontents: A Historian\u2019s Journey Through an International Public Health (Un)Civil War (New Delhi: Orient BlackSwan, 2012)."},{"key":"S002572731300063X_r37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"For an incisive analysis of the war that has stood the test of time, see Onkar Marwah, \u2018India\u2019s Military Intervention in East Pakistan, 1971\u20131972\u2019, Modern Asian Studies, 13, 4, 1979, 549\u201380. A resource created by George Washington University, USA, makes declassified American government papers on this subject available to researchers. Sajit Gandhi (ed.), \u2018The Tilt: The US and the South Asian Crisis of 1971\u2019, National Security Archive: Electronic Briefing Book No. 79, 2002 (accessible at: http:\/\/www.gwu.edu\/~nsarchiv\/NSAEBB\/NSAEBB79\/).","DOI":"10.1017\/S0026749X00008465"},{"key":"S002572731300063X_r33","unstructured":"Memorandum number S2\/370\/3 (SEARO) to Regional Director, WHO SEARO, New Delhi, from D.A. Henderson, Chief, Smallpox Eradication Unit, WHO HQ, Geneva, 20 February 1970, Folder 55, Box 184, WHOHA."},{"key":"S002572731300063X_r9","unstructured":"Michael Hutt, \u2018Being Nepali without Nepal: reflections on a South Asian diaspora\u2019, in D.N. Gellner, J. Pfaff-Czarnecka and J. Whelpton (eds), Nationalism and Ethnicity in a Hindu Kingdom: The Politics of Culture in Contemporary Nepal (Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers, 1997), 101\u201344. For a more charitable, uncritical but detail-rich assessment of Tibetan enclaves inside Bhutan, see \u2018Tibetan Settlements \u2013 Bhutan\u2019, Department of Home, Central Tibetan Administration, Dharamshala, India, at:http:\/\/www.centraltibetanreliefcommittee.org\/settlements\/bhutan\/settlements-in-bhutan.html (accessed on 26 December 2012)."},{"key":"S002572731300063X_r69","unstructured":"The most obvious examples of this are visible in Gareth Williams\u2019s unquestioning use of data available in the WHO\u2019s official histories and memoirs prepared by campaign participants, especially Donald Henderson\u2019s recent book to construct a teleological account of the achievement of smallpox eradication. Williams, Angel of Death."},{"key":"S002572731300063X_r20","unstructured":"Ibid., 5\u20136."},{"key":"S002572731300063X_r41","unstructured":"Memorandum for the record, by D.A. Henderson, Chief, Smallpox Eradication, WHO HQ, Geneva, 7 March 1973, File 830, Box 194, WHOHA."},{"key":"S002572731300063X_r60","unstructured":"Seen as a group, the list looks impressively international. It included the following personages and institutions: Dr J. Cervenka, Chief (Epidemiology), Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Bratislava, Czechoslovakia; Dr W.A.B. de Silva, Deputy Director (Planning), Ministry of Health, Colombo, Sri Lanka; Dr F. Fenner, Director, Centre for Resource and Environmental Studies, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia; Dr H. Flamm, Institute of Hygiene, University of Vienna, Austria; Lt. -Gen. R.S. Hoon, Director-General, Armed Forces Medical Services, New Delhi, India; Dr T. Kitamura, Chief, Division of Poxviruses, National Institute of Health, Tokyo, Japan; Dr W. Koinange, Director, Division of Communicable Disease Control, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya; Dr J. Kostrzewski, Secretary, Medical Section, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland; Dr H.B. Lundbeck, Director, National Bacteriological Laboratory, Stockholm, Sweden; Dr A.M. Mustaqul Huq, Director of Health Services (Preventive), Ministry of Health, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Dr D.M. Mackay, Ross Institute of Tropical Hygiene, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Dr M.F. Polak, Scientific Officer, Faculty of Medicine, Catholic University, Nijmegen, Netherlands; Dr R. Roashan, President, Foreign Relations Department, Ministry of Public Health, Kabul, Afghanistan; Dr D.J. Sencer, Director, Center for Disease Control, Atlanta, GA, USA; Dr U Thein Nyunt, Director, Disease Control, Ministry of Health, Rangoon, Burma; and Dr V.M. Zhdanov, Director, Institute of Virology, Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, USSR. Ibid., 1142."},{"key":"S002572731300063X_r3","unstructured":"Things are rather more complicated in relation to histories of the West African \u2013 and other regional \u2013 programmes that involved Henderson as an author. In the WHO\u2019s official history, of which he was co-author, an analysis of the Western and Central African programme appears in the seventeenth chapter, after descriptions of what happened in South America, Indonesia, Afghanistan and Pakistan, India and \u2018the Himalayan area\u2019 and, not least, Bangladesh. See F. Fenner, D.A. Henderson, I. Arita, Z. Jezek and I.D. Ladnyi, Smallpox and its Eradication (Geneva: WHO, 1988). In his recent memoir, the African case study appears in the fifth chapter, after an assessment of Brazil and Indonesia and before an analysis of India and Nepal. See D.A. Henderson, Smallpox: The Death of a Disease (Amherst, MA: Prometheus Books, 2009)."