{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T18:13:22Z","timestamp":1776881602805,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":141,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,13]],"date-time":"2015-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1426204800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Med. Hist."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Between the 1930s and 1960s Puerto Rico was transformed from a marginal United States territory into an industrialised \u2018showcase of development\u2019. This article investigates the organisation of milk station programmes on the island during this crucial period and how these reflected the circulation of child welfare knowledge, nutrition expertise and public health practices. During the Depression, these perspectives fostered a recast of the eugenic regeneration ideologies motivating medical assessments of and sanitary interventions with Puerto Rico\u2019s rural poor since the nineteenth century. Innovations in nutrition knowledge and an emerging rural hygiene movement highlighted the negative health effects of the island\u2019s monocrops economy. In this context, the nourishment of children\u2019s bodies assumed symbolic and instrumental significance for the reconfiguration of colonial and developmental models promoted by the new Popular Democratic Party (PPD). The experience of public health professionals in relief work during the 1930s contributed to the articulation of food and nutrition as key elements of this party\u2019s populist discourse. Programmes like milk stations became part of strategies to rear and manage the labour force needed in the industrial development model promoted by the PPD. From the perspective of poor Puerto Ricans, however, they were part of the materialisation of its promise of social justice for the poorer classes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/mdh.2015.5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,13]],"date-time":"2015-03-13T08:51:06Z","timestamp":1426236666000},"page":"177-198","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Nurturing the Citizens of the Future: Milk Stations and Child Nutrition in Puerto Rico, 1929\u201360"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Elisa M.","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0025727315000058_r119","unstructured":"Ibid."},{"key":"S0025727315000058_r117","unstructured":"Op. cit. (note 110)."},{"key":"S0025727315000058_r95","unstructured":"Fern\u00f3s Isern, op. cit. (note 1)."},{"key":"S0025727315000058_r82","unstructured":"Children\u2019s Bureau, \u2018Conference of Children in a Democracy called by the President\u2019, The Child, 3, 8 (1939), 171."},{"key":"S0025727315000058_r87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3159192"},{"key":"S0025727315000058_r55","first-page":"174","volume-title":"History of the Social Determinants of Health: Global Histories, Contemporary Debates","author":"Anne-Emanuelle","year":"2008"},{"key":"S0025727315000058_r48","first-page":"407","article-title":"Some Aspects of the Chemistry of Nutrition in Relation to Health","volume":"5","author":"Sherman","year":"1930","journal-title":"The Porto Rico Journal of Public Health and Tropical Medicine"},{"key":"S0025727315000058_r83","first-page":"192","article-title":"The First Puerto Rican Child Congress: An achievement in Democracy","volume":"6","author":"Schottland","year":"1942","journal-title":"The Child"},{"key":"S0025727315000058_r81","first-page":"85","volume-title":"Nutrition Studies in Puerto Rico","author":"Blanco","year":"1946"},{"key":"S0025727315000058_r113","unstructured":"Smith-Howard, op. cit. (note 91), 80."},{"key":"S0025727315000058_r65","unstructured":"Ibid."},{"key":"S0025727315000058_r99","unstructured":"Memorandum from Rivera Marini to Marrero, 27 October 1946, caja 1825, folder 215.11."},{"key":"S0025727315000058_r58","unstructured":"Aguilar-Rodr\u00edguez, op. cit. (note 52), 37."