{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T16:10:03Z","timestamp":1777306203479,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":205,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,13]],"date-time":"2017-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1505260800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Med. Hist."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This article shows how funding research on Alzheimer\u2019s disease became a priority for the British Medical Research Council (MRC) in the late 1970s and 1980s, thanks to work that isolated new pathological and biochemical markers and showed that the disease affected a significant proportion of the elderly population. In contrast to histories that focus on the emergence of new and competing theories of disease causation in this period, I argue that concerns over the use of different assessment methods ensured the MRC\u2019s immediate priority was standardising the ways in which researchers identified and recorded symptoms of Alzheimer\u2019s disease in potential research subjects. I detail how the rationale behind the development of standard assessment guidelines was less about arriving at a firm diagnosis and more about facilitating research by generating data that could be easily compared across the disciplines and sites that constitute modern biomedicine. Drawing on criticism of specific tests in the MRC\u2019s guidelines, which some psychiatrists argued were \u2018middle class biased\u2019, I also show that debates over standardisation did not simply reflect concerns specific to the fields or areas of research that the MRC sought to govern. Questions about the validity of standard assessment guidelines for Alzheimer\u2019s disease embodied broader concerns about education and social class, which ensured that distinguishing normal from pathological in old age remained a contested and historically contingent process.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/mdh.2017.56","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,13]],"date-time":"2017-09-13T12:49:35Z","timestamp":1505306975000},"page":"500-524","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Calculable People? Standardising Assessment Guidelines for Alzheimer\u2019s Disease in 1980s Britain"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"Duncan","family":"Wilson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anon, \u2018Call for Dementia Research\u2019, Nature, 269 (1977), 645.","DOI":"10.1038\/269645a0"},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr12","volume-title":"Decoding Darkness: The Search for the Genetic Causes of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","author":"Tanzi","year":"2000"},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(77)91780-9"},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr152","first-page":"237","volume-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: The Changing View","author":"Kay","year":"2000"},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr144","unstructured":"Hilton, op. cit. (note 41), 16."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr22","unstructured":"Peter Keating and Alberto Cambrosio, Biomedical Platforms: Realigning the Normal and Pathological in Late-Twentieth-Century Medicine (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2006), 305. See also Lucie Gerber and Jean-Paul Gaudilli\u00e8re, \u2018Marketing Masked Depression: Physicians, Pharmaceutical Firms and Redefinition of Mood Disorders in the 1960s and 1970s\u2019, Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 90 (2016), 455\u201390; Alberto Cambrosio, Peter Keating, Thomas Schlich and George Weisz, \u2018Regulatory Objectivity and the Generation and Management of Evidence in Medicine\u2019, Social Science and Medicine, 63, 1 (2006), 189\u201399; Stefan Timmermans and Marc Berg, The Gold Standard: The Challenge of Evidence-Based Medicine and Standardization in Health Care (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2003)."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr178","unstructured":"Ibid."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/003803857901300209"},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr95","unstructured":"Anon, MRC Co-ordinating Committee on Alzheimer\u2019s Disease, Report of First Meeting (16 April 1985), National Archives, FD23\/2289."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr96","unstructured":"Ibid."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr58","unstructured":"Anon, Minutes of the Seventh Meeting of the Psychiatry Committee (March 1976), National Archives, FD23\/4388."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.175.1.3"},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr199","unstructured":"Timmermans and Berg, op. cit. (note 22), 22."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr37","unstructured":"Wilson, op. cit. (note 7), 131. On mental illnesses as natural kinds, see Rachel Cooper, Psychiatry and Philosophy of Science (Stocksfield: Acumen Publishing, 2006)."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr167","unstructured":"Garry Blessed, interview with Katherine Bick in Katzman and Bick, op. cit. (note 152), 82\u201396: 88."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr126","unstructured":"The MRC Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Workshop Steering Committee, op. cit. (note 112)."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr128","unstructured":"Ibid."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8260.1987.tb00739.x"},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr131","unstructured":"Megan Davies to Gordon Wilcock (3 December 1986), National Archives, FD23\/2300."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr175","unstructured":"Ibid."