{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T08:46:46Z","timestamp":1791967606245,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,16]],"date-time":"2013-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1387152000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Med. Hist."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>This paper analyses how the Colombian medical elites made sense of typhoid fever before and during the inception of bacteriological ideas and practices in the second half of the nineteenth century. Assuming that the identity of typhoid fever has to be understood within the broader concerns of the medical community in question, I show how doctors first identified Bogot\u00e1\u2019s epidemics as typhoid fever during the 1850s, and how they also attached specificity to the fever amongst other continuous fevers, such as its European and North American counterparts. I also found that, in contrast with the discussions amongst their colleagues from other countries, debates about typhoid fever in 1860\u201370 among doctors in Colombia were framed within the medico-geographical scheme and strongly shaped by the fear of typhoid fever appearing alongside \u2018paludic\u2019 fevers in the highlands. By arguing in medico-geographical and clinical terms that typhoid fever had specificity in Colombia, and by denying the medico-geographical law of antagonism between typhoid and paludic fevers proposed by the Frenchman Charles Boudin, Colombian doctors managed to question European knowledge and claimed that typhoid fever had distinct features in Colombia. The focus on paludic and typhoid fevers in the highlands might explain why the bacteriological aetiology of typhoid fever was ignored and even contested during the 1880s. Anti-Pasteurian arguments were raised against its germ identity and some physicians even supported the idea of spontaneous origin of the disease. By the 1890s, Pasteurian knowledge had come to shape clinical and hygienic practices.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/mdh.2013.70","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,16]],"date-time":"2013-12-16T09:13:26Z","timestamp":1387185206000},"page":"27-45","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Typhoid Fever in Nineteenth-Century Colombia: Between Medical Geography and Bacteriology"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"M\u00d3NICA","family":"GARC\u00cdA","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0025727313000707_r24","unstructured":"Vargas, op. cit. (note 16), 13."},{"key":"S0025727313000707_r35","unstructured":"SMCN, op. cit. (note 31), 131\u20132."},{"key":"S0025727313000707_r15","unstructured":"Vargas Reyes, op. cit. (note 9)."},{"key":"S0025727313000707_r70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"For an analysis of scholars debate on this estimates see David Sowell, \u2018Population Growth in Late-Nineteenth-Century Bogot\u00e1: Insights on a Demographic Dilema\u2019, Journal of Urban History, 38, 4 (2012), 720\u201330. See also Constanza Castro, \u2018\u2026que no hay gobierno sin cooperaci\u00f3n cient\u00edfica\u2019: \u2018Urbanization, Medical Practices and State Formation at the End of the Nineteenth Century\u2019, manuscript.","DOI":"10.1177\/0096144211434990"},{"key":"S0025727313000707_r33","unstructured":"SMCN, op. cit. (note 31), 133."},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727313000707_r86.1","unstructured":"6. The medical societies created between 1873 and 1893 are: the Sociedad de Medicina y Ciencias Naturales de Bogot?? - SMCN - 1873, called the Academia Nacional de Medicina (ANM) from 1891 onwards"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727313000707_r86.2","unstructured":"7. the Academia de Medicina de Medell??n, 1887"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727313000707_r86.3","unstructured":"8. the Sociedad de Medicina del Cauca, 1888"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727313000707_r86.4","unstructured":"9. and the Sociedad de Ciencias M??dicas - Bucaramanga, 1893."