{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T20:09:57Z","timestamp":1790885397622,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":141,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,9]],"date-time":"2014-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1410220800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Med. Hist."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>During the First World War the National Hospital for the Paralysed and Epileptic, in Queen Square, London, then Britain\u2019s leading centre for neurology, took a key role in the treatment and understanding of shell shock. This paper explores the case notes of all 462 servicemen who were admitted with functional neurological disorders between 1914 and 1919. Many of these were severe or chronic cases referred to the National Hospital because of its acknowledged expertise and the resources it could call upon. Biographical data was collected together with accounts of the patient\u2019s military experience, his symptoms, diagnostic interpretations and treatment outcomes. Analysis of the notes showed that motor syndromes (loss of function or hyperkinesias), often combined with somato-sensory loss, were common presentations. Anxiety and depression as well as vegetative symptoms such as sweating, dizziness and palpitations were also prevalent among this patient population. Conversely, psychogenic seizures were reported much less frequently than in comparable accounts from German tertiary referral centres. As the war unfolded the number of physicians who believed that shell shock was primarily an organic disorder fell as research failed to find a pathological basis for its symptoms. However, little agreement existed among the Queen Square doctors about the fundamental nature of the disorder and it was increasingly categorised as functional disorder or hysteria.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/mdh.2014.51","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,9]],"date-time":"2014-09-09T10:07:03Z","timestamp":1410257223000},"page":"519-545","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["\u2018Shell shock\u2019 Revisited: An Examination of the Case Records of the National Hospital in London"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Stefanie Caroline","family":"Linden","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edgar","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0025727314000519_r57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awl335"},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r116","unstructured":"German case records from the Department for Psychiatric and Nervous disorders of the Charit\u00e9 in Berlin and the Jena Military Hospital, for more details see Linden, Hess, and Jones, op. cit.(note\u00a068); Linden and Jones, op. cit. (note\u00a024)."},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r29","unstructured":"Showalter, op. cit.(note\u00a027), 176\u20138."},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r65","unstructured":"Turner, op. cit.(note\u00a01); William Aldren Turner, \u2018Nervous and Mental Shock\u2019, BMJ, 1, 2893 (1916), 830\u20132; William Aldren Turner, \u2018The Bradshaw Lecture on Neuroses and Psychoses of War: Delivered before the Royal College of Physicians of London on November\u00a07th, 1918\u2019, The Lancet, 192, 4967 (1918), 613\u201317."},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r22","unstructured":"Ibid., 95."},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r18","first-page":"148","volume-title":"War, Trauma and Medicine in Germany and Central Europe (1914\u20131939)","author":"Peckl","year":"2011"},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aws331"},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r36","unstructured":"Leese, op. cit.(note\u00a016), 75; also: Micale and Lerner, op. cit. (note\u00a031), 217."},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r40","unstructured":"Minutes from the Board of Management meeting, 10 November 1914, Queen Square Archive (see Figure\u00a01)."},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r102","unstructured":"Harry M., Queen Square Records, Dr\u00a0Tooth, 1915, Queen Square Archive."},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r131","unstructured":"Loughran, op. cit.(note\u00a011)."},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r93","unstructured":"William Charles L., Queen Square Records, Dr\u00a0Tooth, 1919, Queen Square Archive."},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r80","unstructured":"Henry M., Queen Square Records, Dr\u00a0Tooth, 1915, Queen Square Archive."},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r132","volume-title":"Kriegshysteriker: Strategische Bilder und mediale Techniken milit\u00e4rpsychiatrischen Wissens (1914\u20131920)","author":"K\u00f6hne","year":"2009"},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r106","unstructured":"Harold D., Queen Square Records, Dr\u00a0Turner, 1916, Queen Square Archive."},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02897505"},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r69","unstructured":"George C., Queen Square Records, Dr\u00a0Tooth, 1915, Queen Square Archive; patient\u2019s handwritten account attached to case record."},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r133","unstructured":"Linden, Jones, and Lees, op. cit.(note\u00a023)."},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r43","unstructured":"Minutes from the Board of Management meeting, 12 January 1915 and 9 November 1915, Queen Square Archive."},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r66","unstructured":"Holmes, op. cit.(note\u00a038), 64."},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r27","first-page":"178","volume-title":"The Female Malady: Women, Madness and English Culture 1830\u20131980","author":"Showalter","year":"1987"},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)31492-7"},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-013-6863-9"},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r87","unstructured":"Frederick S.M., Queen Square Records, Dr\u00a0Tooth, 1919, Queen Square Archive."},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.2950.39"},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r81","first-page":"28","volume-title":"Medical Diseases of the War","author":"Hurst","year":"1918"},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r114","unstructured":"Harry D., Queen Square Records, Dr\u00a0Russell, 1916, Queen Square Archive."