{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T20:45:17Z","timestamp":1786999517538,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":160,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,12]],"date-time":"2017-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1497225600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Med. Hist."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The Vietnam War has long been regarded as pivotal in the history of the Republic of Korea, although its involvement in this conflict remains controversial. While most scholarship has focused on the political and economic ramifications of the war \u2013 and allegations of brutality by Korean troops \u2013 few scholars have considered the impact of the conflict upon medicine and public health. This article argues that the war had a transformative impact on medical careers and public health in Korea, and that this can be most clearly seen in efforts to control parasitic diseases. These diseases were a major drain on military manpower and a matter of growing concern domestically. The deployment to Vietnam boosted research into parasitic diseases of all kinds and accelerated the domestic campaign to control malaria and intestinal parasites. It also had a formative impact upon the development of overseas aid.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/mdh.2017.35","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,12]],"date-time":"2017-06-12T05:37:04Z","timestamp":1497245824000},"page":"401-423","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["War on Two Fronts: The Fight against Parasites in Korea and Vietnam"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"Mark","family":"Harrison","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sung Vin","family":"Yim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0025727317000357_r129","unstructured":"Chu, op. cit. (note\u00a075), preface."},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r126","unstructured":"\u2018W\u00f4lname Simeun Ddaihan Insul [Korean Medical Treatment implanted in Vietnam], Chosun Ilbo, 12 October 1967, 4."},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r121","unstructured":"Anon, op. cit. (note\u00a01), 67."},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r101","unstructured":"JPMS, op. cit. (90), 2."},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r51","first-page":"901","article-title":"Epidemiological Studies of Malaria in Republic of Korea Forces in Viet-Nam, II: Observation on the Asymptomatic Malaria","volume":"11","author":"Kim","year":"1968","journal-title":"Journal of the Korean Medical Association"},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r44","unstructured":"Yun, op. cit. (note\u00a04), 306; Joo, Hyo Sung, \u2018South Korean Men and the Military: The Influence of Conscription on the Political Behavior of South Korean Males\u2019 (2015), CMC Senior Theses. Paper\u00a01048, http:\/\/scholarship.claremont.edu\/cmc_theses\/104 (accessed 5 June 2016)."},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r34","unstructured":"DiMoia, op. cit. (note\u00a07), 155\u20136."},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r18","unstructured":"Yeo, op. cit. (note\u00a08), \u2018U.S. Military\u2019."},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r122","unstructured":"For example, Donga Ilbo[Donga Daily], 17 May 1965, 4; 17 May 1967, 6; 15 May 1968, 4."},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r81","unstructured":"Chu Jeong-Gyun , \u2018W\u00f4lnam Pest\u2019 [Plague in South Vietnam], Uisasinbo (1968), 591, 9; 592, 9; 593, 7; 618, 9."},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r27","unstructured":"Lee, op. cit. (note\u00a08)."},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r33","first-page":"84","article-title":"Studies on the Intestinal Parasites of the Children in Gim Hae Area (the Irrigated Area of the Nak Dong River), especially for Clonorchis sinensis","volume":"1","author":"Kang","year":"1955","journal-title":"Uidae Hakbo [Medical College Journal]"},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r31","unstructured":"Yeo, op. cit. (note\u00a08), \u2018U.S. Military\u2019, 35\u20136."},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.1970.8.1.25"},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r137","unstructured":"Seo, Hwang and Chae, op. cit. (note\u00a039), 53."},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r120","unstructured":"Park, op. cit., (note\u00a03), 142\u201355; Gukjemunje Yeonguso, op. cit. (note\u00a06), 112\u20134, 119\u201320."},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r134","first-page":"33","article-title":"Trematode Infection in Korea","volume":"2","author":"Chung","year":"1970","journal-title":"Official Journal of the Research Institute of Medical Science of Korea"},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.1972.10.1.1"},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r72","unstructured":"Jung-Kyun Chu , \u2018End of Tour Report, 14 August 1967\u201313 August 1968, 1\u20132, Chu Collection, Kyung Hee University (KHU)."