},{"key":"S0025727313000707_r76","unstructured":"Emilio Quevedo\u00a0et al., Historia de la Medicina en Colombia, Tomo III: Hacia una profesi\u00f3n liberal (1865\u20131918) (Bogot\u00e1: Tecnoqu\u00edmicas, 2013), 105."},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727313000707_r48.1","unstructured":"11. Casta??eda, op. cit. (note 2). By this time, the Revista Medica had been publishing extracts of debates in France about the novel cause that French doctors called the 'ferment' or 'microbe' and its possible route of transmission (mainly through the faeces of sick people). See: Avelino Saldarriaga, 'Epidemia de fiebre tifoidea en Paris', Revista M??dica, 81 (1883), 395-6, and 'Etiolog??a y tratamiendo de la fiebre tifoidea: Academia de Medicina de Paris: Sesiones del 7, 14, 21, 28 de noviembre y 5 y 12 de diciembre, 1882', Revista M??dica, 82 (1883), 438, 441-3"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727313000707_r48.2","unstructured":"12. Juan E. Manrique, 'Tratamiento de la fiebre tifoidea', Revista M??dica, 83 (1883), 488."},{"key":"S0025727313000707_r83","unstructured":"Ibid., 475\u20139."},{"key":"S0025727313000707_r36","unstructured":"Ibid., 133."},{"key":"S0025727313000707_r40","unstructured":"Evaristo Garcia, \u2018[Carta a la Revista M\u00e9dica, Paris, abril 7 de 1876]\u2019, Revista M\u00e9dica, 4, 38 (1876), 315; Aparicio, op. cit. (note 38), 345."},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727313000707_r10.1","unstructured":"16. 'Extracto de las actas de la Sociedad de Medicina', Revista M??dica, 1, 1 (1873), 1"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727313000707_r10.2","unstructured":"17. Humberto C??ceres and Zoilo Cu??llar-Montoya, Academia Nacional de Medicina de Colombia: Sus Miembros 1873-1997 (Bogot??: Academia Nacional de Medicina, 1998), 1-18."},{"key":"S0025727313000707_r25","unstructured":"Jean Christian M. Boudin, Essai de g\u00e9ographie m\u00e9dicale, ou, \u00c9tudes sur les lois qui pr\u00e9sident a la distribution g\u00e9ographique des maladies, ainsi qu\u2019\u00e0 leurs rapports topographiques entre elles: Lois de co\u00efncidence et d\u2019antagonisme (Paris: Germer-Bailli\u00e9re\/Lad\u00e9, 1843), 76\u20137."},{"key":"S0025727313000707_r21","unstructured":"Vargas, op. cit. (note 16), 13."},{"key":"S0025727313000707_r8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7705\/biomedica.v18i2.978"},{"key":"S0025727313000707_r68","unstructured":"Ibid., 136\u20137."},{"key":"S0025727313000707_r67","unstructured":"Ibid., 135."},{"key":"S0025727313000707_r85","unstructured":"Pablo Garcia Medina, \u2018Higiene de Bogot\u00e1\u2019, Revista de Higiene, 56 and 57 (1899), 577."},{"key":"S0025727313000707_r37","unstructured":"Smith, op. cit. (note 4), 294\u20136."},{"key":"S0025727313000707_r18","unstructured":"Vargas, op. cit. (note 16), 40; similar views appeared in Antonio Vargas Reyes, \u2018Se\u00f1or doctor Eloy Ord\u00f3\u00f1ez: \u2013 Paris\u2019. Gaceta M\u00e9dica, 1, 4 (1865), 14."