},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02872422"},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r2","unstructured":"Ibid., 833; From a Special Correspondent in Northern France, \u2018Medical Arrangements of the British Expeditionary Force\u2019, BMJ, 2, 2815 (1914), 1037\u20138."},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r75","unstructured":"Silvertown in West Ham, Essex, now part of the London Borough of Newham."},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r44","unstructured":"Holmes, op. cit.(note\u00a038), 58\u20139."},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r79","unstructured":"Frank D., Queen Square Records, Dr\u00a0Tooth, 1915, Queen Square Archive."},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727314000519_r31.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"22. Mark S. Micale and Paul Frederick Lerner, Traumatic Pasts: History, Psychiatry, and Trauma in the Modern Age, 1870-1930, Cambridge Studies in the History of Medicine (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001)","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511529252"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727314000519_r31.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"23. Edgar Jones, 'Shell Shock at Maghull and the Maudsley: Models of Psychological Medicine in the UK', Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, 65, 3 (2010), 368-95.","DOI":"10.1093\/jhmas\/jrq006"},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r110","unstructured":"Mott, op. cit.(note\u00a048), 47\u20138."},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r13","volume-title":"A War of Nerves: Soldiers and Psychiatrists in the Twentieth Century","author":"Shephard","year":"2001"},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r60","unstructured":"Holmes, op. cit.(note\u00a038), 51."},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2007.01162.x"},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r32","unstructured":"Ibid., 213\u201314."},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r50","unstructured":"Holmes, op. cit.(note\u00a038), 62."},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/tcbh\/hwn028"},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/9780230287921"},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.2837.833"},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r7","unstructured":"Charles Samuel Myers, \u2018A Contribution to the Study of Shell Shock\u2019, The Lancet, 185, 4772 (1915), 316\u201320. On the introduction of the term \u2018shell shock\u2019 see also Edgar Jones and Simon Wessely, Shell Shock to PTSD: Military Psychiatry from 1900 to the Gulf War(Hove: Psychology Press, 2005), 21."},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/war.2008.27.2.89"},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r37","unstructured":"Shephard, op. cit.(note\u00a013), XXIII."},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.324.7333.321"},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.2815.1005"},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r39","unstructured":"Lord Knutsford, \u2018To the editor of the Daily Mail\u2019, Daily Mail(exact date unknown), newspaper cutting appended to the Minutes from the Board of Management meeting, 10 November 1914, Queen Square Archive (see Figure\u00a01)."},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291706009329"},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r72","unstructured":"Myers, op. cit.(note\u00a08), 70\u20131."},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r82","unstructured":"Myers, op. cit.(note\u00a08), 132."},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-191901000-00046"},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/14426-000"},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r6","unstructured":"Turner, op. cit.(note\u00a01), 833\u20135."},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r8","unstructured":"Charles Samuel Myers, Shell Shock in France, 1914\u20131918(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011, 1940), 98."},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.283.6307.1640"},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r103","unstructured":"Hurst, op. cit.(note\u00a081), 41."},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r17","unstructured":"Binneveld, op. cit.(note\u00a016), 84\u20135; Binneveld cites Myers\u2019s case histories published in the Lancet: Charles Samuel Myers, \u2018Contributions to the Study of Shell Shock: Being an Account of Certain Cases Treated by Hypnosis\u2019, The Lancet, 190, 4819 (1916), 65\u20139; for the First World War case reports also see Shephard, op. cit. (note\u00a013), eg.\u00a0the chapter \u2018Psychiatry at the Front, 1917\u201318\u2019, 53\u201371."},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r97","volume-title":"The Major Symptoms of Hysteria: Fifteen Lectures Given in the Medical School of Harvard University","author":"Janet","year":"1920"},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r42","unstructured":"Ibid."},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r96","unstructured":"Hurst, op. cit.(note\u00a081), 122."},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r127","unstructured":"Winter and Robert, op. cit.(note\u00a030), 34."},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-011-0272-9"},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r100","unstructured":"Albert R., Queen Square Records, Dr\u00a0Turner, 1916, Queen Square Archive."},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r89","unstructured":"Charles S., Queen Square Records, Dr Steward, 1916, Queen Square Archive."},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r14","first-page":"23","volume-title":"Forgotten Lunatics of the Great War","author":"Barham","year":"2004"},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r15","first-page":"41","volume-title":"Broken Men: Shell Shock, Treatment and Recovery in Britain 1914\u20131930","author":"Reid","year":"2010"},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r19","unstructured":"Leese, op. cit.(note\u00a016), 76\u201380, 90, 108\u201312."