},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r57","first-page":"138","volume-title":"Nation Building in South Korea: Koreans, Americans, and the Making of a Democracy","author":"Brazinsky","year":"2009"},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r111","unstructured":"Chu, op. cit. (note\u00a072), 8."},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"The study of 14\u00a0628 faecal samples taken from outpatients at Severance hospital found an infection rate of 81.7%. See Chin-Thack Soh, Keun-Tae Lee, Eui-Woong Shin, Tae-Chul Kang, \u2018Incidence of Parasites in Seoul Area based on an Examination of the Severance Hospital Out-Patients\u2019, Yonsei Medical Journal, 2 (1961), 31\u201347.","DOI":"10.3349\/ymj.1961.2.1.31"},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r135","unstructured":"\u2018Hoichungyak Meokgo Jeolmyeong\u2019 [Sudden Death after taking Antihelminthic Drugs], Chosun Ilbo, 9 April 1967, 7."},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r38","unstructured":"Ibid., 46."},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727317000357_r139.1","unstructured":"19. See Marcos Cueto, Cold War, Deadly Fevers: Malaria Eradication in Mexico, 1955-75 (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007)"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727317000357_r139.2","unstructured":"20. Sanjoy Bhattacharya, Expunging Variola: The Control and Eradication of Smallpox in India, 1947-77 (Hyderabad: Orient Longman, 2006)"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727317000357_r139.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"21. Randall M.\u00a0Packard, 'Malaria Dreams: Postwar Visions of Health and Development', Medical Anthropology, 17 (1997), 279-96","DOI":"10.1080\/01459740.1997.9966141"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727317000357_r139.4","unstructured":"22. Randall M.\u00a0Packard, A History of Global Health: Interventions into the Lives of Other Peoples (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2016), chs\u00a06 and\u00a08."},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r99","unstructured":"There were no indigenous falciparum cases in Korea other than a few resulting from intravenous contamination but in the 1930s some naturally transmitted cases of \u2018quartan fever\u2019 produced by the parasite Plasmodium malariaewere recorded."},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r52","unstructured":"Kim, ibid."},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r26","unstructured":"DiMoia, op. cit. (note\u00a07), ch.\u00a04. Park\u2019s preference for Western medicine is evident not only from the thrust of his health policies but also the removal, in 1962, of official recognition from courses and qualifications in acupuncture and moxa: see \u2018Jeongbuga ggeun\u2019eun chim ddeum ui Maek Minganeseo Itneunda\u2019 [People will continue with the traditions of acupuncture and moxa despite their being cut by the government], Ohmynews, 7 September 2003."},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r143","unstructured":"See http:\/\/www.koica.go.kr\/english\/koica\/koica_glance\/history\/index.html(accessed 2 October 2015)."},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r141","unstructured":"See Kim Jeong-Hee, \u2018Seobu Sahara Gukgun Uiryo Jiw\u00f4n danw\u00f4nui Seuteureseu Yoine Gwanhan Yeongu\u2019 [Causes of Stress in the Korean Military Medical Unit in Western Sahara], Master\u2019s thesis: Yonsei University Department of Public Health, 2001)."},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727317000357_r46.1","unstructured":"28. See, for example: Steve Sturdy, 'War as experiment: physiology, innovation and administration in Britain, 1914-18: the case of chemical warfare', in R.\u00a0Cooter, M.\u00a0Harrison and S.\u00a0Sturdy (eds), War, Medicine and Modernity (Stroud: Sutton, 1999), 65-84"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727317000357_r46.2","unstructured":"29. See, for example: Steve Sturdy, 'War as experiment: physiology, innovation and administration in Britain, 1914-18: the case of chemical warfare', in R.\u00a0Cooter, M.\u00a0Harrison and S.\u00a0Sturdy"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727317000357_r46.3","unstructured":"30. (eds), War, Medicine and Modernity (Stroud: Sutton, 1999), 65-84; Cooter, op. cit. (note\u00a09)."},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r106","unstructured":"JPMS, op. cit. (note\u00a090), 1. For the much larger US contribution to civilian medical aid, see Robert J.\u00a0Wilensky, Military Medicine to Win Hearts and Minds: Aid to Civilians in the Vietnam War (Lubbock, TX: Texas Tech University Press, 2004)."},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r123","unstructured":"For example, \u2018Pyeonghwareul Alneun W\u00f4lnam\u2019 [Vietnam is Eager for Peace], Donga Ilbo, 24 May 1967, 6; 26 July 1968, 7."},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r138","unstructured":"Roger Cooter and Steve Sturdy , \u2018Of war, medicine and modernity\u2019, introduction in Cooter, Harrison and Sturdy (eds), op. cit. (note\u00a046), 7."