{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T19:21:48Z","timestamp":1775503308301,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":156,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,9]],"date-time":"2014-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1410220800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Med. Hist."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Between 1822 and the late 1830s a highly personal priority dispute was fought between the celebrated surgeon and anatomist Sir Charles Bell and his ex-student Herbert Mayo. The dispute was over the motor and sensory functions of the Vth and VIIth cranial nerves. Over the course of the 1820s and the 1830s, the competing claims of Bell and Mayo were presented in newspapers, journals, and textbooks. But by the time of Bell\u2019s death in 1842, Mayo had been discredited, a seemingly tragic footnote in the history of nervous discovery. And yet, with the benefit of hindsight, Bell\u2019s case was at best disingenuous. His success was not due to any intrinsic scientific merit in his argument, but rather his ability to create a narrative that undermined the credibility of Mayo. However, only when Mayo\u2019s public performances elided with Bell\u2019s descriptions did this ploy succeed. As a result, the dispute illuminates the importance of credibility to the creation of an idealised scientific medical practitioner.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/mdh.2014.53","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,9]],"date-time":"2014-09-09T14:07:03Z","timestamp":1410271623000},"page":"564-584","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Matters of Priority: Herbert Mayo, Charles Bell and Discoveries in the Nervous System"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"James","family":"Bradley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0025727314000532_r126","unstructured":"These qualities were elaborated in Anon., \u2018Sir Charles Bell\u2019, Quarterly Review, 72, 143 (1843), 192\u2013231."},{"key":"S0025727314000532_r103","unstructured":"Anon. [James Wardrop], \u2018Intercepted Letters\u2019 [\u2018Mr Mayo\u2019s Letter, Verbatim\u2019], The Lancet, 26, 279 (1836), 727\u20138."},{"key":"S0025727314000532_r116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anon., \u2018Mr C. Bell\u2019, The Lancet, 15, 379 (1830), 338.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)93599-3"},{"key":"S0025727314000532_r102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"The \u2018Intercepted Letter\u2019 series appeared first in The Lancet, 20, 509 (1833), 762\u20133 and ran regularly until 1837.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)94983-4"},{"key":"S0025727314000532_r101","unstructured":"Anon., \u2018Changes in the Medical Schools\u2019, The London Medical Gazette, 18 (1836), 956."},{"key":"S0025727314000532_r107","unstructured":"Mayo\u2019s letters were published in the: The London Medical Gazette, 22 (1837\u20131838), 21 April 1838, 146\u201350; 28 April, 197\u2013200; 5 May, 250\u20132; 16 June, 490\u20138; 11 August 1838, 771\u20135. In this last, 774\u20135, Mayo imagined a mesmeric state where the mind was freed from the body and \u00a0\u2018with the character of spirituality, is freed from the restraints of time\u2019."},{"key":"S0025727314000532_r89","unstructured":"Ibid., 133, emphasis in original."},{"key":"S0025727314000532_r84","unstructured":"Ibid., 346."},{"key":"S0025727314000532_r117","unstructured":"Bell, \u2018Second Part of the Paper\u2019, op. cit.(note 18), 307."},{"key":"S0025727314000532_r96","unstructured":"Mayo\u2019s portrait is, according to the Wellcome Trust archives, by James Lonsdale. In the Census of 1841 Mayo listed as living at 19 George St, Hanover Square, Mayfair,\u00a0while his wife Jessica is listed as head of the household at Wellington Rd (St John\u2019s Wood), along with the children. In 1851, when Mayo is in Germany, Jessica is listed as Head of Household at 17 Harewood Square, again with the children. Another household is at the same address with James J. Lonsdale as head. The Annual Register or a View of the History and Politics of the Year 1853(London: F. & J. Rivington, 1854), 181, notes their wedding at St. Marylebone Church on 1 January 1853, shortly after Mayo\u2019s death."},{"key":"S0025727314000532_r114","unstructured":"Desmond, op. cit.(note 27), 14\u201316."},{"key":"S0025727314000532_r80","unstructured":"Anon., \u2018Discoveries in the Physiology of the Nervous System\u2019, The Lancet, 34, 869 (1840), 166\u201370."},{"key":"S0025727314000532_r70","unstructured":"Henry, op. cit.(note 3), 62\u20133: 88\u20139."},{"key":"S0025727314000532_r74","unstructured":"Whewell, op. cit.