},{"key":"S002572731300063X_r46","unstructured":"Letter to D.A. Henderson, Chief, Smallpox Eradication, WHO HQ, Geneva, from WHO SEARO, New Delhi, 12 December 1973, File 388, Box 194, WHOHA."},{"key":"S002572731300063X_r2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"This interpretation of historical progression appears largely undiminished in Foege\u2019s recent memoir, although the book does acknowledge the importance of the campaigns in South Asia. See William H. Foege, House on Fire: The Fight to Eradicate Smallpox (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2011). The CDC were, of course, also involved in East Pakistan, but this seems to be ignored or downplayed in the heroic tropes about its contributions to smallpox eradication. For a masterful treatment of the CDC\u2019s workers in South Asia, see Paul Greenough, \u201c\u2018A Wild and Wondrous ride\u201d: CDC Field Epidemiologists in the East Pakistan Smallpox and Cholera Epidemics of 1958\u2019, Ciencia & Saude Coletiva, 16, 2 (2011), 491\u2013501.","DOI":"10.1590\/S1413-81232011000200012"},{"key":"S002572731300063X_r72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"There is great variation in the quality of research and analysis in this genre of scholarship. One of the best pieces of scholarship available is Anne-Emanuelle Birn, \u2018Small (pox) Success\u2019, Ciencia & Saude Coletiva, 16, 2 (2011), 591\u20137.","DOI":"10.1590\/S1413-81232011000200022"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S002572731300063X_r32.1","unstructured":"For discussions about the struggles faced by the WHO HQ and WHO SEARO in retaining the support of Indian federal and state governments, see Letter to C. Mani, Regional Director, WHO SEARO, New Delhi from D.A. Henderson, Chief, Smallpox Eradication, WHO HQ, Geneva, 4 August 1967, File 416, Box 193, WHOHA"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S002572731300063X_r32.2","unstructured":"letter to the Surgeon General, United States Public Health Service, Bethesda from D.A. Henderson, Chief, Smallpox Eradication, WHO HQ, Geneva, 6 September 1967, File 416, Box 193, WHOHA"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S002572731300063X_r32.3","unstructured":"memorandum to Regional Director, WHO SEARO, New Delhi from D.A. Henderson, Chief, Smallpox Eradication, WHO HQ, Geneva, 5 February 1968, File 416, Box 193, WHOHA"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S002572731300063X_r32.4","unstructured":"memorandum to Regional Director, WHO SEARO, New Delhi from D.A. Henderson, Chief, Smallpox Eradication, WHO HQ, Geneva, 24 October 1968, File 416, Box 193, WHOHA"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S002572731300063X_r32.5","unstructured":"and, not least, personal letter to A. Oles, WHO SEARO, New Delhi from D.A. Henderson, Chief, Smallpox Eradication, WHO HQ, Geneva, 14 September 1970, File 416, Box 193, WHOHA."},{"key":"S002572731300063X_r11","unstructured":"For a detailed analysis of ethnic politics in Bhutan and Nepal, see Michael Hutt, Unbecoming Citizens: Culture, Nationhood, and the Flight of Refugees from Bhutan (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2003)."},{"key":"S002572731300063X_r67","unstructured":"See, for instance, Ian Glynn and Jennifer Glynn, The Life and Death of Smallpox (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004) and Gareth Williams, Angel of Death: The Story of Smallpox (Basingstoke: Palgrave McMillan, 2010)."},{"key":"S002572731300063X_r19","unstructured":"Ibid., 1\u20134, WHOHA. Apart from Gardner, the proposed team was to include Ms Jo Ann Silverstein (a US citizen trained in French, government studies and mathematics), Dr Samuel Silverstein (a US citizen then Assistant Professor at the Department of Cellular Immunology, Rockefeller University, New York, and Jo Ann Silverstein\u2019s husband) and Dr Michel Bernard Vallotton (a Swiss citizen who was then Chef de Clinique Scientifique at the Clinique universitaire de Medecine et Laboratoire de Physiopathologie Clinique in Geneva). Appendix to ibid."