},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r49","unstructured":"Ibid., 678."},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r75","volume-title":"Essays in Celebration of His 70th Birthday","author":"Chu","year":"1989"},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r24","unstructured":"The DPRK death rate in 1960 was 15.3 per 1000. See Kim, ibid., 137."},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r93","unstructured":"Ibid., 3\u20134."},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r1","unstructured":"W\u00f4lnam Jeonsoenui Hanguk-Gun: Juw\u00f4l Hanguk-Gun 3 nyeonganui Baljachwi[Korean Forces in Vietnam: Three Years in Vietnam] (Seoul: Kwang Myong Printing Company, 1968). For a similar statement of aims, see Joungwon Alexander Kim, \u2018Participation in the Vietnam War\u2019, World Affairs, 129, 1 (1966), 28\u201335."},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r115","volume-title":"Pacification: The American Struggle for Vietnam\u2019s Hearts and Minds","author":"Hunt","year":"2009"},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r140","unstructured":"Yeo, op. cit. (note\u00a039)."},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r136","unstructured":"Dong-Chan Kim , \u2018Studies on the Control of Ascaris and Hookworm Infection by Periodic Mass Treatment: 1st Year Report\u2019, Report of NIH Korea (1970), 281\u2013306; Yeo, op. cit. (note\u00a039), 82."},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r92","unstructured":"End of Tour Report, Lt.-Gen. A.S. Collins\u00a0Jr, Commanding General, I Field Force Vietnam, 23, RG\u00a0472, National Library of Korea."},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r113","unstructured":"Ibid., Appendix, Table 1."},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11126\/stanford\/9780804784115.001.0001"},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r41","first-page":"44","article-title":"East Asian Medicine in South Korea","volume":"14","author":"Na","year":"2012","journal-title":"Harvard Asia Quarterly"},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r85","unstructured":"L. Monnais, C.M. Thompson and A. Wahlberg (eds), Southern Medicine for Southern People: Vietnamese Medicine in the Making (Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2012), 9\u201310, 12."},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r86","first-page":"123","volume-title":"Public Health in Asia and the Pacific: Historical and Comparative Perspectives","author":"Monnais","year":"2008"},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r13","unstructured":"Yeo, op. cit. (note\u00a08), \u2018A History of Malaria\u2019; Kim, ibid."},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727317000357_r71.1","unstructured":"44. For example, the epidemiological unit sent to Vietnam by the Ministry of Health and Welfare in 1967. See 'Isibilgge Yeokhak Josadan Paw\u00f4l' [An Epidemiological Investigation Team will be sent to Vietnam on 20th January], Chosun Ilbo, 8 January 1967. For an overview of KOPREM's activities, see Chu Jeong-Gyun, 'W\u00f4lnam Bogeonui Hyeonsilgwa Jeonmang' [The Reality and Prospect of Public Health in Vietnam], Uisasinbo[Medical News] (1971), 865, 10"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727317000357_r71.2","unstructured":"45. 866, 10. Medical aid was the largest single type of aid delivered under the Free World Assistance Program, constituting 32.5% of all assistance, the next largest being education (24.3%). See USAID, Free World Assistance to Vietnam: A Summary of the Economic, Technical, Social and Humanitarian Assistance Granted by the Free World Countries to Vietnam July 1, 1964-June 30, 1968, 3, pdf:usaid.gov\/pdf-docs\/Pnadl119.pdf (accessed 4 June 2016)."},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r107","unstructured":"JPMS, op. cit. (note\u00a090), 3."},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-137-10235-5"},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r110","unstructured":"Ibid., 4."},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r6","unstructured":"Gukjemunje Yeonguso [International Affairs Research Centre], W\u00f4lnamjeongwa Hangukui Anjeonbojang[The Vietnam War and National Security] (Seoul: Gukjemunje Yeonguso, 1966), 93."},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r28","unstructured":"Chosun Ilbo[Chosun Daily], 18 June 2015."},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r22","unstructured":"Ibid., 78."},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r23","first-page":"137","article-title":"The Demographic Transition in the Korean Peninsula, 1910\u201390: North and South Korea Compared","volume":"23","author":"Kim","year":"1994","journal-title":"Korea Journal of Population and Development"},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r96","unstructured":"Ibid., 1\u20132."},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r60","first-page":"195","article-title":"An Epidemiological Study on Malaria in the Republic of Korea Forces, Vietnam","volume":"6","author":"Choi","year":"1969","journal-title":"Chonnam Medical Journal"},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r55","unstructured":"O\u2019Keefe, op. cit. (note 50), 154\u20139, 180\u20137."