},{"key":"S0025727315000058_r96","unstructured":"\u2018Las Estaciones de Leche, por Nereida Rivera Marini\u2019. Archivo Fundaci\u00f3n Luis Mu\u00f1oz Mar\u00edn, secci\u00f3n IV, serie 2, sub-secci\u00f3n 1, cartapacio 89."},{"key":"S0025727315000058_r124","unstructured":"Telegram from Goit\u00eda to Mu\u00f1oz Mar\u00edn, 3 July 1951, caja 439, folder 18-2."},{"key":"S0025727315000058_r80","unstructured":"Children\u2019s Bureau, \u2018The Liberalized Social Security Program\u2019, The Child, 4, 3 (1939), 78."},{"key":"S0025727315000058_r93","unstructured":"Certificaci\u00f3n del Proyecto de Estaciones de Leche, Programa de Emergencia de Guerra, 13 January 1947, caja 1825, folder 215.11."},{"key":"S0025727315000058_r47","unstructured":"Fern\u00f3s Isern and Rodr\u00edguez Pastor, op. cit. (note 38), 175."},{"key":"S0025727315000058_r52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1215\/01636545-2010-025"},{"key":"S0025727315000058_r121","unstructured":"S. L. to Mu\u00f1oz Mar\u00edn, 13 February and 20 March 1952, caja 1825, folder 215.11. To maintain anonymity, names of workers and parents are pseudonyms."},{"key":"S0025727315000058_r88","unstructured":"Nathaniel C\u00f3rdova, op. cit. (note 24), 177."},{"key":"S0025727315000058_r94","unstructured":"G. Tugwell to Fern\u00f3s Isern, 22 November 1944, caja 1825, folder 215.1."},{"key":"S0025727315000058_r56","unstructured":"Ibid., 180; Rima D. Apple, \u2018Reaching out to Mothers: Public Health and Child Welfare\u2019 (London: European Association for the History of Medicine and Health Publications, 2002), 13."},{"key":"S0025727315000058_r85","first-page":"252","volume-title":"Memoria del Primer Congreso del Ni\u00f1o de Puerto Rico","author":"Marchante","year":"1943"},{"key":"S0025727315000058_r90","volume-title":"History of the Puerto Rico Nutrition Committee","author":"de Vel\u00e1zquez","year":"1965"},{"key":"S0025727315000058_r64","unstructured":"Theodore Roosevelt Jr,\u2018Puerto Rico\u2019s Hungry Children\u2019, Ibid."},{"key":"S0025727315000058_r74","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez Pastor to Payne, op. cit. (note 72)."},{"key":"S0025727315000058_r25","unstructured":"Trujillo-Pag\u00e1n, Modern Colonization, op. cit. (note 11), 9\u201310."},{"key":"S0025727315000058_r67","unstructured":"Payne to Howard, 18 February 1930. RAC, RF, RG 1.1 series 243, box 1, folder 18."},{"key":"S0025727315000058_r118","unstructured":"Memo from Rivera Marini to Mu\u00f1oz Mar\u00edn, 28 January 1948, caja 439, folder 18-2."},{"key":"S0025727315000058_r27","unstructured":"Trigo, op. cit. (note 11), 87."},{"key":"S0025727315000058_r39","unstructured":"Ibid., 172."},{"key":"S0025727315000058_r4","first-page":"24","article-title":"Buena Vida no es Vida Buena: Disquisiciones Mu\u00f1ocistas sobre Nutrici\u00f3n y Consumo","volume":"18","author":"Ortiz Cuadra","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ex\u00e9gesis"},{"key":"S0025727315000058_r71","unstructured":"Solsiree Del Moral, op. cit. (note 19)."},{"key":"S0025727315000058_r36","first-page":"405","article-title":"Health and Socioeconomic Studies in Puerto Rico, I: Health and Socioeconomic Conditions on a Sugar Cane Plantation","volume":"12","author":"Otero","year":"1937","journal-title":"The Puerto Rico Journal of Public Health and Topical Medicine"},{"key":"S0025727315000058_r61","unstructured":"Ibid., 251."},{"key":"S0025727315000058_r24","first-page":"170","article-title":"In His Image and Likeness: The Puerto Rican J\u00edbaro as Political Icon","volume":"12","author":"C\u00f3rdova","year":"2005","journal-title":"CENTRO: Journal of the Center for Puerto Rican Studies"},{"key":"S0025727315000058_r89","volume-title":"Puerto Rico en la Segunda Guerra Mundial: Baluarte del Caribe","author":"Ortiz Cuadra","year":"2012"},{"key":"S0025727315000058_r44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/shm\/hkm114"},{"key":"S0025727315000058_r33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/036319909802300304"},{"key":"S0025727315000058_r102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zapata to Pi\u00f1ero, 12 June 1947, caja 439, folder 18-2.","DOI":"10.1080\/00221546.1947.11779319"},{"key":"S0025727315000058_r123","unstructured":"Acevedo Quintana to J.G., 5 June 1953, caja 1825, folder 215.11."