},{"key":"S0025727313000707_r6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"One exception would be Luis Antonio Teixeira, \u2018As fiebres paulistas na Sociedade de Medicina e Cirurgia de Sao Paulo: Uma controv\u00e9rsia entre porta-vozes de diferentes saberes\u2019, Hist\u00f3ria, Ci\u00eancias, Sa\u00fade-Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, 11 (suplemento 1, 2004): 41\u201366.","DOI":"10.1590\/S0104-59702004000400003"},{"key":"S0025727313000707_r78","unstructured":"Junta Central de Higiene, \u2018Sesi\u00f3n del d\u00eda 23 de abril de 1888\u2019, Revista de Higiene, 7 (1888), 160\u20131. In the same year, however, the Revista M\u00e9dica published a summary of the bacteriology of typhoid fever. The summary offered information on Eberth and Kleb\u2019s typhoid bacillus and their findings from autopsies of dotinent\u00e9ricos, concluding that \u2018the specific and pathogenic role of the Eberth bacillus is firmly established\u2019. See \u2018El bacilo de la fiebre tifoidea\u2019, Revista M\u00e9dica, 123 (1888), 1044\u201353."},{"key":"S0025727313000707_r22","unstructured":"Ibid., 13."},{"key":"S0025727313000707_r65","unstructured":"Aparicio, op. cit. (note 63), 133."},{"key":"S0025727313000707_r51","unstructured":"Ibid., 93."},{"key":"S0025727313000707_r79","unstructured":"Jorge Boshell, \u2018La fiebre cont\u00ednua del hospital de San Juan de Dios\u2019, Tesis para el doctorado en Medicina y Cirug\u00eda (Bogot\u00e1: Imprenta Echeverr\u00eda, 1889), 10."},{"key":"S0025727313000707_r47","unstructured":"Ibid., 148\u201351."},{"key":"S0025727313000707_r19","unstructured":"Nicolaas A. Rupke (ed.) \u2018Medical geography in historical perspective\u2019, in Medical History, Supplement No.\u00a020 (London: The Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine at UCL, 2000)."},{"key":"S0025727313000707_r3","unstructured":"Ibid., 93."},{"key":"S0025727313000707_r38","unstructured":"Abraham Aparicio, \u2018Los ba\u00f1os fr\u00edos en el tratamiento de la fiebre tifoidea\u2019, Revista M\u00e9dica, Serie 4, 42 (1877), 343\u20136."},{"key":"S0025727313000707_r54","unstructured":"Ibid., 381\u20132."},{"key":"S0025727313000707_r73","first-page":"124","article-title":"Sesi\u00f3n del d\u00eda 28 de noviembre de 1887","volume":"6","author":"de Higiene","year":"1888","journal-title":"Revista de Higiene"},{"key":"S0025727313000707_r13","unstructured":"Vargas Reyes, op. cit. (note 9)."},{"key":"S0025727313000707_r28","unstructured":"Vargas, op. cit. (note 16), 13."},{"key":"S0025727313000707_r30","first-page":"123","article-title":"Observaci\u00f3n de los se\u00f1ores doctores Aparicio y Pizarro","volume":"2","author":"Pizarro","year":"1874","journal-title":"Revista M\u00e9dica"},{"key":"S0025727313000707_r74","first-page":"131","article-title":"Contin\u00faa. Sesi\u00f3n del d\u00eda 5 de diciembre de 1887","volume":"7","author":"Central de Higiene","year":"1888","journal-title":"Revista de Higiene"},{"key":"S0025727313000707_r63","first-page":"133","article-title":"Auto-tifisasi\u00f3n espont\u00e1nea","volume":"152","author":"Aparicio","year":"1890","journal-title":"Revista M\u00e9dica"},{"key":"S0025727313000707_r87","unstructured":"See Pohl-Valero and Garcia, op. cit. (note 12)."},{"key":"S0025727313000707_r81","first-page":"283","article-title":"Sesi\u00f3n extraordinaria del 9 de mayo de 1889","volume":"11","author":"Central de Higiene","year":"1889","journal-title":"Revista de Higiene"},{"key":"S0025727313000707_r59","unstructured":"Ibid., 743\u20136."},{"key":"S0025727313000707_r27","unstructured":"Boudin, op. cit. (note 25), 20."},{"key":"S0025727313000707_r7","first-page":"12","article-title":"Introduction to Special Issue on Rethinking the Reception of the Germ Theory of Disease: Comparative Perspectives","volume":"52","author":"Tomes","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of the History of Medicine"},{"key":"S0025727313000707_r77","first-page":"95","article-title":"Sesi\u00f3n del $1{{}^\\circ} $ de octubre de 1887","volume":"1, 5","author":"Central de Higiene","year":"1888","journal-title":"Revista de Higiene"},{"key":"S0025727313000707_r60","unstructured":"\u2018Cr\u00f3nica\u2019, Revista M\u00e9dica, 151 (1890), 123."},{"key":"S0025727313000707_r57","unstructured":"Jaccoud, Trait\u00e9, 742."