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr93","unstructured":"Lishman, op. cit. (note 50), 1."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr147","unstructured":"Hilton, op. cit. (note 41), 37\u201340."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr146","unstructured":"Medical Research Council, op. cit. (note 17), 6."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr46","unstructured":"See Wilson, op. cit. (note 7), 134."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roth, ibid., 1226; Aubrey Lewis, \u2018Ageing and Senility: A Major Problem of Psychiatry\u2019, Journal of Mental Science, 92 (1946), 150\u201370: 169.","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.92.386.150"},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr29","first-page":"664","article-title":"Regulatory Objectivity in Action: Mild Cognitive Impairment and the Collective Production of Uncertainty","volume":"39","author":"Moriera","year":"2009","journal-title":"Social Studies of Science"},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr26","unstructured":"Danziger, op. cit. (note 19), 168."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr123","unstructured":"Anon, Report from the MRC\u2019s Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Workshop (1987), National Archives, FD23\/2297."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr158","unstructured":"Ibid., 115\u201316."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-0009.t01-1-00003"},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(75)90026-6"},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr138","unstructured":"Ibid."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr25","unstructured":"Nikolas Rose and Joelle M. Abi-Rached, Neuro: The New Brain Sciences and the Management of the Mind (Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2013), 10. On psychodynamic approaches to dementia in the early twentieth century see Ballenger, op. cit. (note 6), 36\u201356."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1519765"},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr173","unstructured":"Anon, op. cit. (note 131)."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0269889714000337"},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.99.416.439","article-title":"Psychological Test Performance in Patients Over Sixty. I. Senile Psychoses and Affective Disorders of Old Age","volume":"99","author":"Roth","year":"1953","journal-title":"Journal of Mental Science"},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jhmas\/42.3.327"},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr203","unstructured":"Kay et\u00a0al., op. cit. (note 154), 116."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr41","unstructured":"Wilson, op. cit. (note 7), 134\u20135; Claire Hilton (ed.), The Development of Old Age Psychiatry from the 1960s until 1989 (University of Glasgow: Guthrie Trust, 2008), 14."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr137","unstructured":"John Copeland to Megan Davies (16 December 1986), National Archives, FD23\/2300."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(89)91372-X"},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr187","unstructured":"Ibid., 476."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr114","unstructured":"Ibid."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr111","unstructured":"Ibid."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr79","first-page":"25","volume-title":"CAMDEX-R: The Cambridge Examination for Mental Disorders of the Elderly","author":"Roth","year":"1998"},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr191","unstructured":"Ibid."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr57","unstructured":"Ibid."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr107","unstructured":"Anon, Minutes of Second Meeting (16 May 1985), National Archives, FD23\/2290."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr14","unstructured":"For more historical background, see Joan Austoker and Linda Bryder (eds), Historical Perspectives on the Role of the MRC: Essays in the History of the Medical Research Council in the United Kingdom and its Predecessor, the Medical Research Committee, 1913\u20131951 (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1989)."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr56","unstructured":"Ibid."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr197","unstructured":"Rose and Abi-Rachid, op. cit. (note 25), 137; Timmermans and Berg, op. cit. (note 22)."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr149","unstructured":"Bergmann to Davies, op. cit. (note 28)."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr113","unstructured":"Anon, Commentary on Clinical Assessment (September 1986), National Archives, FD23\/2292."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr82","unstructured":"Ibid."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr88","unstructured":"Raymond Levy and Robin Jacoby, Application for a Project Grant: \u2018A Longitudinal Study of the Clinical Picture and Outcome of Senile Dementia of the Alzheimer Type\u2019 (April 1985), National Archives, FD23\/2289."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr115","unstructured":"Anon, Introduction to the Workshop (September 1986), National Archives, FD23\/2292."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr121","unstructured":"Medical Research Council, op. cit. (note 17), 4."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr48","unstructured":"Anon, Membership of the Committee (1976), National Archives, FD23\/4388; W.A. Lishman, Organic Psychiatry: The Psychological Consequences of Cerebral Disorder (Oxford: Blackwell, 1978). On why psychodynamic approaches failed to gain a foothold in Britain, see Freeman, op. cit. (note 38)."