(note 3), 425; Anon., \u2018Review of History of the Inductive Sciences, from the Earliest to the present Times\u2019, Edinburgh Review, 66, 133 (1837), 149\u201350; See, for modified view, William Whewell, History of the Inductive Sciences from the Earliest to the Present Time, 3rd edn, vol. 2 (New York: Appleton and company, 1859), 464."},{"key":"S0025727314000532_r73","unstructured":"Marshall Hall, \u2018Lectures on the Theory and Practice of Medicine\u2019, The Lancet, 29, 753 (1838), 651\u20137."},{"key":"S0025727314000532_r68","unstructured":"For corruption in the Royal Society see Manuel, op. cit.(note 24), 158\u201361; also Anon., \u2018The Royal Society\u2019, The Lancet 15, 379 (1830), 338, where, commenting upon the election of the Duke of Sussex to the presidency, an editorial announced \u2018The Society is rotten to the core\u2019."},{"key":"S0025727314000532_r71","first-page":"154","volume-title":"The Human Brain: Its Configuration, Structure, Development, and Physiology","author":"Solly","year":"1836"},{"key":"S0025727314000532_r112","unstructured":"Anon., \u2018Progress of Animal Magnetism\u2019, The London Medical Gazette, 22, 562 (1838), 951."},{"key":"S0025727314000532_r113","unstructured":"Anon., \u2018Animal Magnetism\u2019, The Medico-Chirurgical Review\u00a029, 58 (1838), 637."},{"key":"S0025727314000532_r93","unstructured":"Mayo, op. cit.(note 86), 14."},{"key":"S0025727314000532_r105","unstructured":"Ibid., 46. Unfortunately, these events have not been corroborated, particularly Mayo\u2019s invitation to Dupotet."},{"key":"S0025727314000532_r104","first-page":"33","volume-title":"Mesmerized: The Powers of Mind in Victorian Britain","author":"Winter","year":"1998"},{"key":"S0025727314000532_r88","unstructured":"Anon., op. cit.(note 87), 122."},{"key":"S0025727314000532_r87","unstructured":"Anon. [W.B. Carpenter], \u2018Claims of Bell, Magendie, Mayo, &c.\u2019, British and Foreign Medical Review, 9, 17 (1840), 99. Carpenter\u2019s attributed authorship of the review in W. B. Carpenter, Nature and Man: Essays Scientific and Philosophical with Introductory Memoir by J.E. Carpenter(New York: Appleton, 1889), 467\u201383."},{"key":"S0025727314000532_r100","unstructured":"Anon., \u2018Medical Professorships: London University\u2019, The London Medical Gazette, 18, 454 (1836), 782."},{"key":"S0025727314000532_r82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anon., \u2018Review of Discoveries in the Nervous System\u2019, The Lancet, 34, 874 (1840), 343.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)81521-5"},{"key":"S0025727314000532_r75","unstructured":"Printed letter to the Right Hon. The Lord Provost, the Magistrates, and Town-Council of Edinburgh, dated 3rd December 1835, University of Edinburgh Special Collections, Attics. 80. P. 12 \/ 53\u2013."},{"key":"S0025727314000532_r125","unstructured":"Cranefield, \u2018Introduction\u2019, op. cit.(note 3), vii."},{"key":"S0025727314000532_r127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"See for example, Anon. \u2018Lancet Gallery of Medical Portraits. Sir Charles Bell\u2019, The Lancet, 20, 523 (1833), 756\u201361.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)94981-0"},{"key":"S0025727314000532_r124","unstructured":"Mayo defended vivisection in op. cit.(note 23), 6\u20137."},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727314000532_r118.1","unstructured":"29. R.D. French, Antivivisection and Medical Science in the Victorian Era(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1975)"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727314000532_r118.2","unstructured":"30. Diana Manuel, 'Marshall Hall (1790-1857): vivisection and the development of experimental physiology', in Nicolaas A. Rupke (ed), Vivisection in Historical Perspective (London: Routledge, 1990), 78-104"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727314000532_r118.3","unstructured":"31. Anita Guerrini, Experimenting with Humans and Animals: From Galen to Animal Rights (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003), 70-8. Martin's accusations against Magendie in Hansard, House of Commons Debate 24 February 1825, vol. 12 cc657-61, Hansard 1803-2005."},{"key":"S0025727314000532_r91","unstructured":"Anon., op. cit.(note 87), 97."},{"key":"S0025727314000532_r115","unstructured":"For the problems of scientific legitimacy and mesmerism see Winter, op. cit.(note 104), 63\u201378 and 93\u20136."},{"key":"S0025727314000532_r86","first-page":"14","article-title":"Herbert Mayo and The Spectator","volume":"1","author":"Mayo","year":"1839","journal-title":"The Medical Times"},{"key":"S0025727314000532_r99","unstructured":"Anon., \u2018The Medical Session: School Arrangements\u2019, The London Medical Gazette, 18, 453 (1836), 742."},{"key":"S0025727314000532_r81","unstructured":"Cranefield, op. cit.(note 3), 11, describes the piece as \u2018short and brilliant\u2019."