},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r54","unstructured":"Martin, op. cit.(note\u00a051), 1641."},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r63","unstructured":"Batten, op. cit.(note\u00a061), 73."},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r92","unstructured":"Ibid., 71, 159, 121."},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r62","volume-title":"Hysterical Disorders of Warfare","author":"Yealland","year":"1918"},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r41","unstructured":"Steward B., Queen Square Records, Dr\u00a0Batten, 1915, Queen Square Archive; the pain medication was \u2018aspirin\u2019."},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frederick Walker Mott, \u2018The Lettsomian Lectures on the Effects of High Explosives upon the Central Nervous System: Delivered before the Medical Society of London: Lecture\u00a0III, delivered on March 6th,\u2019 The Lancet, 187, 4828 (1916), 545\u201353: 552.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)11370-X"},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r77","unstructured":"George H., Queen Square Records, Dr\u00a0Russell, 1915, Queen Square Archive."},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saturday, September 4, 1915, \u2018Insanity and the War\u2019, The Lancet, 186, 4801 (1915), 553\u20134. Author cites Eighty-fifth Annual Report of the Belfast District Lunatic Asylum.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)53482-0"},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511599613"},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jhmas\/jrq052"},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r104","first-page":"12","volume-title":"Shell Shock and Its Lessons","author":"Smith","year":"1917"},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r88","unstructured":"George C., Queen Square Records, Dr\u00a0Collier, 1916, Queen Square Archive."},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r35","unstructured":"Leese, op. cit.(note\u00a016), 77."},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r91","unstructured":"Mott, op. cit.(note\u00a048), 99."},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jhmas\/jrs024"},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r55","unstructured":"Myers, op. cit.(note\u00a08), 20."},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-191901000-00046"},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r48","unstructured":"The term \u2018traumatic neurosis\u2019 is closely linked to Hermann Oppenheim\u2019s trauma concept where organic microlesions caused by shell explosions were in the heart of the aetiological illness model; this was very similar to Mott\u2019s organic illness model, as cited in Frederick Walker Mott, War Neuroses and Shell Shock(London: Oxford University Press, 1919), 41. Queen Square neurologists used the term in cases they believed to have an organic origin."},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r49","unstructured":"For a detailed account of Yealland\u2019s life and work at Queen Square, see Linden, Jones and Lees, op. cit.(note\u00a023)."},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r107","unstructured":"Saturday, May 1, 1915, \u2018Nerves and War: The Mental Treatment Bill\u2019, The Lancet, 185, 4783 (1915), 919\u201320."},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.63.261.238"},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.2961.409"},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r53","first-page":"493","volume-title":"British Physiologists, 1885\u20131914: A Biographical Dictionary","author":"O\u2019Connor","year":"1991"},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/shm\/hkn093"},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r20","unstructured":"Ibid., 91."},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r33","unstructured":"For a detailed account of the treatment at Maghull during World War One see Jones, op. cit.(note\u00a031). Patient statistics and the number of military beds can be found in The National Hospital, Report for the year ending 31 December 1914, Queen Square Archive."},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r26","unstructured":"Linden, Jones and Lees, op. cit.(note\u00a023)."},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r86","unstructured":"Frederick M., Queen Square Records, Dr\u00a0Buzzard, 1919, Queen Square Archive."},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727314000519_r3.1","unstructured":"61. Medical Society of London, 'Surgical Experiences of the Present War: Functional Blindness', BMJ, 2, 2813 (1914), 938-42"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727314000519_r3.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"62. 2nd Eastern General Hospital, 'Home Hospitals and the War: Complete Loss of Memory', BMJ, 2, 2814 (1914), 992.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.2814.988"},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r56","unstructured":"Martin, op. cit.(note\u00a051), 1641."},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r47","unstructured":"Holmes, op. cit.(note\u00a038), 59."},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r58","unstructured":"Ibid."},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.2879.340"},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jhmas\/jrr015"},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329170800278X"},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r90","unstructured":"Jones et\u00a0al., op. cit.(note\u00a025)."},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r76","unstructured":"Edward C., Queen Square Records, Dr\u00a0Tooth, 1917, Queen Square Archive."},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)23233-4","article-title":"An Address on the Repression of War Experience","volume":"191","author":"Rivers","year":"1918","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r109","first-page":"432","article-title":"Schreckpsychosen","volume":"74","author":"Kleist","year":"1918","journal-title":"Allgemeine Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Psychiatrie und psychisch-gerichtliche Medizin"},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/42.3.171"},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r52","unstructured":"Ibid., 1641."},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u2018An epitome of current medical literature, \u201cBig Belly\u201d In Soldiers\u2019, BMJ, 2, 2961 (1917), 9.