},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727315000058_r11.1","unstructured":"29. Hanover, NH: University Press of New England, 2000), 69-89"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727315000058_r11.2","unstructured":"30. Ivette Rodr\u00edguez-Santana, 'Conquests of Death: Disease, Health and Hygiene in the Formation of a Social Body (Puerto Rico, 1880-1929)' (unpublished PhD thesis: Yale University, 2005)"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727315000058_r11.3","unstructured":"31. Jos\u00e9 Amador, 'Redeeming the Tropics: Public Health and National Identity in Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Brazil' (unpublished PhD thesis: University of Michigan, 2008)"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727315000058_r11.4","unstructured":"32. Nicole Trujillo-Pag\u00e1n, 'Health beyond Prescription: A Post-Colonial History of Puerto Rican Medicine at the turn of the Twentieth Century' (unpublished PhD thesis: University of Michigan, 2003)"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727315000058_r11.5","unstructured":"33. 'The Politics of Professionalization: Puerto Rican Physicians during the transition from Spanish to US Colonialism', in Juanita de Barros, Steven Palmer and David Wright (eds), Health and Medicine in the Circum-Caribbean, 1800-1968 (New York: Routledge, 2009), 142-64"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727315000058_r11.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"34. 'Worms as a Hook for Colonising Puerto Rico', Social History of Medicine, 26, 4 (2013), 611-32 and Modern Colonization by Medical Intervention: US Medicine in Puerto Rico (Boston, MA: Brill, 2013).","DOI":"10.1093\/shm\/hkt001"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727315000058_r11.7","unstructured":"35. Benigno Trigo, 'Anemia, Witches, and Vampires: Figures to Govern the Colony', in Benigno Trigo (ed.), Subjects of Crisis: Race and Gender as Disease in Latin America (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press; Hanover, NH: University Press of New England, 2000), 69-89; Ivette Rodr\u00edguez-Santana, 'Conquests of Death: Disease, Health and Hygiene in the Formation of a Social Body (Puerto Rico, 1880-1929)' (unpublished PhD thesis: Yale University, 2005); Jos\u00e9 Amador, 'Redeeming the Tropics: Public Health and National Identity in Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Brazil' (unpublished PhD thesis: University of Michigan, 2008); Nicole Trujillo-Pag\u00e1n, 'Health beyond Prescription: A Post-Colonial History of Puerto Rican Medicine at the turn of the Twentieth Century' (unpublished PhD thesis: University of Michigan, 2003); 'The Politics of Professionalization: Puerto Rican Physicians during the transition from Spanish to US Colonialism', in Juanita de Barros, Steven Palmer and David Wright"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727315000058_r11.8","unstructured":"36. (eds), Health and Medicine in the Circum-Caribbean, 1800-1968 (New York: Routledge, 2009), 142-64; 'Worms as a Hook for Colonising Puerto Rico', Social History of Medicine, 26, 4 (2013), 611-32 and Modern Colonization by Medical Intervention: US Medicine in Puerto Rico (Boston, MA: Brill, 2013)."