{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,15]],"date-time":"2024-06-15T00:40:04Z","timestamp":1718412004818},"reference-count":147,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,14]],"date-time":"2016-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1457913600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Med. Hist."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The ecological fecundity of the northern shore of Lake Victoria was vital to Buganda\u2019s dominance of the interlacustrine region during the pre-colonial period. Despite this, protein-energy malnutrition was notoriously common throughout the twentieth century. This paper charts changes in nutritional illness in a relatively wealthy, food-secure area of Africa during a time of vast social, economic and medical change. In Buganda at least, it appears that both the causation and epidemiology of malnutrition moved away from the endemic societal causes described by early colonial doctors and became instead more defined by individual position within a rapidly modernising economy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/mdh.2016.5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,14]],"date-time":"2016-03-14T12:31:21Z","timestamp":1457958681000},"page":"229-249","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Malnutrition in a Modernising Economy: The\u00a0Changing Aetiology and Epidemiology of Malnutrition in an African Kingdom, Buganda\u00a0c.1940\u201373"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"John","family":"Nott","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0025727316000053_r125","unstructured":"\u2018Infantile Malnutrition Research Unit: Progress Report, January 1962\u2019, PRO\/FD\/12\/273."},{"key":"S0025727316000053_r120","unstructured":"Bennett and Stanfield, op. cit. (note\u00a033), 4."},{"key":"S0025727316000053_r118","first-page":"28","article-title":"Up-Country Paediatrics: Mbale, Uganda","volume":"7","author":"Tamusange","year":"1964","journal-title":"The Makerere Medical Journal"},{"key":"S0025727316000053_r116","unstructured":"Iliffe, African Poor, op. cit. (note\u00a018), 183; Southall and Gutkind, op. cit. (note\u00a0114), 77."},{"key":"S0025727316000053_r109","volume-title":"Crime in Developing Countries: A Comparative Perspective","author":"Clinard","year":"1973"},{"key":"S0025727316000053_r108","first-page":"39","volume-title":"Reluctant Farmers? A Study of Unemployment and Planned Rural Development in Uganda","author":"Hutton","year":"1973"},{"key":"S0025727316000053_r102","unstructured":"Iliffe, African Poor, op. cit. (note\u00a018), 164\u201392."},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727316000053_r101.1","unstructured":"5. East Africa High Commission, The Pattern of Income, Expenditure and Consumption of African Unskilled Labourers in Kampala, September 1952 (Nairobi: East African Statistical Department, 1953)"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727316000053_r101.2","unstructured":"6. Uganda Government, The Patterns of Income, Expenditure and Consumption of African Unskilled Workers in Kampala, February 1964 (Kampala: Ministry of Planning and Community Development, Statistics Branch, 1966)."},{"key":"S0025727316000053_r100","unstructured":"Uganda, Censuses, op. cit. (notes\u00a038 & 66)."},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727316000053_r99.1","unstructured":"8. A. Mafeje, ISS Occasional Paper 32: Agrarian Revolution and the Land Question in Buganda (The Hague: ISS, 1973), 15-16"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727316000053_r99.2","unstructured":"9. Apolo Milton Obote, The Common Man's Charter (Entebbe: Government Printer, 1970), Article??28, Article??35."},{"key":"S0025727316000053_r96","unstructured":"Van Zwanenberg and King, op. cit. (note\u00a084), 131, 222."},{"key":"S0025727316000053_r95","first-page":"35","volume-title":"Politics and Class Formation in Uganda","author":"Mamdani","year":"1976"},{"key":"S0025727316000053_r93","unstructured":"Uganda Government, Rural Food Consumption Survey, 1968, op. cit. (note\u00a091), 11."