},{"key":"S0025727314000532_r98","unstructured":"Rare exceptions include, Alexander Shaw, \u2018On the Affection of the Muscles of Respiration\u2019, The London Medical Gazette, 13, 318 (1832), \u2018On the Influence of Rickets upon the Growth of the Skeleton\u2019, The London Medical Gazette, 16, 384 (1835), 45\u20139."},{"key":"S0025727314000532_r72","first-page":"121","volume-title":"Lectures on the Nervous System and Its Diseases","author":"Hall","year":"1835"},{"key":"S0025727314000532_r121","unstructured":"Anon., Letters of Sir Charles Bell, (London: John Murray, 1870), 265. Cuddie is Scots for donkey."},{"key":"S0025727314000532_r83","unstructured":"Ibid., 342."},{"key":"S0025727314000532_r40","unstructured":"Bell, op. cit.(note 18); Shaw, op. cit. (note 32) and John Shaw, \u2018On the Effects Produced on the Human Countenance, by Paralysis of the Different Systems of Facial Nerves\u2019, Quarterly Journal of Science, Literature and the Arts, 13, 25 (April 1822), 120\u201335."},{"key":"S0025727314000532_r123","unstructured":"Desmond, op. cit.(note 27), 190\u20132."},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727314000532_r45.1","unstructured":"41. Charles Bell, An Exposition of the Natural System of the Nerves of the Human Body(London: A. & R. Spottiswoode, 1824). The first observer to draw attention to Bell's revisions was Anon. [Andrew Walker], Documents and Dates of Modern Discoveries in the Nervous System (London: John Churchill, 1839), 85-6. 'It has always been taken for granted that it is by Walker', Cranefield comments in his 'Introduction' to the facsimile of Anon., Documents and Dates (Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow, 1973), iii"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727314000532_r45.2","unstructured":"42. Austin Flint, 'Historical Considerations Concerning the Properties of the Roots of the Spinal Nerves', The Quarterly Journal of Psychological Medicine and Jurisprudence, 2, 4 (1868), 644-9 provided a more detailed analysis than Walker, including a table of the changes, concluding these: 'make it evident that most of Sir Charles Bell's definite knowledge regarding the seat of motion and sensation in the nervous system was acquired after the first publication in the Philosophical Transactions'."},{"key":"S0025727314000532_r50","unstructured":"Alexander Shaw, \u2018Mr Shaw in Reply to Mr Mayo\u2019, The London Medical Gazette, 4, 75 (1829), 12."},{"key":"S0025727314000532_r48","unstructured":"John Shaw, \u2018Remarks on M. Magendie\u2019s Late Experiments Upon the Nerves\u2019, The London Medical and Physical Journal\u00a052, 306 (August 1824), especially 95\u20136; Shaw, op. cit.(note 36), 344."},{"key":"S0025727314000532_r35","unstructured":"See Anon., \u2018Anatomical and Physiological Commentaries. By Herbert Mayo\u2019, The London Medical and Physical Journal, 48, 285 (1822), 439."},{"key":"S0025727314000532_r63","unstructured":"Mayo, Anatomical and Physiological Commentaries, No. 1 op. cit.(note 22), 112\u201313."},{"key":"S0025727314000532_r34","unstructured":"Ibid., 114."},{"key":"S0025727314000532_r53","unstructured":"Ibid., 87\u20138. John Shaw, A Manual for the Student of Anatomy(Troy, NY: J. Disturnell, 1825), 274 [U.S. reprint of Shaw\u2019s 1821 Manual]: Mayo had purchased a dead elephant from the Exeter Change, and had allowed John Shaw and Bell to examine the dissection, not vice-versa."},{"key":"S0025727314000532_r67","unstructured":"Herbert Mayo, \u2018On Bellingeri\u2019s Claims as a Physiologist\u2019, The London Medical Gazette, 15, 364 (1834), 271."},{"key":"S0025727314000532_r37","first-page":"276","article-title":"Experiences sur les Fonctions des Racines des Nerfs Rachidiends","volume":"2","author":"Magendie","year":"1822","journal-title":"Journal de Physiologie Exp\u00e9rimentale et de Pathologie"},{"key":"S0025727314000532_r46","unstructured":"Alexander Shaw, \u2018Nervous System\u2019, The London Medical Gazette, 3, 77 (1829), 801\u20134, which was a response to S.D. Broughton, \u2018Nervous System\u2019, The London Medical Gazette, 3, 75 (1829), 729\u201331, and Herbert Mayo, \u2018Nervous System\u2019, The London Medical Gazette, 3, 76 (1829), 768, thanking Broughton for his comments."},{"key":"S0025727314000532_r33","unstructured":"Mayo, Anatomical and Physiological Commentaries, No. 1, op. cit.(note 22), 112."},{"key":"S0025727314000532_r56","unstructured":"Shaw, op. cit.(note 9), 110."},{"key":"S0025727314000532_r38","unstructured":"Rice, op. cit.(note 4), fails to mention Mayo; Cranefield, op. cit. (note 3) understands the two disputes were related, but fails to explain the real nature of the connection."},{"key":"S0025727314000532_r41","unstructured":"Like the spinal nerves the sensory filament passed through a ganglion that was bypassed by the smaller motor branch."},{"key":"S0025727314000532_r58","first-page":"190","volume-title":"Outlines of Human Physiology","author":"Mayo","year":"1833"},{"key":"S0025727314000532_r47","unstructured":"Alexander Shaw\u2019s last word was \u2018Reprint of the \u201cIdea of a New Anatomy of the Brain,\u201d with Letters, &c\u2019, Journal of Anatomy and Physiology, 3, 1 (1868), 147\u201382."