},{"key":"S0025727315000058_r51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Editorial Section, \u2018The Health of Porto Rican Children\u2019, American Journal of Public Health, 21, 12 (1931), 1362\u20134.","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.21.12.1362"},{"key":"S0025727315000058_r22","volume-title":"Puerto Rico: The Trials of the Oldest Colony in the World","author":"Monge","year":"1997"},{"key":"S0025727315000058_r106","unstructured":"Nutrition Committee of Puerto Rico to Head, Bureau of the Budget, 12 May 1947, caja 439, folder 18-2; \u2018Convincing Experiments Show that the Milk Stations Program Improves the Nutritional Status of the Puerto Rican Child\u2019, caja 439, folder 18-2."},{"key":"S0025727315000058_r53","volume-title":"Nature\u2019s Perfect Food: How Milk became America\u2019s Drink","author":"DuPuis","year":"2002"},{"key":"S0025727315000058_r18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.4159\/9780674058828","volume-title":"The Hungry World: America\u2019s Cold War Battle against Poverty in Asia","author":"Cullather","year":"2010"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727315000058_r112.1","unstructured":"39. Enrique Ochoa, Feeding Mexico: The Political Uses of Food Since 1910 (Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources, 2000), 117"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727315000058_r112.2","unstructured":"40. James Gillespie, 'International Organizations and the Problem of Child Health, 1945-1960', Dynamis, 23 (2003), 115-42, 135."},{"key":"S0025727315000058_r104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pons to Pi\u00f1ero, 3 November 1947, caja 439, folder 18-2.","DOI":"10.1080\/00221546.1947.11779319"},{"key":"S0025727315000058_r79","first-page":"112","volume-title":"Nuestros Problemas","author":"Otero","year":"1958"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727315000058_r42.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"42. James Vernon, 'The Ethics of Hunger and the Assembly of Society: The Techno-politics of the School Meal in Modern Britain', The American Historical Review, 110, 3 (2005), 693-72","DOI":"10.1086\/ahr.110.3.693"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727315000058_r42.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"43. Nick Cullather, 'The Foreign Policy of the Calorie', The American Historical Review, 112, 2 (2007), 337-64.","DOI":"10.1086\/ahr.112.2.337"},{"key":"S0025727315000058_r91","first-page":"77","volume-title":"Pure and Modern Milk: An Environmental History since 1900","author":"Smith-Howard","year":"2013"},{"key":"S0025727315000058_r30","unstructured":"Solsiree Del Moral, op. cit. (note 19), 19."},{"key":"S0025727315000058_r105","unstructured":"Memorandum from Rivera Marini to Marrero, 27 October 1946, caja 1825, folder 215.11."},{"key":"S0025727315000058_r69","unstructured":"Crumbine et\u00a0al., op. cit. (note 66), 49\u201351."},{"key":"S0025727315000058_r68","unstructured":"Ibid."},{"key":"S0025727315000058_r76","unstructured":"Crumbine et\u00a0al., op. cit. (note 66), 51\u20132."},{"key":"S0025727315000058_r114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0147547902000054"},{"key":"S0025727315000058_r37","unstructured":"Tentative Report of the Committee of the American Child Health Association, Rockefeller Archive Center (RAC), Rockefeller Foundation (RF), Record Group (RG) 1.1, series 243, box 1, folder 18, 4\u20135."},{"key":"S0025727315000058_r97","unstructured":"Memorandum from P\u00e9rez to Pi\u00f1ero, 30 October 1946, caja 1825, folder 215.1."},{"key":"S0025727315000058_r16","unstructured":"Op. cit. (note 11); Fernando Feli\u00fa, \u2018Rendering the Invisible Visible and the Visible Invisible: The Colonizing Function of Bailey K. Ashford\u2019s Antianemia Campaigns\u2019, in Benigno Trigo (ed.), Foucault and Latin America: Appropriations and Deployments of Discursive Analysis (New York: Routledge, 2002), 153\u201368."