},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727316000053_r90.1","unstructured":"12. Uganda Government, Veterinary Department Annual Report, 1948 (Entebbe: Government Printer)"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727316000053_r90.2","unstructured":"13. Uganda Government, Annual Report of the Department of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Industry, 1959 (Entebbe: Government Printer)."},{"key":"S0025727316000053_r89","unstructured":"Oloya and Poleman, \u2018Urban food consumption patterns in Uganda\u2019, in V.F.\u00a0Amann et al., op. cit. (note 33), 95\u2013108."},{"key":"S0025727316000053_r88","unstructured":"Malcolm Hall and D.G.R. Belshaw, Agricultural systems and nutrition problems in Uganda, in Amann et al., op. cit. (note 33),176."},{"key":"S0025727316000053_r87","unstructured":"Uganda, Agriculture Reports, op. cit. (note\u00a083)."},{"key":"S0025727316000053_r74","first-page":"190","volume-title":"Subsistence to Commercial Farming in Present-Day Buganda","author":"Mafeje","year":"1973"},{"key":"S0025727316000053_r65","unstructured":"Uganda Government, The Patterns of Income, Expenditure and Consumption of African Unskilled Workers in Kampala, February 1964 (Kampala: Ministry of Planning and Community Development, Statistics Branch, 1966)."},{"key":"S0025727316000053_r64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1525\/9780520314382","volume-title":"Neighbours and Nationals in an African City Ward","author":"Parkin","year":"1969"},{"key":"S0025727316000053_r63","unstructured":"Musoke, op. cit. (note 35), 305."},{"key":"S0025727316000053_r62","unstructured":"Ibid., 275."},{"key":"S0025727316000053_r59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/15.3.99"},{"key":"S0025727316000053_r58","unstructured":"Bennett et al., op. cit. (note\u00a032), 74."},{"key":"S0025727316000053_r71","first-page":"53","volume-title":"The King\u2019s Men: Leadership and Status in Buganda on the Eve of Independence","author":"Wrigley","year":"1964"},{"key":"S0025727316000053_r70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(71)92045-9"},{"key":"S0025727316000053_r55","first-page":"289","article-title":"Paediatric Post-Mortem Survey in Uganda","volume":"17","author":"Brown","year":"1965","journal-title":"Tropical and Geographical Medicine"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727316000053_r54.1","unstructured":"21. Jennifer Tappan, '??\"A Healthy Child Comes from a Healthy Mother\": Mwanamugimu and Nutritional Science in Uganda, 1935-73' (unpublished PhD thesis: Columbia University, 2010), 133, 227, 237, 252-64"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727316000053_r54.2","unstructured":"22. D.B.??Jelliffe, 'Custom and Child Health in Buganda: Introduction' Tropical and Geographical Medicine, 15 (1963), 121-3."},{"key":"S0025727316000053_r49","first-page":"15","volume-title":"Women and Politics in Uganda","author":"Mari Tripp","year":"2000"},{"key":"S0025727316000053_r47","unstructured":"Uganda Government, Annual Report of the Education Department, 1937\u201361 (Entebbe: Government Printer)."},{"key":"S0025727316000053_r45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-2281(82)90012-1"},{"key":"S0025727316000053_r43","unstructured":"Uganda Government, Medical Services Statistical Records, 1967\u20138 (Entebbe: Government Printer, 1968)."},{"key":"S0025727316000053_r42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1973108"},{"key":"S0025727316000053_r40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.315.7111.786"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727316000053_r39.1","unstructured":"25. 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(note\u00a01), 343."},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727316000053_r34.1","unstructured":"31. C.D. Williams, Milk and Murder: Transcript of a Speech Delivered to the Singapore Rotary Club, 1939 (Penang: International Organisation of Consumers Unions, 1986), 5"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727316000053_r34.2","unstructured":"32. D.B.??Jelliffe, 'Commerciogenic Malnutrition?', Nutrition Reviews, 30 (1972), 199-205."