},{"key":"S0025727314000532_r62","unstructured":"Shaw, op. cit.(note 53), 274."},{"key":"S0025727314000532_r42","unstructured":"A fact acknowledged by Mayo in Anatomical and Physiological Commentaries, No. 2, op. cit. (note 22), 9\u201310."},{"key":"S0025727314000532_r36","first-page":"351","article-title":"An Account of Some Experiments on the Nerves; by M. Majendie with Some Observations","volume":"48","author":"Shaw","year":"1822","journal-title":"The London Medical and Physical Journal"},{"key":"S0025727314000532_r119","unstructured":"Bell, \u2018On the Nerves\u2019, op. cit.(note 18), 412; see also, Bell, \u2018Of the Nerves which Associate the Muscles of the Chest\u2019, op. cit. (note 15), 291\u20132, and \u2018On the Motions of the Eye\u2019, op. cit. (note 15), 174\u20135."},{"key":"S0025727314000532_r39","unstructured":"Bell, op. cit.(note 30), 22\u20133."},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727314000532_r24.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"60. Diana E. Manuel, Marshall Hall (1790-1857): Science and Medicine in Early Victorian Society(Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1996), 196-7","DOI":"10.1163\/9789004418462"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727314000532_r24.2","unstructured":"61. Robert Lee, Memoirs on the Ganglia and Nerves of the Uterus (London: John Churchill, 1849), 5-7."},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727314000532_r23.1","unstructured":"62. Herbert Mayo, Outlines of Human Physiology(London: Burgess and Hill, 1827). For reception, see London Medical and Physical Journal, 52, 338 (1827), 345-57"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727314000532_r23.2","unstructured":"63. Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal, 42, 120 (1834), 202-16."},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727314000532_r25.1","unstructured":"64. University College Archives, Middlesex Hospital School, Minutes of Meetings, vol. 1, September 1835-April 1842, 54-56: 58, and vol. 2, 2 April 1842-June 1841 [no page numbers] 3 June 1842, 10 June 1842, 8 September 1842, 18 November 1842"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727314000532_r25.2","unstructured":"65. Herbert Mayo, On The Truths Contained in Popular Superstitions(Edinburgh: Blackwood, 1849)"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727314000532_r25.3","unstructured":"66. Mayo's hopes for On the Truths, letter to Blackwoods, 18 November 1848, Blackwood Papers, National Library of Scotland, mss 4079, ff.289."},{"key":"S0025727314000532_r17","first-page":"107","volume-title":"Making a Medical Living: Doctors and Patients in the English Market for Medicine, 1720\u20131911","author":"Digby","year":"1994"},{"key":"S0025727314000532_r7","first-page":"244","volume-title":"Science Under Control: The French Academy of Sciences 1795\u20131914","author":"Crosland","year":"2002"},{"key":"S0025727314000532_r26","unstructured":"Charles Bell, The Hand. Its Mechanism and Vital Endowments as Evincing Design(London: William Pickering, 1843), and, co-edited with Lord Brougham, Paley\u2019s Natural Philosophy with Illustrative Notes, by Henry Lord Brougham and Sir Charles Bell, 2 vols (London: Charles Knight, 1836); Mayo, op. cit. (note 23), 2\u20133; Herbert Mayo, An Introductory Lecture to the Medical Classes in King\u2019s College (London: Burgess and Hill, 1834), 7; Herbert Mayo, Philosophy of Living (London; John W. Parker, 1837), 146."},{"key":"S0025727314000532_r21","unstructured":"Unless otherwise stated, details of Mayo\u2019s life are taken from Paul F. Cranefield, \u2018Mayo, Herbert(1796\u20131852)\u2019, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004) http:\/\/www.oxforddnb.com\/view\/article\/18458\u00a0(accessed 26 May 2011)."},{"key":"S0025727314000532_r6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0269889700002970"},{"key":"S0025727314000532_r9","volume-title":"Narratives of the Discoveries of Sir Charles Bell in the Nervous System","author":"Shaw","year":"1839"},{"key":"S0025727314000532_r10","unstructured":"See in particular Steven Shapin, A Social History of Truth: Civility and Science in Seventeenth-Century England(London: University of Chicago Press, 1994), which argues that experimental science appropriated the civil values of gentlemanliness to mediate disputes and establish truth claims. His, \u2018Cordelia\u2019s Love: Credibility and the Social Studies of Science\u2019, Perspectives on Science, 3, 3 (1995), 255\u201375 expands upon these ideas, as does The Scientific Life: A Moral History of a Late Modern Vocation (London: University of Chicago Press, 2008). Shapin\u2019s thesis has been questioned by, among others, Moti Feingold, review of A Social History of Truth, Isis, 87, 1 (1996), 131\u20139 and John A. Schuster and Alan B.H. Taylor, \u2018Blind Trust: The Gentlemanly Origins of Experimental Science\u2019, Social Studies of Science, 27, 3 (1997), 503\u201336."