},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.1969.7.3.167"},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r39","first-page":"82","volume-title":"Public Health in Asia and the Pacific: Historical and Comparative Perspectives","author":"Yeo","year":"2008"},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r119","first-page":"21","article-title":"R.O.K.-R.V.N. Alliance Against Communism","volume":"1","year":"1968","journal-title":"Alliance for Freedom"},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r118","unstructured":"Park, op. cit. (note\u00a03), 143."},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(60)80310-1"},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.1972.10.2.79"},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3349\/ymj.1962.3.1.85"},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r62","unstructured":"\u2018Gukga Siheom Sangim Isa Choi Sam-Sup ssi\u2019 [Obituary of Choi Sam-Sup], Yakguk sinmun[Pharmacy Newspaper], 8 September 2000. Choi became the Vice-President of the National Medical Licensing Board."},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r95","unstructured":"JPMS, op. cit. (note\u00a090), 1."},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r104","unstructured":"Ibid., 19."},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r116","unstructured":"Collins, op. cit. (note\u00a092), 23."},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r125","unstructured":"\u2018Gosanjok Ggaeuchineun Ddaihan Insul\u2019 [Civilising Villagers in Isolated Areas using Korean Medical Treatment], Chosun Ilbo, 21 September 1967, 6."},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r15","unstructured":"Japanese efforts amounted to the mobilisation of Korean civilians to catch crabs and other freshwater shell-fish in an attempt to control the spread of lung-flukes. Ibid."},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r50","unstructured":"Brendan O\u2019Keefe with F.B. Smith, Medicine at War: Medical Aspects of Australia\u2019s involvement in Southeast Asia, 1950\u201372 (St\u00a0Leonards, NSW & London: Allen & Unwin, 1994), 148."},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r53","first-page":"207","article-title":"A Field Study on Effectiveness of Diamondiphenylsulfone (D.D.S.) as a Suppressive Agent for Chloroquine Resistant Plasmodium falciparum Malaria","volume":"6","author":"Choi","year":"1969","journal-title":"Chonnam Medical Journal"},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r90","unstructured":"Joint Preventive Medicine Subcommittee of the Medical Policy and Coordinating Committee [hereafter, JPMS], \u2018Disease Control in the Republic of Vietnam: Elements of a Program\u2019, 5, Chu Collection, KHU."},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r94","unstructured":"Ibid., 54."},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r10","first-page":"7","article-title":"Christian Hospitals and their Contribution to Korean Society during the Korean War","volume":"15","author":"Yeo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Yonsei Journal of Medical History"},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r109","unstructured":"Chu, op. cit. (note\u00a072), 6, 12."},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r58","unstructured":"\u2018Juw\u00f4l Hanguk Guninui Gamyeom Doen Malariae Daehan YeokhakJeok Yeongu Oe Bunonmun Gupyeon\u2019 [Epidemiological Studies on Malaria among Korean Soldiers in Vietnam and other Papers], PhD thesis: Kyungbuk University, 1969."},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r89","unstructured":"Communication to the authors from Dr\u00a0Chu Jong-Phil (Dr\u00a0Chu Jeong-Gyun\u2019s son), 10 September 2015."},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r100","unstructured":"Chu, op. cit. (note\u00a097), 15\u20136."},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.1963.1.1.11"},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r108","unstructured":"Ibid., 3."},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r130","first-page":"147","article-title":"Studies on Efficiency and Dosage for Schoolchildren of Some Antihelminthic Drugs","volume":"10","author":"Chu","year":"1972","journal-title":"Korean Journal of Parasitology"},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r83","unstructured":"Ibid., 3."},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r91","unstructured":"Hong, op. cit. (note\u00a043), 118\u20139."},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.1968.6.3.77"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727317000357_r4.1","unstructured":"70. Yun Cheong-Ro, Beteunam Jeonjaengui Han-Guk Sahoesa [A Social History of Korea in the Vietnam War] (Seoul: Pureun Yeoksa, 2015), 306"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727317000357_r4.2","unstructured":"71. 'Allegations of S.