},{"key":"S0025727316000053_r33","first-page":"4","volume-title":"Nutrition and Food in an African Economy","author":"Bennett","year":"1972"},{"key":"S0025727316000053_r32","first-page":"79","volume-title":"Les Conditions de vie de l\u2019enfant en milieu rural en Afrique: Colloque organis\u00e9 \u00e0 Dakar","author":"Bennett","year":"1968"},{"key":"S0025727316000053_r31","first-page":"185","article-title":"Cultural and Anthropological Factors in Infant and Maternal Nutrition","volume":"20","author":"Jelliffe","year":"1961","journal-title":"Federation Proceedings"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727316000053_r105.1","unstructured":"33. Uganda Government, Labour Department Annual Report, 1957 (Entebbe: Government Printer, 1958), 11"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727316000053_r105.2","unstructured":"34. Uganda Government, Labour Department Annual Report, 1957 (Entebbe: Government Printer, 1961), 6."},{"key":"S0025727316000053_r30","first-page":"126","article-title":"Custom and Child Health in Buganda: Methods of Child Rearing","volume":"15","author":"Welbourn","year":"1963","journal-title":"Tropical and Geographical Medicine"},{"key":"S0025727316000053_r29","unstructured":"Rijpma, \u2018Malnutrition\u2019, op. cit. (note\u00a01), 60."},{"key":"S0025727316000053_r28","first-page":"294","article-title":"Notes on Differences Between Baganda and Luo Children in Kampala","volume":"32","author":"Welbourn","year":"1955","journal-title":"The East African Medical Journal"},{"key":"S0025727316000053_r25","volume-title":"Occasional Paper No.\u00a058: Patterns of Food Crop Production and Nutrition in Uganda","author":"Langlands","year":"1974"},{"key":"S0025727316000053_r22","unstructured":"Nutrition Sub-Committee, op. cit. (note\u00a012)."},{"key":"S0025727316000053_r21","unstructured":"Iliffe, African Poor, op. cit. (note\u00a018), 4."},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727316000053_r77.1","unstructured":"38. For land tenure in Buganda see Henry Woolliscroft West, Land Policy in Buganda (London: Cambridge University Press, 1972)"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727316000053_r77.2","unstructured":"39. A.B.??Mukwaya, Land Tenure in Buganda: Present Day Tendencies (Nairobi: East African Institute of Social Research, 1953)"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727316000053_r77.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"40. L.P.??Mair, 'Baganda Land Tenure', Africa: Journal of the International African Institute, 6 (1933).","DOI":"10.2307\/1155183"},{"key":"S0025727316000053_r19","first-page":"316","volume-title":"Luganda Proverbs","author":"Walser","year":"1982"},{"key":"S0025727316000053_r51","unstructured":"L. Musoke, op. cit. (note\u00a035) 305\u201315; B.\u00a0Marasha, Causation and Prevention of Stillbirths and Post-Natal Deaths at Mulago Hospital, 1970\u20131 (unpublished PhD thesis: Makerere University, 1973), 47."},{"key":"S0025727316000053_r16","unstructured":"Trowell and Muwazi, op. cit. (note\u00a011), 230."},{"key":"S0025727316000053_r75","unstructured":"Richards, \u2018Methods of settlement\u2019, op. cit. (note\u00a072), 139\u201340."},{"key":"S0025727316000053_r15","unstructured":"A note on terminology: Buganda refers to the land, Baganda to the historically indigenous people, Muganda to an individual, Luganda to the language, and Kiganda to the culture."},{"key":"S0025727316000053_r10","first-page":"381","volume-title":"Through the Dark Continent","author":"Stanley","year":"1899"},{"key":"S0025727316000053_r3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.7765\/9781526123664.00013","volume-title":"Imperial Medicine and Indigenous Societies","author":"Worboys","year":"1988"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727316000053_r2.1","unstructured":"45. John Iliffe, Famine in Zimbabwe, 1890-1960 (Gweru: Mambo Press, 1990), 11"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727316000053_r2.2","unstructured":"46. Michael Watts, Silent Violence: Food, Famine and Peasantry in Northern Nigeria (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1982), 272."