},{"key":"S0025727313000707_r62","unstructured":"Ibid., 130\u20132."},{"key":"S0025727313000707_r66","unstructured":"Ibid., 134."},{"key":"S0025727313000707_r53","first-page":"377","article-title":"Discursos pronunciados en la sesi\u00f3n solemne del 27 de febrero de 1884","volume":"93","author":"Aparicio","year":"1884","journal-title":"Revista M\u00e9dica"},{"key":"S0025727313000707_r80","first-page":"270","article-title":"Sesi\u00f3n del dia 15 de abril de 1889","volume":"11","author":"Central de Higiene","year":"1889","journal-title":"Revista de Higiene"},{"key":"S0025727313000707_r50","unstructured":"Casta\u00f1eda, op. cit. (note 2), 84."},{"key":"S0025727313000707_r44","unstructured":"Ibid., 412."},{"key":"S0025727313000707_r12","unstructured":"An analysis of this attitude in the case of periodic fevers is found in Garc\u00eda, \u2018Las \u201cfiebres del Magdalena\u201d\u2019 (n. 11). See also Stefan Pohl-Valero and M\u00f3nica Garc\u00eda, \u2018Entre la ciencia del viajero naturalista y la ciencia de laboratorio: epistemolog\u00edas de la naturaleza, el cuerpo y la sociedad en Colombia en el siglo XIX\u2019, working paper presented at the Coloquio de la Escuela de Ciencias Humanas, Universidad del Rosario (Bogot\u00e1), 27 February 2012."},{"key":"S0025727313000707_r84","unstructured":"Junta Central de Higiene, \u2018Informe presentado al Sr. Mnistro de Gobierno por el Secretario de la Junta Central de Higiene, sobre los trabajos de esta Corporacion en los a\u00f1os de 1896 a 1898\u2019, Revista de Higiene, 56 and 57 (1899), 612\u201320."},{"key":"S0025727313000707_r58","unstructured":"Ibid., 742."},{"key":"S0025727313000707_r82","first-page":"475","article-title":"Epidemia de fiebre tifoidea","volume":"16","author":"Osorio y Proto Gomez","year":"1889","journal-title":"Revista de Higiene"},{"key":"S0025727313000707_r1","first-page":"146","article-title":"Fiebre tifoidea remitente biliosa: Estudio cl\u00ednico","volume":"76","author":"Roca","year":"1882","journal-title":"Revista M\u00e9dica"},{"key":"S0025727313000707_r16","unstructured":"Antonio Vargas, \u2018Discusi\u00f3n sobre la fiebre amarilla\u2019, Trabajos Cient\u00ed ficos del Doctor Antonio Vargas Reyes recopilados en obsequio de la humanidad doliente i de la juventud estudiosa de Colombia. Tomo Segundo [Vol.\u00a02] (Bogot\u00e1: Imprenta la Naci\u00f3n, 1862), 54."},{"key":"S0025727313000707_r45","unstructured":"By the mid-nineteenth century, North American physicians had also created a category that mixed typhoid and malarial fever, the typhomalarian fever, for the fevers typical of the region to the south of the Mason-Dixon Line. This fever continued to be diagnosed and studied well into the twentieth century, between the American Civil War and World War I. See Smith, op. cit. (note 4)."},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727313000707_r4.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"52. To mention a few: Vincent J. Cirillo, 'Fever and Reform: The Typhoid Epidemic in the Spanish-American War', Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, 55 (2000), 363-97","DOI":"10.1093\/jhmas\/55.4.363"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727313000707_r4.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"53. Michael P. McCarthy, Typhoid and the Politics of Public Health in Nineteenth-Century Philadelphia (Philadelphia, PA: American Philosophical Society, 1987)","DOI":"10.70249\/9798893983630"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727313000707_r4.