},{"key":"S0025727314000532_r8","unstructured":"Henry, op. cit.(note 3)."},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727314000532_r20.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"71. 1833's election for a new assistant surgeon had Alexander Shaw as Bell's candidate, whilst Tuson was Mayo's. Tuson's victory was followed by claims of corruption. See Anon., 'Middlesex Hospital', The Lancet, 19, 497 (1833), 764","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)95269-4"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727314000532_r20.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"72. Anon. 'Late Election at the Middlesex Hospital', The Lancet, 19, 499 (1833), 832.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)95744-2"},{"key":"S0025727314000532_r16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/9789004333000"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727314000532_r5.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"73. See, for example, Robert K. Merton, 'Priorities in Scientific Discovery: A Chapter in the Sociology of Science', American Sociological Review, 22, 6 (1957), 653-9","DOI":"10.2307\/2089193"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727314000532_r5.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"74. Augustine Brannigan, 'The Reification of Mendel', Social Studies of Science, 9, 4 (1979), 423-54","DOI":"10.1177\/030631277900900403"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727314000532_r5.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"75. Gyorgy Markus, 'Why Is There No Hermeneutics of Natural Sciences? Some Preliminary Theses', Science in Context, 1, 1 (1987), 5-51","DOI":"10.1017\/S0269889700000041"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727314000532_r5.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"76. Simon Schaffer, 'Scientific Discoveries and the End of Natural Philosophy', Social Studies of Science, 16, 3 (1986), 387-420","DOI":"10.1177\/030631286016003001"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727314000532_r5.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"77. Kenneth L. Caneva, \"'Discovery\" as a Site for the Collective Construction of Scientific Knowledge', Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences, 35, 2 (2005), 175-291.","DOI":"10.1525\/hsps.2005.35.2.175"},{"key":"S0025727314000532_r31","unstructured":"Bell pursued a programme typical of romantic biology, directed towards unity of plan and hierarchy of development: the spinal and the fifth nerves were regular nerves possessed by all vital organisms (unity of plan); while the 7th was super-added to complex organisms \u2013 the more complex the organism the more complex the network of super-added nerves (hierarchy of development); see Clarke and Jacyna, op. cit.(note 4), 38\u201346."},{"key":"S0025727314000532_r76","unstructured":"Anon., \u2018The Discoveries of Sir Charles Bell\u2019, The London Medical Gazette, 21, 531 (1838), 737\u20138."},{"key":"S0025727314000532_r22","unstructured":"Herbert Mayo, Anatomical and Physiological Commentaries, No. 1 (London: Thomas and George Underwood, 1822) & No. 2 (London: Thomas and George Underwood, 1823)."},{"key":"S0025727314000532_r27","first-page":"10","volume-title":"The Politics of Evolution: Morphology, Medicine, and Reform in Medical London","author":"Desmond","year":"1992"},{"key":"S0025727314000532_r130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"For example, the discoveries of Marshall Hall, or Robert Lee\u2019s battles with the Royal Society during the 1840s; Manuel, op. cit.(note 24) and \u2018Robert Lee, the uterine nervous system and a wrangle at the Royal Society 1839\u20131849\u2019, Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 94, 12 (2001), 645\u20137.","DOI":"10.1177\/014107680109401215"},{"key":"S0025727314000532_r11","volume-title":"Performing Medicine: Medical Culture and Identity in Provincial England, c. 1760\u20131850","author":"Brown","year":"2011"},{"key":"S0025727314000532_r1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u2018Bendyshe\u2019, \u2018Thoughts in India on English Medical Politics\u2019, The Lancet, 16, 396 (1831), 29.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)83026-4"},{"key":"S0025727314000532_r18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstl.1823.0023"},{"key":"S0025727314000532_r60","unstructured":"Mayo, Anatomical and Physiological Commentaries, No. 1, op. cit.(note 22), 6; Everard Home, \u2018On the Influence of Nerves and Ganglion in Producing Animal Heat\u2019 Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 115 (1825), 259; Herbert Mayo, \u2018On the Use of the Bile\u2019, London Medical and Physical Journal, 56, 332 (1826), 340; Anon. [\u2018A Perpetual Pupil\u2019], \u2018Neglect of the Lecturers at the School in Windmill-Street\u2019, The Lancet, 14, 362 (1830), 752."