},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727316000053_r1.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"47. S. Rijpma, 'Malnutrition in the History of Tropical Africa', Probl??mes Africains Contemporains, 42 (1996), 45-63","DOI":"10.4000\/civilisations.1565"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727316000053_r1.2","unstructured":"48. Jan Kuhanen, Poverty, Health and Reproduction in Early Colonial Uganda (Joensuu: University of Joensuu, Faculty of Humanities, 2005)"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727316000053_r1.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"49. Shane Doyle, 'Population Decline and Delayed Recovery in Bunyoro, 1860-1960', Journal of African History, 41 (2000), 430-53","DOI":"10.1017\/S0021853700007751"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727316000053_r1.4","unstructured":"50. M.??Howard and A.V.??Millard, Hunger and Shame: Poverty and Child Malnutrition on Mount Kilimanjaro (London: Routledge, 1997)."},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727316000053_r41.1","unstructured":"51. R.S.F. Hennessey, Personal Reminiscences, RH\/ODRP\/Afr.S.1872 Box??XVIII (1985)"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727316000053_r41.2","unstructured":"52. Uganda Government, Annual Report of the Ministry of Health, 1948 (Entebbe: Government Printer, 1949)"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727316000053_r41.3","unstructured":"53. Uganda Government, Medical Services Statistical Records 1969-70 (Entebbe: Government Printer, 1970)."},{"key":"S0025727316000053_r7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511549885"},{"key":"S0025727316000053_r110","unstructured":"Hutton, op. cit. (note\u00a0108), 56."},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727316000053_r91.1","unstructured":"55. Uganda Government, Report of the Committee on Marketing of Livestock, Meats, Fish and Their Produce in Uganda 1969 (Entebbe: Government Printer, 1970)"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727316000053_r91.2","unstructured":"56. Uganda Government, Rural Food Consumption Survey 1968, Ankole, Busoga, Masaka and West Nile (Entebbe: Statistics Division, Ministry of Planning and Economic Development, 1970)."},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727316000053_r44.1","unstructured":"57. Uganda Government, Annual Report of the Ministry of Health, 1959 (Entebbe: Government Printer, 1960)"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727316000053_r44.2","unstructured":"58. Uganda Government, Medical Services Statistical Records, 1969-70 (Entebbe: Government Printer, 1970)."},{"key":"S0025727316000053_r117","first-page":"147","article-title":"Abortion in Mulago Hospital, Kampala","volume":"54","author":"Lwanga","year":"1977","journal-title":"East African Medical Journal"},{"key":"S0025727316000053_r98","unstructured":"Wrigley, Crops and Wealth, op. cit. (note\u00a024), 70."},{"key":"S0025727316000053_r67","unstructured":"Uganda, Census, 1959, op. cit. (note\u00a038)."},{"key":"S0025727316000053_r48","unstructured":"Hoorweg and McDowell, op. cit. (note\u00a046), 30\u20131."},{"key":"S0025727316000053_r107","first-page":"220","volume-title":"Social Change in Modern Africa","author":"Southall","year":"1961"},{"key":"S0025727316000053_r36","first-page":"161","volume-title":"Economic Development and Tribal Change","author":"Richards","year":"1973"},{"key":"S0025727316000053_r122","unstructured":"Mafeje and Richards, op. cit. (note\u00a074), 190."},{"key":"S0025727316000053_r94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/eth.1976.4.2.02a00020"},{"key":"S0025727316000053_r121","unstructured":"Wrigley, Crops and Wealth, op. cit. (note\u00a024), 79."},{"key":"S0025727316000053_r114","unstructured":"A.W. Southall and P.C.W. Gutkind, Townsmen in the Making: Kampala and its Suburbs (Kampala: East African Institute of Social Research, 1957), 51\u201363, 136\u201340; Elizabeth Mandeville, \u2018Poverty, Work and the Financing of Single Women in Kampala\u2019, Africa, 49 (1977), 47\u20139; Iliffe, African Poor, op. cit. (note\u00a018), 238."