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"55. Dale C. Smith, 'Gerhard's Distinction Between Typhoid and Typhus and its Reception in America, 1833-1860', Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 54, 3 (1980), 368-85, and 'The Rise and Fall of Typhomalarial Fever', Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, 37 (1982), 182-220, 287-321","DOI":"10.1093\/jhmas\/XXXVII.3.287"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727313000707_r4.5","unstructured":"56. Lloyd G. Stevenson, 'A Pox of the Ileum: Typhoid Fever among the Exanthemata', Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 51 (1977), 496-505"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727313000707_r4.6","unstructured":"57. and Leonard G. Wilson, 'Fevers and Science in Early Nineteenth Century Medicine', Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, 33 (1978), 386-407."},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727313000707_r56.1","unstructured":"58. Ignacio Osorio, 'Observaciones que pueden servir para elvol estudio de la causa o causas que generan la fiebre tifoidea', Revista M??dica, 145 (1890), 742"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727313000707_r56.2","unstructured":"59. S. Jaccoud, Trait?? de pathologie interne, Vol. 2 (Paris: Adrien de la Haye, 1871), 726-8."},{"key":"S0025727313000707_r42","first-page":"411","article-title":"Sociedad de Medicina: Sesi\u00f3n del d\u00eda 4","volume":"5","author":"Aparicio","year":"1878","journal-title":"Revista M\u00e9dica"},{"key":"S0025727313000707_r64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anne Marie Moulin, \u2018Bacteriological research and medical practice in and out of the Pasteurian school\u2019 in Ann La Berge and Mordechai Feingold (eds), French Medical Culture in the Nineteenth Century (Amsterdam\/Atlanta, GA: Editions Rodopi, 1994), 328.","DOI":"10.1163\/9789004418356_015"},{"key":"S0025727313000707_r20","unstructured":"Garcia, op. cit. (note 11)."},{"key":"S0025727313000707_r72","unstructured":"Castro, op. cit. (note 70), 2."},{"key":"S0025727313000707_r32","unstructured":"Pizarro and Aparicio, op. cit. (note 30), 123\u20134."},{"key":"S0025727313000707_r17","unstructured":"Vargas, op. cit. (note 9)."},{"key":"S0025727313000707_r52","unstructured":"Ibid., 94."},{"key":"S0025727313000707_r2","first-page":"83","article-title":"Informe sobre el trabajo de E. de J. Roca titulado \u201cfiebre tifoidea remitente biliosa\u201d","volume":"87","author":"Casta\u00f1eda","year":"1883","journal-title":"Revista M\u00e9dica"},{"key":"S0025727313000707_r5","first-page":"515","article-title":"The Perfect Food and the Filth Disease: Milk-borne Typhoid and Epidemiological Practice in Late Victorian Britain","volume":"65","author":"Steere-Williams","journal-title":"Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences"},{"key":"S0025727313000707_r26","unstructured":"Brunache, \u2018Recherches sur la phtisie pulmonaire et la fi\u00e8vre typho\u00efde consid\u00e9r\u00e9es dans leurs rapports avec les localit\u00e9s mar\u00e9cageuses\u2019, in J. Ch. M. Boudin (ed.), \u00c9tudes de g\u00e9ographie m\u00e9dicale: Notamment sur la question de l\u2019antagonisme pathologique (Paris: J.-B. Bailli\u00e8re, 1846), 21\u20132."},{"key":"S0025727313000707_r14","unstructured":"Stevenson, op. cit. (note 4)."},{"key":"S0025727313000707_r34","unstructured":"Proto G\u00f3mez, \u2018Se\u00f1ores miembros de la Sociedad de Medicina de Bogot\u00e1\u2019, Revista M\u00e9dica, Serie II, No. 15, 18 de julio, 1874, 124\u20135."