\u00a0Korean Atrocities Arising 40 years after Vietnam War', Los Angeles Times, 16 May 2015, www.latimes.com\/world\/asia\/la-fg-korea-vietnam-20150516-story.html (accessed 3 June 2016)."},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0b013e31820f1ed7","article-title":"The Vietnam War and Medical Research: Untold Legacy of the U.S. Doctor Draft and the NIH \u201cYellow Berets\u201d","volume":"86","author":"Koth","year":"2011","journal-title":"Academic Medicine"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727317000357_r3.1","unstructured":"72. Park Tae-Gyun, Beteunam Jeonjaeng [The Vietnam War] (Seoul: Hangyeore Chulpansa, 2015)"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727317000357_r3.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"73. Hoenick Kwan, 'Anatomy of US and South Korean Massacres in the Vietnamese Year of the Monkey, 1968', Asia Pacific Journal, 5, 6 (2007), 1-30","DOI":"10.1017\/S1557466007021286"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727317000357_r3.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"74. Charles K.\u00a0Armstrong, 'America's Korea, Korea's Vietnam', Critical Asian Studies, 33, 4 (2001), 527-40.","DOI":"10.1080\/146727101760107415"},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3349\/ymj.1961.2.1.80"},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r65","first-page":"43","article-title":"Clinical Observations of Drug-resistant Malaria from Vietnam","volume":"10","author":"Yoon","year":"1967","journal-title":"Korean Journal of Internal Medicine"},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r84","unstructured":"Ibid., 4."},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r16","unstructured":"Heo Jong , Banmin Teukwiui Jojikgwa Hwaldon [The Organisation and Activities of the Select Committee for the Investigation of Pro-Japanese Activists] (Seoul: Seonin, 2003)."},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r114","unstructured":"\u2018Outline for the Project Review of the Korea-13 Pre-Eradication Programme with Dr\u00a0H.S.\u00a0Chung, Minister of Health and Social Affairs on 26 July 1966\u2019, RG\u00a0286: Records of the Agency for International Development, 1966, National Library of Korea; Paik and Van der Gugten, op. cit. (note\u00a029)."},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r40","unstructured":"DiMoia, op. cit. (note\u00a07), 3."},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r54","unstructured":"Neel, op. cit. (note 47), 39."},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727317000357_r14.1","unstructured":"80. Kobayashi Harujir\u014d, 'Kanz\u014d Jistoma no Kenky\u016b' [Research on Liver-Fluke], Saikingaku Zasshi [Journal of Bacteriology], 202 (1912), 1-65"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727317000357_r14.2","unstructured":"81. Nagai Hitoo, 'Ch\u014dsen ni Okeru Hai Jistoma no Ch\u014dsa Gaiky\u014d' [Overview of Research on Lung-Fluke in Korea], Gun'idan Zasshi [Army Medical Journal], 147 (1925), 1149-80."},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r74","unstructured":"Jeong-Gyun Chu , op. cit. (note\u00a071), 865, 10."},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r67","unstructured":"In this sense, it had a similar effect to parasitic infection among labourers who left the ROK to work in West Germany. See Jung, Park and Kim, op. cit. (note\u00a032)."},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r78","unstructured":"Chu Jeong-Gyun , KOPREM Team Report (1968\u20139), 3, Chu Collection, KHU."},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r80","unstructured":"Chu did not really distinguish between Chinese and Vietnamese medical traditions, which developed to some extent independently and had many unique features. See C.\u00a0Michelle Thompson, Vietnamese Traditional Medicine: A Social History (Singapore: NUS Press, 2015)."},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r133","unstructured":"Seo, Hwang and Chae, op. cit. (note\u00a039), 49; DiMoia, op. cit. (note\u00a07), ch.\u00a05."},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.2000.38.3.119"},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r47","unstructured":"In 1967, US forces in Vietnam experienced hospital admission rates from malaria approaching 10% of troops stationed in Vietnam. In that year, military operations were seriously compromised by the disease and in some units the admission rate was closer to 70%. See Spurgeon Neel, Medical Support of the US Army in Vietnam 1965\u201370 (Washington DC: Department of the Army, 1991), \u2018Chapter\u00a0II: Health of the Command\u2019, 34\u201340,www.history.army.mil\/books\/Vietnam\/MedSpt\/chpt2.htm (accessed 8 October 2015)."},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r102","unstructured":"Ibid., 2."},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727317000357_r142.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"89. See, for example, Sunil S.\u00a0Amrith, Decolonizing International Health: India and Southeast Asia, 1930-65 (Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006)","DOI":"10.1057\/9780230627369"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727317000357_r142.