},{"key":"S0025727315000058_r92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000271624322500149"},{"key":"S0025727315000058_r8","first-page":"5","volume-title":"Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico: Antecedentes, Creaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo hasta la \u00c9poca Presente","author":"Isern","year":"1974"},{"key":"S0025727315000058_r38","first-page":"151","article-title":"A Survey of Infant Mortality in Porto Rico","volume":"6","author":"Isern","year":"1930","journal-title":"The Porto Rico Journal of Public Health and Tropical Medicine"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727315000058_r5.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"52. Emilio Pantojas-Garci\u00eca, Development Strategies as Ideology: Puerto Rico's Export-Led Industrialization Experience (Boulder, CO: Rienner, 1990)","DOI":"10.1515\/9781685858926"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727315000058_r5.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"53. Ricardo Duchesne, 'The Industrialization of Puerto Rico, 1948-1980: Between Classical and Dependency Theory', Journal of Developing Societies, 16, 2 (2000), 223-44.","DOI":"10.1163\/156852200512067"},{"key":"S0025727315000058_r59","first-page":"123","volume-title":"Nutrition in Britain: Science, Scientists and Politics in the Twentieth Century","author":"McKee","year":"1997"},{"key":"S0025727315000058_r41","unstructured":"Annette Ram\u00edrez de Arellano, \u2018The Politics of Medical Education in Puerto Rico\u2019 (unpublished PhD thesis: Columbia University, 1985)."},{"key":"S0025727315000058_r75","first-page":"235","article-title":"Puerto Rico and Child Health","volume":"4","author":"Van Horn","year":"1940","journal-title":"The Child"},{"key":"S0025727315000058_r122","unstructured":"J. G. to Mu\u00f1oz Mar\u00edn, 20 March 1953, caja 1825, folder 215.11."},{"key":"S0025727315000058_r9","first-page":"100","volume-title":"Reproducing Empire: Race, Sex, Science and US Imperialism in Puerto Rico","author":"Briggs","year":"2002"},{"key":"S0025727315000058_r115","unstructured":"C\u00f3rdova, op. cit. (note 17), 11."},{"key":"S0025727315000058_r19","first-page":"7","volume-title":"Negotiating Empire: The Cultural Politics of Schools in Puerto Rico, 1898\u20131952","author":"Del Moral","year":"2013"},{"key":"S0025727315000058_r17","unstructured":"Laura Briggs, op. cit. (note 9); Annette Ram\u00edrez de Arellano and Conrad Seipp, Colonialism, Catholicism, and Contraception: A History of Birth Control in Puerto Rico (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1983); Isabel M. C\u00f3rdova, \u2018Transitioning: The History of Childbirth in Puerto Rico, 1948\u20131990s\u2019 (unpublished PhD thesis: University of Michigan, 2008)."},{"key":"S0025727315000058_r1","unstructured":"Fern\u00f3s Isern to Paniagua, \u2018Declaraci\u00f3n\u2019, 24 November 1944. Archivo General de Puerto Rico, fondo Oficina del Gobernador, tarea 96-20, caja 1825, folder 215.1 Fondo and tarea are the same subsequently."},{"key":"S0025727315000058_r111","unstructured":"Ibid."},{"key":"S0025727315000058_r78","first-page":"604","volume-title":"Memoria del Primer Congreso del Ni\u00f1o de Puerto Rico","author":"de Ram\u00edrez","year":"1943"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727315000058_r15.1","unstructured":"60. John C. Super and Thomas C. Wright, Food, Politics, and Society in Latin America (Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 1985)"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727315000058_r15.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"61. Natalia Milanesio, 'Food Politics and Consumption in Peronist Argentina', Hispanic American Historical Review, 90, 1 (2010), 75-108.","DOI":"10.1215\/00182168-2009-091"},{"key":"S0025727315000058_r23","unstructured":"Laura Briggs, op. cit. (note 9), 112."},{"key":"S0025727315000058_r98","unstructured":"Rivera Marini to Pi\u00f1ero, 23 October 1946, caja 439, folder 18-2."},{"key":"S0025727315000058_r3","volume-title":"Antonio Fern\u00f3s Isern Soberanista, Luis Mu\u00f1oz Mar\u00edn Autonomista","author":"Ocasio","year":"2009"},{"key":"S0025727315000058_r40","unstructured":"Ibid., 177."