},{"key":"S0025727316000053_r27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN19730100"},{"key":"S0025727316000053_r84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-349-02442-1"},{"key":"S0025727316000053_r35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.36.187.305"},{"key":"S0025727316000053_r53","unstructured":"Marasha, op. cit. (note\u00a051), 47; D.B.\u00a0Jelliffe, \u2018Pediatrics in Uganda\u2019, Clinical Pediatrics, 5 (1965), 56; F.J.\u00a0Bennett and F.\u00a0Alozie, \u2018The growth of young children in Buganda\u2019, in Bonnal and Paul-Pont, op. cit. (note 32), 91\u20134."},{"key":"S0025727316000053_r61","unstructured":"Tappan, op. cit. (note\u00a054), 53."},{"key":"S0025727316000053_r92","unstructured":"Uganda Government, Report of Annual Agricultural Statistics July 1967\u2013December 1968 (Entebbe: Government Printer, 1969)."},{"key":"S0025727316000053_r80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00672708909511398"},{"key":"S0025727316000053_r124","unstructured":"Iliffe, African Poor, op. cit. (note\u00a018), 4\u20136."},{"key":"S0025727316000053_r83","unstructured":"Uganda, Censuses, op. cit. (note\u00a038); Uganda Government, Annual Report of the Department of Agriculture, 1944\u201365 (Entebbe: Government Printer)."},{"key":"S0025727316000053_r104","unstructured":"Uganda Government, Labour Department Annual Report, 1955 (Entebbe: Government Printer, 1956), 7."},{"key":"S0025727316000053_r18","first-page":"4","volume-title":"The African Poor: A History","year":"1987"},{"key":"S0025727316000053_r50","unstructured":"Welbourn, op. cit. (note\u00a028), 293; I.H.E.\u00a0Rutishauser, \u2018Factors Affecting the Intake of Energy and Protein by Ugandan Preschool Children\u2019, Ecology of Food and Nutrition, 3 (1974), 221."},{"key":"S0025727316000053_r79","first-page":"111","volume-title":"An African People in the Twentieth Century","author":"Mair","year":"1934"},{"key":"S0025727316000053_r8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195181630.001.0001","volume-title":"Famine that Kills: Darfur, Sudan","author":"de Waal","year":"2005"},{"key":"S0025727316000053_r60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/19.1.45"},{"key":"S0025727316000053_r111","first-page":"12","volume-title":"The Baganda: An Account of Their Native Customs and Beliefs","author":"Roscoe","year":"1911"},{"key":"S0025727316000053_r123","unstructured":"Musoke, op. cit. (note\u00a035), 305."},{"key":"S0025727316000053_r86","unstructured":"McDowell, op. cit. (note\u00a025), 136; J.H.\u00a0Cleave, \u2018Food requirements and availability in Uganda: a national food balance sheet\u2019, in Amann et al., op. cit. (note\u00a033), 121\u20132."},{"key":"S0025727316000053_r57","first-page":"399","article-title":"Malnutrition as an Ecological Problem","volume":"37","author":"Farmer","year":"1960","journal-title":"East African Medical Journal"},{"key":"S0025727316000053_r17","unstructured":"Kuhanen, op. cit. (note\u00a01), 34."},{"key":"S0025727316000053_r46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1515\/9783111416380","volume-title":"Evaluation of Nutrition Education in Africa: Community Research in Uganda, 1971\u20132","author":"Hoorweg","year":"1979"},{"key":"S0025727316000053_r37","unstructured":"Welbourn, op. cit. (note\u00a028), 292\u20133."},{"key":"S0025727316000053_r9","first-page":"289","volume-title":"Population and Economic Change in Developing Countries","author":"Preston","year":"1980"},{"key":"S0025727316000053_r13","unstructured":"It should be noted that the \u2018classical\u2019 aetiology of kwashiorkor as a protein deficiency is not universally accepted. The biology of kwashiorkor is not a closed book and the pathophysiology of kwashiorkor is still not fully understood. With this proviso, the classical aetiology of kwashiorkor is used throughout this paper."