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"90. Amy L.S.\u00a0Staples, The Birth of Development: How the World Bank, Food and Agriculture Organization, and World Health Organization Changed the World, 1945-65 (Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 2006)","DOI":"10.21038\/ksup.2006.0002"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727317000357_r142.3","unstructured":"91. Kelley Lee, The World Health Organization (Abingdon: Routledge, 2009)."},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r79","unstructured":"Ibid., 2."},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r48","first-page":"668","article-title":"Epidemiological Studies of Malaria in Republic of Korea Forces in Viet-Nam, I: Epidemiological Observation on the Malaria Patients","volume":"10","author":"Kim","year":"1967","journal-title":"Journal of the Korean Medical Association"},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r64","first-page":"65","article-title":"A Case of Cerebral Malaria Accompanied by Black Water Fever","volume":"10","author":"Byun","year":"1967","journal-title":"Korean Journal of Internal Medicine"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727317000357_r8.1","unstructured":"93. For example, In-Sok Yeo, 'A History of Malaria in Modern Korea 1876-1945', Korean Journal of Medical History, 20, 1 (2011), 53-82"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727317000357_r8.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"10.13081\/kjmh.2015.24.35","DOI":"10.13081\/kjmh.2015.24.35"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727317000357_r8.3","unstructured":"95. Jong-Chan Lee, 'Korea's Health Care Policy of the Twentieth Century', Korean Journal of Medical History, 8, 2 (1999), 137-46."},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727317000357_r66.1","unstructured":"96. For falciparum and mixed malaria, the best results were usually obtained from oral administration of quinine and pyrimethamine with sulphonamides, whereas for vivax malaria single therapy with chloroquine was most effective: Ki-Soo Byun, Yung-Soo Baek, Kong-Suk Lee, Won-Ick Chang, Yung Park, 'Clinical Observation on 1000 Cases of Malaria from the Nha-Trang Area in Vietnam', Korean Journal of Internal Medicine, 11, 6 (1968), 363-75"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727317000357_r66.2","unstructured":"97. Jeong-Wan Han, Gwang-Hak Lee and Gyu-Dong Lee, 'Beteunam Eseoui Yeoldae Malariaui Imsang Gyeongheom' [Clinical Experience of Plasmodium falciparumin Vietnam], Gamyeom [Infection], 1, 1 (1969), 27-32."},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727317000357_r97.1","unstructured":"98. These activities lie beyond the scope of the present study, but see Choong-Hyun Hwang, 'The Evaluation of the First Year of National Plague Control in Vietnam', Yonsei Reports on Tropical Medicine, 2, 1 (1971), 101-9"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727317000357_r97.2","unstructured":"99. Chu Jyun-Kyun, 'Tropical Medicine in South Vietnam', 7-8, Chu Collection, KHU. On the epidemics, see Myron Allukian\u00a0Jr and Paul L.\u00a0Atwood, 'Public health and the Vietnam War', in B.S.\u00a0Levy and V.S.\u00a0Sidel (eds), War and Public Health (Washington DC: American Public Health Association, 2000), 215-37."},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"The latter position is taken by Min Yong Lee in \u2018The Vietnam War: South Korea\u2019s search for national security\u2019, in Byung-Kook Kim and Ezra F. Vogel (eds), The Park Chung Hee Era: The Transformation of South Korea (Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard University Press, 2011), 403\u201329. Literature emphasising the economic benefits is reviewed in the same chapter.","DOI":"10.4159\/harvard.9780674061064.c14"},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r87","unstructured":"L. Monnais , introduction in Monnais, Thompson and Wahlberg, op. cit. (note\u00a085), 11."},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/shm\/hkv110"},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r112","unstructured":"Ibid., 5."},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r127","unstructured":"\u2018Jakjeom Suhaenge Nanjeon\u2019 [Military Operational Difficulties], Donga Ilbo, 11 August 1968, 4."},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r30","unstructured":"\u2018Outline for the Project Review of the Korea-13 Pre-Eradication Programme with Dr\u00a0H.S.\u00a0Chung, Minister of Health and Social Affairs on 26 July 1966\u2019, RG\u00a0286: Records of the Agency for International Development, 1966, National Library of Korea."},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r124","unstructured":"\u2018Kollera Juuibo\u2019 [Cholera Alert], Donga Ilbo, 13 August 1968, 5."},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r17","first-page":"212","article-title":"The Policy of the United States Army Military Government in Korea toward Public Health and Medicine in Occupied South Korea","volume":"9","author":"Shin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Korean Journal of Medical History"},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r77","unstructured":"Epidemiological Intelligence Study, US Communicable Disease Control Service, c.1960, Chu Collection, KHU."