},{"key":"S0025727315000058_r46","volume-title":"Save the Babies: American Public Health Reform and the Prevention of Infant Mortality, 1850\u20131929","author":"Meckel","year":"1990"},{"key":"S0025727315000058_r20","unstructured":"Puerto Rico Reconstruction Administration, \u2018Censo de Puerto Rico 1935: Poblaci\u00f3n y Agricultura\u2019, (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1938)."},{"key":"S0025727315000058_r12","first-page":"6","volume-title":"Eugenic Nation: Faults and Frontiers of Better Breeding in Modern America","author":"Stern","year":"2005"},{"key":"S0025727315000058_r35","first-page":"421","article-title":"Factors Contributing to a High Death Rate in Puerto Rico","volume":"8","author":"P\u00e9rez","year":"1933","journal-title":"The Puerto Rico Journal of Public Health and Tropical Medicine"},{"key":"S0025727315000058_r21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5149\/9780807895535_ayala"},{"key":"S0025727315000058_r84","first-page":"59","volume-title":"Memoria del Primer Congreso del Ni\u00f1o de Puerto Rico","author":"Isern","year":"1943"},{"key":"S0025727315000058_r32","first-page":"8","article-title":"Sanitation and Health Activities are Fostered in Porto Rico under Direction of Commissioner","volume":"5","author":"Ortiz","year":"1929","journal-title":"Porto Rico Review of Public Health and Tropical Medicine"},{"key":"S0025727315000058_r10","first-page":"3\u20137","article-title":"Urban Growth and Public Health in Porto Rico","volume":"1","author":"Isern","year":"1925","journal-title":"Porto Rico Health Review"},{"key":"S0025727315000058_r13","first-page":"6","article-title":"The White and the Tropics","volume":"2","author":"Isern","year":"1926","journal-title":"Porto Rico Health Review"},{"key":"S0025727315000058_r14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/9780230627369_2"},{"key":"S0025727315000058_r26","first-page":"88","volume-title":"Imposing Decency: The Politics of Sexuality and Race in Puerto Rico, 1870\u20131920","author":"Findlay","year":"1999"},{"key":"S0025727315000058_r103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Torres to Pi\u00f1ero, 13 June 1947, caja 439, folder 18-2.","DOI":"10.2307\/1052321"},{"key":"S0025727315000058_r7","first-page":"81","volume-title":"Thirty Years of Change in Puerto Rico: A Case Study of Ten Selected Rural Areas","author":"Bourne","year":"1966"},{"key":"S0025727315000058_r50","unstructured":"Cook, op. cit. (note 43)."},{"key":"S0025727315000058_r109","unstructured":"Lacot and Marchand to Pi\u00f1ero, 3 July 1947, caja 1823, folder 215."},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727315000058_r6.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"69. Gordon Lewis, 'Puerto Rico: A Case-study of Change in an Underdeveloped Area', The Journal of Politics, 17, 4 (1955), 614-50","DOI":"10.2307\/2126617"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727315000058_r6.2","unstructured":"70. David Ross, The Long Uphill Path: A Historical study of Puerto Rico's Economic Development (San Juan, Puerto Rico: Editorial Edil, 1969). In 1967, the World Bank classified Puerto Rico as a \"'developed nation\", the first Latin American state to be officially given that designation': Duchesne, op. cit. (note 5), 223."},{"key":"S0025727315000058_r60","first-page":"247","article-title":"An Experiment in Supplementing the Diet of School Children","volume":"4","author":"Payne","year":"1930","journal-title":"Porto Rico Review of Public Health and Tropical Medicine"},{"key":"S0025727315000058_r2","volume-title":"A New Deal for the Tropics: Puerto Rico during the Depression Era, 1932\u20131935","author":"Rodr\u00edguez","year":"2011"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727315000058_r43.1","unstructured":"71. Donald Cook, 'Some Aspects of the Food Problem in Puerto Rico', Porto Rico Review of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, 3, 2 (1927-1928), 59-67"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727315000058_r43.2","unstructured":"72. Donald Cook et\u00a0al., 'Preliminary Study of a Common Puerto Rican Diet', Puerto Rico Review of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, 4 (1928), 253-5"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727315000058_r43.3","unstructured":"73. Donald Cook and Trinita Rivera, 'Rice and Beans as an Adequate Diet', The Porto Rico Journal of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, 5, 1 (1929-30), 16-20"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727315000058_r43.