},{"key":"S0025727314000532_r54","unstructured":"Shaw, op. cit.(note 9), 114."},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727314000532_r29.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"85. Bell portrayed as Sir Pertinax Macsychophant waltzing with the 'old lady' (the senior surgeon Joberns from the Middlesex), Anon., 'Professional Masquerade', The Lancet, 4, 84 (1825), 146","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)94223-6"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727314000532_r29.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"86. more damningly, Anon., \"'Spicimin\" of \"Lictiring\" - Theory Without Practice', The Lancet, 13, 337 (1830), 664","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)93707-4"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727314000532_r29.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"87. Bell criticised for his Paleyite leanings The Lancet, 19, 478 (1832), 154.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)84974-1"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727314000532_r3.1","unstructured":"88. William Charles Henry, 'Report on the Physiology of the Nervous System', Report of the Third Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science: Held at Cambridge in 1833(London: John Murray, 1834), 62, reiterated in William Whewell, History of the Inductive Sciences from the Earliest to the Present Time (London: John W. Parker, 1837), vol. 3, 425"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727314000532_r3.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"89. Bell and Harvey compared (but only to say that neither would have been granted priority had people read their Galen), Anon., 'Utility of Classical Knowledge to Medical Men', The Lancet, 40, 1037 (1843), 559-61","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)86913-6"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727314000532_r3.3","unstructured":"90. latter endorsed by, among others, Paul F. Cranefield, The Way In and The Way Out: Fran??ois Magendie, Charles Bell and the Roots of the Spinal Nerves (Mount Kisco, NY: Futura Publishing, 1974), xii-xiii."},{"key":"S0025727314000532_r49","unstructured":"Shaw, op. cit.(note 36), 351."},{"key":"S0025727314000532_r51","unstructured":"Shaw, op. cit.(note 9), 23, 150, 218."},{"key":"S0025727314000532_r69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anon., \u2018Royal College of Surgeons: Hunterian Oration Delivered by Mr Guthrie\u2019, The Lancet, 13, 338 (1830), 695.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)93728-1"},{"key":"S0025727314000532_r61","unstructured":"Mayo, op. cit.(note 23), 240; Herbert Mayo, Outlines of Human Physiology, 2nd edn (London: Burgess and Hill, 1829), 262\u20133."},{"key":"S0025727314000532_r129","unstructured":"Desmond, op. cit.(note 27)."},{"key":"S0025727314000532_r44","unstructured":"Bell, \u2018Second Part of the Paper\u2019, op. cit. (note 18), 289\u2013307."},{"key":"S0025727314000532_r79","unstructured":"Mayo\u2019s claim to priority in the facial nerves, Outlines of Human Physiology, 4th edn (London: Henry Renshaw and John Churchill, 1837), assertion of his priority in facial nerves 173\u20134: 251\u20138, assertion of Magendie priority, 249."},{"key":"S0025727314000532_r106","unstructured":"Anon., \u2018University College Hospital\u2019, The Lancet\u00a030, 769 (1838), 283. For further activities of the committee, see Winter, op. cit.(note 104), 51."},{"key":"S0025727314000532_r120","unstructured":"Bell, op. cit.(note 45), 2\u20133."},{"key":"S0025727314000532_r90","unstructured":"By 1882 Carpenter had shifted his position, fully acknowledging Magendie\u2019s priority. His reassessment did not include Mayo. William B. Carpenter, \u2018Sir Charles Bell and Physiological Experiment\u2019, Popular Science Monthly, 21 (1882), 178\u201385."},{"key":"S0025727314000532_r97","unstructured":"Mayo, op. cit. (note 46), 838; Alexander Shaw, \u2018Mr Shaw in Reply to Mr Mayo\u2019, The London Medical Gazette, 4, 79 (1829), 12\u201314."},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727314000532_r2.1","unstructured":"102. See, for example, Christopher Lawrence, 'The nervous system and society in the Scottish enlightenment', in Barry Barnes & Steven Shapin (eds), Natural Order: Historical Studies of Scientific Culture(Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1979), 19-40"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727314000532_r2.