},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781316155257"},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.1970.8.1.30"},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r103","unstructured":"Chu, op. cit. (note\u00a097), 15\u20138."},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r82","unstructured":"Chu, op. cit. (note\u00a078), 2\u20133."},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r73","unstructured":"Public Health Division\/CORDS III CTZ, Personnel Status Report, 15 April 1970, Chu Collection, KHU."},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r105","unstructured":"Chu, op. cit. (note\u00a072), 8\u20139."},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r98","unstructured":"Chu, op. cit. (note\u00a097), 15."},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r144","unstructured":"Lee Seon-Yeong , \u2018Beteunam Pyeonghwa Uiryoyeondae\u2019ui Sipnyeon Hwaldonggwa Jeonmang\u2019 [Ten Years\u2019 Work by Medics for Vietnam and Peace, and Future Prospects], Master\u2019s thesis: Songgonghoe University, 2011."},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r59","first-page":"655","article-title":"Epidemiological Studies of Malaria in Republic of Korea Forces in Viet-Nam, IV: Observation on the Concentration of Trophozoites in the Blood Stream in Asymptomatic Malaria","volume":"12","author":"Kim","year":"1970","journal-title":"Journal of the Korean Medical Association"},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r5","unstructured":"Bun-Nyeo Kim , \u2018W\u00f4lnamjeon Chamjeon Goyeopje Huyujeung Hwanjaui Geongang Sangtaewa Saenghwal Manjokdoe Gwanhan Yeongu\u2019 [Studies on the Health Conditions and the Degree of Life Satisfaction among Veteran Patients who suffered After-Effects from Agent Orange], Master\u2019s thesis: Kyung Hee University, 2002."},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctv1t8cc7.15","volume-title":"Global Movements, Local Concerns: Medicine and Health in Southeast Asia","author":"Wahlberg","year":"2012"},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r56","first-page":"199","article-title":"Epidemiological Studies of Malaria in Republic of Korea Forces in Viet-Nam, III: Observation on the Distribution of Anopheline Larvae","volume":"10","author":"Kim","year":"1969","journal-title":"Kyungpook University Medical Journal"},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/mdh.2012.104"},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r88","unstructured":"Lee Bu-Yeong (ed.), Uihak Gaeron: Uihakui Gaenyeomgwa Yeoksa[An Introduction to Western Medicine: The Concept of Medicine and its History] (Seoul: Seoul National University Press, 1994)."},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.13081\/kjmh.2016.25.167"},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r19","unstructured":"Frank K. Hardner , United States Navy Reserve (USNR), \u2018Narrative Report on Activities of Epidemic Disease Control Unit in Korea\u2019, 20 July 1951, 1\u20132, EF 37-1\/M3-2, 1950, BUMED General Correspondence, 1947\u201351, RG\u00a052, NARA, National Library of Korea."},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r117","unstructured":"Collins, op. cit. (note\u00a092), 22."},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r20","unstructured":"H.F. Smith , United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps (USPHS), \u2018Report on the Public Health Problems of the Republic of Korea\u2019, 78\u201380, Federal Security Agency, PHS, 1950, EF 37-1, 1951, BUMED General Correspondence, 1947\u201351, RG\u00a052, NARA, National Library of Korea."},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Donga Ilbo, 22 August 1969, 4.","DOI":"10.1080\/00431672.1969.9932876"},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r21","unstructured":"Ibid., 49\u201350."},{"key":"S0025727317000357_r63","first-page":"318","article-title":"The Clinical Study of 157 Cases of Malaria Evacuated from Viet Nam","volume":"10","author":"Lee","year":"1967","journal-title":"Journal of the Korean Medical Association"}],"container-title":["Medical History"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0025727317000357","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]],"date-time":"2025-06-19T07:15:45Z","timestamp":1750317345000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0025727317000357\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,12]]},"references-count":160,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S0025727317000357"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/mdh.2017.35","relation":{},"ISSN":["0025-7273","2048-8343"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0025-7273","type":"print"},{"value":"2048-8343","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"\u00a9 The Author(s) 2017. Published by Cambridge University Press.\u00a0This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}}]}}