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"74. Joseph Axtmayer, 'A Study of Vitamin B Complex of Red Kidney Beans and Polished Rice', Journal of Nutrition, 2, 4 (1930), 353-7.","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/2.4.353"},{"key":"S0025727315000058_r31","unstructured":"Laura Briggs, op. cit. (note 9), 101."},{"key":"S0025727315000058_r28","unstructured":"Trujillo-Pag\u00e1n, Modern Colonization, op. cit. (note 11), 31."},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727315000058_r29.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"77. Nancy Stepan, The Hour of Eugenics: Race, Gender, and Nation in Latin America (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1991), 17","DOI":"10.7591\/9781501702266"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727315000058_r29.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"78. Alexandra Minna Stern, \"'The Hour of Eugenics\" in Veracruz, Mexico: Radical Politics, Public Health, and Latin America's only Sterilization Law', Hispanic American Historical Review 91, 3 (2011), 431-43.","DOI":"10.1215\/00182168-1300191"},{"key":"S0025727315000058_r70","unstructured":"Apple, op. cit. (note 56)."},{"key":"S0025727315000058_r108","unstructured":"\u2018Convincing Experiments Show that the Milk Stations Program Improves the Nutritional Status of the Puerto Rican Child\u2019 op. cit. (note 106)."},{"key":"S0025727315000058_r49","first-page":"98","article-title":"Nuestros m\u00e1s Importantes Problemas Sanitarios","volume":"26","author":"Otero","year":"1934","journal-title":"Bolet\u00edn de la Asociaci\u00f3n M\u00e9dica de Puerto Rico"},{"key":"S0025727315000058_r120","unstructured":"Solsiree Del Moral, op. cit. (note 19), 150."},{"key":"S0025727315000058_r101","unstructured":"De Jes\u00fas Soto to Pi\u00f1ero, 26 May 1947, caja 439, folder 18-2."},{"key":"S0025727315000058_r54","unstructured":"Meckel, op. cit. (note 46)."},{"key":"S0025727315000058_r66","first-page":"10","volume-title":"Porto Rico: An Inquiry into the Health, Nutritional, and Social Conditions in Porto Rico as they May Affect Children","author":"Crumbine","year":"1931"},{"key":"S0025727315000058_r57","unstructured":"A. R. Ruis, op. cit. (note 45), 384."},{"key":"S0025727315000058_r116","unstructured":"Pantojas-Garc\u00eda, op. cit. (note 5), 5."},{"key":"S0025727315000058_r73","unstructured":"Crumbine et\u00a0al., op. cit. (note 66), 51."},{"key":"S0025727315000058_r45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/bhm.2013.0044"},{"key":"S0025727315000058_r77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anne Effland , \u2018International programs of the USDA: Cross-purposes or a delicate balance?\u2019, in Sarah T. Phillips et\u00a0al. (eds), Reflections on One Hundred and Fifty Years of the United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural History, vol. 87, 3 (2013), 314\u201367:355.","DOI":"10.3098\/ah.2013.87.3.314"},{"key":"S0025727315000058_r62","unstructured":"Aguilar-Rodr\u00edguez, op. cit. (note 52), 43."},{"key":"S0025727315000058_r63","unstructured":"Theodore Roosevelt Jr, \u2018Needy Porto Rico\u2019, The New York Times; 11 December 1929, 28, and \u2018Puerto Rico\u2019s Hungry Children\u2019, The Literary Digest, 103 (1929), 11."},{"key":"S0025727315000058_r72","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez Pastor to Payne, 24 August 1930, RAC, RF. 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