},{"key":"S0025727316000053_r14","first-page":"89","volume-title":"Uganda Atlas of Disease Distribution","author":"McCance","year":"1975"},{"key":"S0025727316000053_r20","first-page":"15","article-title":"A Comparative Analysis of the Pre- and Post-Colonial Land Tenure Systems in Buganda: Which one is the Most Suitable for the Future?","volume":"49","author":"Mukiibi-Katende","year":"2003","journal-title":"The Uganda Journal"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727316000053_r12.1","unstructured":"77. Nutrition Sub-Committee, Review of Nutrition in Uganda: A Summary of Previous Work and An Appreciation of the Present Position (Entebbe: Government Printer, 1945), 3-5"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727316000053_r12.2","unstructured":"78. J.N.P.??Davies, 'Pathology of Central African natives, Mulago Hospital Post-Mortem Studies, VII: Causes of Death in African Children', East African Medical Journal, 25 (1948)."},{"key":"S0025727316000053_r26","first-page":"149","volume-title":"Nutrition and Food in an African Economy","author":"McDowell","year":"1972"},{"key":"S0025727316000053_r76","first-page":"31","volume-title":"Poverty, Class, and Gender in Rural Africa: A Tanzanian Case Study","author":"Sender","year":"1990"},{"key":"S0025727316000053_r69","unstructured":"Uganda Government, Annual Report of the Ministry of Health, 1954 (Entebbe: Government Printer, 1955); Uganda Government, Medical Services Statistical Records 1969\u201370 (Entebbe: Government Printer, 1971); John Iliffe, East African Doctors (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), 132."},{"key":"S0025727316000053_r23","unstructured":"Wylie, op. cit. (note\u00a04), 164."},{"key":"S0025727316000053_r24","first-page":"7","volume-title":"Crops and Wealth in Uganda: A Short Agrarian History","author":"Wrigley","year":"1959"},{"key":"S0025727316000053_r72","first-page":"132","volume-title":"Economic Development and Tribal Change","author":"Richards","year":"1973"},{"key":"S0025727316000053_r97","unstructured":"East Africa High Commission, Background to the Budget (Nairobi: East African Statistical Department, 1955)."},{"key":"S0025727316000053_r66","unstructured":"Uganda, Censuses, op. cit. (note\u00a038); Uganda Government, Report on the 1980 Population Census (Kampala: Ministry of Planning and Economic Development, Statistics Division, 1982)."},{"key":"S0025727316000053_r4","unstructured":"Worboys, op. cit. (note\u00a03), 222\u20133; Cynthia Brantley, Feeding Families: African Realities and British Ideas of Nutrition and Development in Early Colonial Africa (Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 2002); Dianne Wylie, Starving on a Full Stomach: Hunger and the Triumph of Cultural Racism in Modern South Africa (Charlottesville, VA, and London: University Press of Virginia, 2001)."},{"key":"S0025727316000053_r115","first-page":"134","volume-title":"Readings in Gender in Africa","author":"Musisi","year":"2005"},{"key":"S0025727316000053_r103","unstructured":"Bennett and Stanfield, op. cit. (note\u00a033), 4."},{"key":"S0025727316000053_r119","unstructured":"Uganda, Census, 1969, op. cit. (note\u00a038)."},{"key":"S0025727316000053_r106","unstructured":"Uganda Government, Medical Services Statistical Records 1965\u201370 (Entebbe: Government Printer)."},{"key":"S0025727316000053_r56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.tropej.a057542"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727316000053_r11.1","unstructured":"87. Government of Uganda, Annual Report of the Medical and Sanitary Department, 1908 (Entebbe: Government Printer, 1909), 34"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727316000053_r11.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"88. H.C.??Trowell and E.M.K.??Muwazi, 'A Contribution to the Study of Malnutrition in Central Africa: A Syndrome of Malignant Malnutrition', Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 39 (1945), 232","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(45)90025-3"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727316000053_r11.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"89. Cicely??D. 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