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"103. Janet Oppenheim, Shattered Nerves: Doctors, Patients and Depression in Victorian England (London: Oxford University Press, 1991)","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195057812.001.0001"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727314000532_r2.3","unstructured":"104. George S. Rousseau, Nervous Acts: Essays on Literature, Culture and Sensibility (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004)"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727314000532_r2.4","unstructured":"105. Elizabeth Green Musselman, Nervous Conditions: Science and the Body Politic in Early Industrial Britain (Albany, NY: SUNY Press, 2006)."},{"key":"S0025727314000532_r111","unstructured":"Anon., \u2018Suggestions for a New Farce\u2019, The Lancet, 30, 785 (1838), 876\u20137."},{"key":"S0025727314000532_r14","unstructured":"Typified by J. Parry and N. Parry, The Rise of the Medical Profession(London: Croom Helm, 1977). For an overview of the concept of professionalisation and its use in the history of medicine, see John C. Burnham, How the Idea of Profession Changed the Writing of Medical History, Medical History Supplement, No. 18 (London: Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine, 1998)."},{"key":"S0025727314000532_r32","unstructured":"John Shaw, \u2018On Partial Paralysis\u2019, Medico-Chirurgical Transactions, 12, 1 (1822), 146\u20139, was the closest Bell got to discovering the separate functions of the spinal nerves. A close reading of the text reveals he failed to identify whether the posterior nerve was a nerve of sensation only."},{"key":"S0025727314000532_r64","unstructured":"Ibid., 120."},{"key":"S0025727314000532_r30","unstructured":"Charles Bell, The Idea of a New Anatomy of the Brain(Edinburgh: 1811), 5\u20136: 22\u20133. The Shaw brothers were coy about the discovery announced in the Idea \u2013 \u2018so far back as 1811, this gentleman [Bell] had composed an Essay on the Brain, in which he treated of the functions of the roots of the nerves in question\u2019, wrote Shaw, op.\u00a0cit. (note 9), 15, hinting but not saying the discovery was announced in the Idea."},{"key":"S0025727314000532_r4","unstructured":"Ibid., and \u2018Introduction\u2019 to Herbert Mayo, Anatomical and Physiological Commentaries(Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press, 1975), iv\u2013xi. Cranefield\u2019s judgement of Bell accepted by: Edwin Clarke and L.S. Jacyna, Nineteenth-Century Origins of Neuroscientific Concepts (London: University of California Press, 1987), 111, and Gillian Rice, \u2018The Bell\u2013Magendie\u2013Walker Controversy\u2019, Medical History, 31, 2 (1987), 192."},{"key":"S0025727314000532_r57","unstructured":"Ibid., 85\u20136."},{"key":"S0025727314000532_r19","first-page":"151","volume-title":"Granville Sharp Pattison: Anatomist and Antagonist, 1791\u20131851","author":"Pattison","year":"1987"},{"key":"S0025727314000532_r94","unstructured":"Mayo gave a detailed account of his ill health in, The Cold Water Cure, its Use and Misuse Examined(London: Henry Renshaw, 1845), 59\u201372."},{"key":"S0025727314000532_r122","unstructured":"Ibid., 274. There is a constant tension in Bell\u2019s work between his use of vivisection while denying its efficacy. Shaw\u2019s 1822 article, op. cit.(note 36), 344, juxtaposes Magendie\u2019s physiological with Bell\u2019s anatomical method, and yet later describes the vivisections undertaken by Bell."},{"key":"S0025727314000532_r110","unstructured":"Anon.,\u201c\u2018Further Observations on Mesmerism\u201d\u2019,\u00a0The Lancet, 30, 783 (1838), 811. Unsurprisingly, the final observations (814) were drawn from Mayo\u2019s last letter to the Gazette, op. cit.(note 108)."},{"key":"S0025727314000532_r95","unstructured":"Mayo, op. cit.(note 59), 37."},{"key":"S0025727314000532_r85","unstructured":"Home\u2019s actions were discussed by Warburton\u2019s parliamentary select committee on medical education and more widely in the medical press."},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727314000532_r15.1","unstructured":"118. Unless otherwise stated the biographical details for Bell are taken from L.S. Jacyna, 'Bell, Sir Charles(1774-1842)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004)"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727314000532_r15.2","unstructured":"119. online ed., January 2008. http:\/\/www.oxforddnb.com\/view\/article\/1999??(accessed 4 January 2012)."},{"key":"S0025727314000532_r66","unstructured":"Mayo, op. cit.(note 58), 192."},{"key":"S0025727314000532_r52","unstructured":"Ibid., 217\u201318."},{"key":"S0025727314000532_r12","volume-title":"The Therapeutic Perspective: Medical Practice, Knowledge and Identity in America, 1820\u20131885","author":"Harley Warner","year":"1986"},{"key":"S0025727314000532_r65","unstructured":"Anon., op cit.(note 35), 440."},{"key":"S0025727314000532_r77","unstructured":"Anon. [Walker], op. cit.(note 45), 85."