},{"key":"S002572731300063X_r65","unstructured":"Some institutions and their officials have been better organised than others about creating records of their contributions to the worldwide smallpox eradication programme. See, for instance, a website titled \u2018Global Health Chronicles: Smallpox\u2019, which was put together by the CDC and Emory University (the latter hosts a large number of retired CDC officials). This can be accessed at: http:\/\/globalhealthchronicles.org\/collections\/show\/1\/."},{"key":"S002572731300063X_r63","unstructured":"Restricted document titled \u2018Eradication of Smallpox in Bhutan: Report of the International Smallpox Assessment Commission, April 1977\u2019, File 55, Box 184, WHOHA, 2\u20133."},{"key":"S002572731300063X_r14","unstructured":"Piece Gardner, \u2018Partnership for medical progress in Bhutan\u2019, no date, 3, Folder 55, Box 184, World Health Organization Headquarters Archives, Geneva (WHOHA)."},{"key":"S002572731300063X_r15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pierce Gardner, \u2018Supplement Report \u2013 BHUTAN\u2019, c.1969, Folder 55, Box 184, WHOHA.","DOI":"10.2307\/40223818"},{"key":"S002572731300063X_r62","unstructured":"See, for example, Lt. Gen. R.S. Hoon and Dr R.N. Basu, \u2018Assessment of smallpox surveillance in Bhutan\u2019, c.1977, File 55, Box 184, WHOHA, 4."},{"key":"S002572731300063X_r4","unstructured":"An exceptionally honest appraisal of field conditions in South Asia is provided in Alan Schnur, \u2018Innovation as an Integral Part of Smallpox Eradication: A Fieldworker\u2019s Perspective\u2019, in S. Bhattacharya and S. Messenger (eds), The Global Eradication of Smallpox (New Delhi: Orient BlackSwan, 2010), 106\u201350. For a frank analysis of the autonomy of its Regional Offices and the ways in which they were able to challenge the WHO HQ, refer to the recording of a lecture on smallpox eradication by D.A. Henderson, London, 30 May 2007, available at: http:\/\/www.york.ac.uk\/history\/research\/majorprojects\/smallpox-eradication\/audio\/henderson\/."},{"key":"S002572731300063X_r10","unstructured":"A detailed assessment of US and Indian alliances in relation to covert intelligence in Himalayan South Asia, including territories within north-eastern India (Sikkim and the North Eastern Frontier Agency\/Arunachal Pradesh), Nepal and Bhutan is available in Kenneth Conboy and James Morrison, The CIA\u2019s Secret War in Tibet (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2002)."},{"key":"S002572731300063X_r22","unstructured":"Gardner, \u2018Supplement Report\u2019, WHOHA."},{"key":"S002572731300063X_r49","unstructured":"Ibid., 5."},{"key":"S002572731300063X_r48","unstructured":"Foreword by Dr T. Tobgyel, Secretary General, Ministry of Development, Royal Government of Bhutan, Thimphu, Bhutan, 15 March 1977, in \u2018Operation Smallpox Zero Bhutan\u2019, Royal Government of Bhutan, Directorate of Health Service, c.1977, File 55, Box 184, WHOHA. Dr J.L. Kole was an Indian Public Health Official, who was seconded to Bhutan to continue its malaria eradication programme with the help of Indian aid."},{"key":"S002572731300063X_r21","unstructured":"Ibid., 6\u20137."},{"key":"S002572731300063X_r51","unstructured":"Ibid., 12."},{"key":"S002572731300063X_r1","unstructured":"For a historical explication that moves from describing origins in Edward Jenner\u2019s discovery of a smallpox vaccine in 1796, to advances in smallpox control within the Pan American Health Organisation region, followed by a cursory reference to the WHO and India, and then to a detailed treatment of the Western and Central African smallpox eradication programmes, see William H. Foege, J.D. Millar and D.A. Henderson, \u2018Smallpox Eradication in West and Central Africa\u2019, Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 52 (1975), 209\u201322."},{"key":"S002572731300063X_r35","unstructured":"P.W. Samdup, \u2018A report on the present smallpox status in Bhutan\u2019, from Inter-Country Seminar on Surveillance in Smallpox Eradication, New Delhi, 30 October\u20132 November 1972, File SE\/WP\/72\/18, WHOHA. This report can also be accessed online from: https:\/\/extranet.who.int\/iris\/restricted\/handle\/10665\/68096."}],"container-title":["Medical History"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S002572731300063X","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,23]],"date-time":"2019-04-23T15:35:57Z","timestamp":1556033757000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S002572731300063X\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,23]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S002572731300063X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/mdh.2013.63","relation":{},"ISSN":["0025-7273","2048-8343"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0025-7273","type":"print"},{"value":"2048-8343","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,23]]}}}