},{"key":"S0025727313000707_r41","first-page":"386","article-title":"Observaci\u00f3n de una fiebre tifoidea seguida de remitente perniciosa de forma diafor\u00e9tica","volume":"4","author":"Tom\u00e1s Henao","year":"1878","journal-title":"Revista M\u00e9dica"},{"key":"S0025727313000707_r39","first-page":"351","article-title":"Trazados termom\u00e9tricos de la fiebre tifoidea (dotinenteria) y del typhus fever (tifo-exantem\u00e1tico): Diferencia de estos trazados","volume":"43","author":"Osorio","year":"1878","journal-title":"Revista M\u00e9dica"},{"key":"S0025727313000707_r49","unstructured":"The standard story is that in July 1880, Carl Eberth published his discovery of short rodlike bacteria in the tissues of fatal typhoid cases. In 1881 Robert Koch published photomicrographs of rodlike bacteria from the tissue of fatal typhoid cases. Eberth and Klebs agreed that they and Koch had all seen the same organism. In 1881 Klebs reported that he had grown an organism in culture media that, when inoculated into laboratory animals, produced lesions. In 1884 Georg Gaffky was able to isolate the bacterium using gelatine culture media but was unable to produce evidence of disease when he injected the pure cultures into animals. Despite the failure to satisfy the 1882 criteria established by Koch, the rodlike bacterium \u2013 bacillus typhosus \u2013 became generally accepted as the causative organism of typhoid fever. See Smith, op. cit. (note 4), 299."},{"key":"S0025727313000707_r46","unstructured":"Roca, op. cit. (note 1), 146\u20137."},{"key":"S0025727313000707_r55","unstructured":"Gerald Geison, \u2018Pasteur\u2019, in Charles Coulston Gillispie (ed.), Dictionary of Scientific Biography, Vols 9\u201310 (New York: Charles Scribner\u2019s Sons, 1981), 384."},{"key":"S0025727313000707_r71","unstructured":"Germ\u00e1n Rodrigo Mej\u00eda Pavony, Los a\u00f1os del cambio: Historia urbana de Bogot\u00e1, 1820\u20131910, (Bogot\u00e1, CEJA; 2000), 298\u20139; 358\u20139."},{"key":"S0025727313000707_r61","first-page":"129","article-title":"Etiolog\u00eda y patogenia de la fiebre tifoidea","volume":"152","author":"J. Casta\u00f1eda","year":"1890","journal-title":"Revista M\u00e9dica"},{"key":"S0025727313000707_r69","unstructured":"C\u00e1ceres and Cuellar, op. cit. (note 10), 1, 21."},{"key":"S0025727313000707_r29","unstructured":"Posada, op. cit. (note 23), 39."},{"key":"S0025727313000707_r31","unstructured":"Sociedad de Medicina y Ciencias Naturales (SMCN), \u2018Sesi\u00f3n del d\u00eda 9 de mayo\u2019, Revista M\u00e9dica, 2, 19 (1874), 131."},{"key":"S0025727313000707_r9","unstructured":"Antonio Vargas, \u2018Mis observaciones sobre la fiebre thyfoides\u2019, El Tiempo, No. 13, marzo 17 de 1855 and No. 14, abril 3 de 1855 (pages not numbered)."},{"key":"S0025727313000707_r23","first-page":"39","article-title":"La fiebre tiofidea en Medell\u00edn","volume":"1","author":"Posada","year":"1866","journal-title":"Gaceta M\u00e9dica"},{"key":"S0025727313000707_r11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Claudia M\u00f3nica Garc\u00eda, \u2018Las \u2018fiebres del Magdalena\u2019: Medicina y sociedad en la construcci\u00f3n de una noci\u00f3n m\u00e9dica colombiana, 1859\u20131886\u2019, Historia, Ci\u00eancias, Sa\u00fade-Manguinhos (Rio de Janeiro) 14, 1, ene.-mar (2007): 81\u20135.","DOI":"10.1590\/S0104-59702007000100004"},{"key":"S0025727313000707_r75","first-page":"127","article-title":"Sesi\u00f3n del d\u00eda 5 de diciembre de 1887","volume":"6","author":"Central de Higiene","year":"1888","journal-title":"Revista de Higiene"},{"key":"S0025727313000707_r43","unstructured":"Ibid., 411."}],"container-title":["Medical History"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0025727313000707","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T05:50:44Z","timestamp":1746078644000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0025727313000707\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,16]]},"references-count":97,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S0025727313000707"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/mdh.2013.70","relation":{},"ISSN":["0025-7273","2048-8343"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0025-7273","type":"print"},{"value":"2048-8343","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,16]]}}}