},{"key":"S0025727314000532_r108","first-page":"849","article-title":"New Name Proposed for Mesmerism","volume":"22","author":"Mayo","year":"1838","journal-title":"The London Medical Gazette"},{"key":"S0025727314000532_r59","first-page":"37","volume-title":"The Nervous System and its Functions","author":"Mayo","year":"1842"},{"key":"S0025727314000532_r78","unstructured":"Shaw, op. cit.(note 9), 155\u201387."},{"key":"S0025727314000532_r43","unstructured":"What may be inferred from Charles Bell, \u2018On the Nerves\u2019, op. cit.(note 18) is that the portio dura was a nerve of motion, while the facial part of the fifth was a nerve of both sensation and motion. However, nowhere does he identify which branches of the fifth were motor and which sensory."},{"key":"S0025727314000532_r109","unstructured":"William Cooke, \u2018Mesmerism. Report of a Visit to University College Hospital; With Remarks on the Animal Magnetism There Exhibited\u2019, The London Medical Gazette, 22, 560 (1838), 842\u20135; Edward Wooldridge, \u2018Experiments at University College Hospital\u2019 [editor headed the pages with the pejorative headline: \u2018Fallacy of Dr Elliotston\u2019s Experiments\u2019], The London Medical Gazette, 22, 560 (1838), 845\u20139 (Wooldridge was one of Elliotson\u2019s students). Anon., \u201c\u2018Animal Magnetism\u201d; or, \u201cMesmerism.\u201d Experiments Performed on Elizabeth and Jane O\u2019Key, at the House of Mr Wakley, Bedford-Square, in August, 1838\u2019, The Lancet, 30, 783 (1838), 805\u201311."},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727314000532_r28.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"127. Anon., 'Preface, Advertisement, Address, and a Rare Whack at the Voracious Bats', The Lancet, 17, 422 (1831), 7, 11 (Bell), 16 (Mayo)","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)93266-6"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727314000532_r28.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"128. Anon., 'More Hole in Corner Doings', The Lancet, 4, 87 (1825), 232-3 (Bell).","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)94253-4"},{"key":"S0025727314000532_r13","unstructured":"Brown, op. cit.(note 11), 6."},{"key":"S0025727314000532_r92","unstructured":"Ibid., 135."},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727314000532_r55.1","unstructured":"131. While duelling among medical men was occasionally threatened but rarely practised, recourse to the civil courts was also an option. Thomas Wakley, as editor of The Lancet, had a record of involvement in both. Bransby Cooper sued the journal over a report of a botched operation and was awarded ??100 damages, see Thomas Wakley, A Report of the Trial Cooper v. Wakley for an Alleged Libel(London: The Lancet, 1829)"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727314000532_r55.2","unstructured":"132. then in 1837 Wakley challenged Cooper to a duel after Cooper had called him 'a dealer in abuse' and accused him of 'gross ignorance of pathology and practical surgery', see in particular Samuel Cooper, 'The Bayonet Wound Case', 'Second to Mr Cooper, The London Medical Gazette, 21, 524 (1837), 474-8, which detailed the accusations and the relatively amicable resolution."},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727314000532_r128.1","unstructured":"133. Anon., 'Herbert Mayo', Medical Times and Gazette, 5, 113 (1852), 226"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727314000532_r128.2","unstructured":"134. Anon., 'Medical Intelligence', Provincial Medical and Surgical Journal??16, 18 (1852), 464-5"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727314000532_r128.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"135. Anon., 'Medical News', The Lancet, 60, 1513 (1852), 207","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)60913-4"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727314000532_r128.4","unstructured":"136. Anon., 'Herbert Mayo', The London Journal of Medicine??4, 46 (1852), 875"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727314000532_r128.5","unstructured":"137. Robert Druitt quoted in Charles Herbert Mayo, A Genealogical Account of the Mayo and Elton Families(London: C. Whittingham, 1882), 109-16, which formed the basis for Herbert's entry in the Dictionary of National Biography."}],"container-title":["Medical History"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0025727314000532","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,24]],"date-time":"2020-08-24T06:07:10Z","timestamp":1598249230000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0025727314000532\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,9]]},"references-count":156,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S0025727314000532"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/mdh.2014.53","relation":{},"ISSN":["0025-7273","2048-8343"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0025-7273","type":"print"},{"value":"2048-8343","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 The Author 2014. 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