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.2961.E9"},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r46","unstructured":"Minutes from the Board of Management meeting, 10 November 1914, Queen Square Archive: Frederick Eustace Batten (1866\u20131918), Dean of the National\u2019s Medical School who had resigned from his clinical duties in 1909, took responsibility for Tooth\u2019s patients in his absence."},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.2867.855"},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0025727300008280"},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r28","unstructured":"Linden, Jones and Lees, op. cit.(note\u00a023)."},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r139","unstructured":"Jones et\u00a0al., op. cit.(note\u00a025)."},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r85","unstructured":"Harry C., Queen Square Records, Dr\u00a0Collier, 1917, Queen Square Archive."},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r123","unstructured":"Jones, op. cit.(note\u00a095)."},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1177\/003591572301600945","article-title":"Hysterical Fits, with some Reference to their Treatment","volume":"16","author":"Yealland","year":"1923","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine"},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r138","unstructured":"Mott, op. cit.(note\u00a048), 144. Hurst, op. cit. (note\u00a082), 64. \u2018A man who has once had a mental breakdown is very unlikely to be able to stand the strain of active service without relapsing \u2026\u00a0. [S]uch men should never be allowed to return to military duty.\u2019; also Jones, op. cit. (note\u00a095): \u2018I doubt if anyone who has once developed it will ever be fit for front-line soldiering within the time limit of any war\u2019."},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r108","unstructured":"For example by Mott in Mott, op. cit.(note\u00a074) and Mott, op. cit. (note\u00a048), 113, where he calls these states \u2018hallucinatory mental confusion\u2019; also by Turner in Turner, op. cit. (note\u00a01)."},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r113","unstructured":"Turner, \u2018The Bradshaw Lecture\u2019, op. cit.(note\u00a065), 613."},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r111","unstructured":"Myers, op. cit.(note\u00a08), 70."},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r115","unstructured":"Leese, op. cit.(note\u00a016), 97."},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000190952"},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r135","unstructured":"Bury, op. cit.(note\u00a0134), 97."},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r125","unstructured":"Jones and Wessely, op. cit.(note\u00a0118)."},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r112","unstructured":"Mott, op. cit.(note\u00a048), 71."},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r136","unstructured":"Hotchkis, op. cit.(note\u00a0105), 244; Mott, op. cit. (note\u00a048), 111\u201312."},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r137","unstructured":"Linden, Hess, and Jones, op. cit.(note\u00a068)."},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r122","unstructured":"Mott, op. cit.(note\u00a048), 148."},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r121","unstructured":"Linden, Hess, and Jones, op. cit.(note\u00a068)."},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/california\/9780520243620.003.0002"},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r134","unstructured":"Smith and Pear, op. cit.(note\u00a0104), 24: \u2018For shell shock has brought us no new symptoms \u2026\u2019; Harold Wiltshire, \u2018A Contribution to the Aetiology of Shell Shock\u2019, The Lancet, 187, 4842 (1916), 1207\u201312: 1207; Judson S.\u00a0Bury, \u2018Pathology of War Neuroses\u2019, The Lancet, 192 (1918), 97\u20139: 97; MacCurdy, op. cit. (note\u00a073), 87: \u2018no symptoms described in the war cases \u2026which have not been well known in times of peace\u2019."},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r128","first-page":"283","volume-title":"The Falling Sickness: The History of Epilepsy from the Greeks to the Beginnings of Modern Neurology","author":"Temkin","year":"1945"},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r45","unstructured":"Minutes from the Board of Management meeting, 10 November 1914, Queen Square Archive: Howard Henry Tooth (1856\u20131925), consultant neurologist at Queen Square since 1887, informed the Board in writing that he had taken command of a military hospital and would not be able to attend to his duties at the National Hospital for some time. Also: Minutes from the Board of Management meeting, 12 January 1915, Queen Square Archive: Absence of W.\u00a0Aldren Turner (1864\u20131945): \u2018A letter was read from Dr\u00a0Aldren Turner that he had been called away to France for a period of about two months \u2026\u2019."},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r124","unstructured":"Myers, op. cit.(note\u00a08), 126."},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/os-9.34.73"},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r78","unstructured":"John L., Queen Square Records, Dr\u00a0Collier, 1919, Queen Square Archive; correspondence between the National Hospital and the London War Pensions Committee, as attached to the clinical record."},{"key":"S0025727314000519_r38","volume-title":"The National Hospital, Queen Square, 1860\u20131948","author":"Holmes","year":"1954"}],"container-title":["Medical History"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0025727314000519","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,14]],"date-time":"2019-08-14T16:28:17Z","timestamp":1565800097000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0025727314000519\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,9]]},"references-count":141,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S0025727314000519"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/mdh.2014.51","relation":{},"ISSN":["0025-7273","2048-8343"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0025-7273","type":"print"},{"value":"2048-8343","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 The Author(s) 2014. 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