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr60","unstructured":"Ibid."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr142","unstructured":"Lishman, op. cit. (note 50), 9."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr89","unstructured":"Anon, Comments on Levy and Jacoby (1985), National Archives, FD23\/2289. Emphasis in original."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.110.465.146"},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr64","unstructured":"Ibid., 19\u201320."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr55","unstructured":"Ibid."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr169","unstructured":"Megan Davies to Stuart Hamilton (20 October 1986), National Archives, FD23\/2300."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr122","unstructured":"Ibid."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr133","unstructured":"Timmermans and Berg, op. cit. (note 22), 22\u20133. On how clinical guidelines and protocols \u2018make up\u2019 new groups of patients, see Ian Hacking, \u2018Lost in the Forest\u2019, London Review of Books (8 August 2013), accessed online at http:\/\/www.lrb.co.uk\/v35\/n15\/ian-hacking\/lost-in-the-forest; Idem, \u2018Making up people\u2019, in Thomas C. Heller, Morton Sosna and David E. Wellbery (eds), Reconstructing Individualism: Autonomy, Individuality and the Self in Western Thought (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1986), 160\u201371."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr185","unstructured":"Ibid., 139\u201340."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr108","unstructured":"Anon, Minutes of Third Meeting (3 December 1985), National Archives, FD23\/2294."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr71","unstructured":"Lishman, op. cit. (note 51)."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr62","unstructured":"Lishman, op. cit. (note 50), 14."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr176","unstructured":"Ibid."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr98","unstructured":"Ibid."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr33","unstructured":"Roth, op. cit. (note 31), 1227, 1229."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr11","unstructured":"Ballenger, op. cit. (note 6), 111."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr23","unstructured":"Rose, op. cit. (note 19), 111\u201313."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr193","unstructured":"Rose, op. cit. (note 19), 90."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr117","unstructured":"Anon, op. cit. (note 115)."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr194","unstructured":"See Danziger, op. cit. (note 19), 179."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr87","unstructured":"Anon, Comments on Huppert, Clinical and Cognitive Investigations of the Early Stages of Dementia in the Elderly (1985), National Archives, FD23\/2289."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr52","unstructured":"Ibid."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr192","unstructured":"Ibid., 163."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr65","unstructured":"Psychiatry Committee Policy Review (1977), National Archives, FD10\/332."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.6104.1"},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr205","unstructured":"Rose and Abi-Rachid, op. cit. (note 25), 140."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr16","unstructured":"Anon, Report of the Second Meeting of the Co-ordinating Committee (20 May 1985). Held at the National Archives, London (henceforth National Archives), FD23\/2290."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr161","first-page":"205","volume-title":"Psychopathology in the Aged","author":"Roth","year":"1980"},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.114.512.797"},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr174","unstructured":"Anon, op. cit. (note 132)."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr69","unstructured":"Ibid."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr183","unstructured":"Ibid."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr172","unstructured":"Anon, op. cit. (note 125)."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr145","unstructured":"Carol Brayne to Megan Davies (27 November 1986), National Archives, FD23\/2300."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr85","unstructured":"Huppert, op. cit. (note 81)."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.149.6.698"},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr184","unstructured":"Ibid., 138."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr165","first-page":"11","volume-title":"Cognitive and Emotional Disturbance in the Elderly","author":"Kay","year":"1977"},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr27","unstructured":"Ibid., 174."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr155","first-page":"31","volume-title":"Social Class in the 21st Century","author":"Savage","year":"2015"},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr200","unstructured":"Pickersgill, op. cit. (note 196), 330."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr105","unstructured":"Anon, op. cit. (note 95)."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr201","unstructured":"See Sheila Jasanoff (ed.), States of Nature: The Co-Production of Science and Social Order (London and New York: Routledge, 2004)."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr182","unstructured":"Ibid., 138."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr180","unstructured":"Ibid."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr106","unstructured":"Anon, \u2018Subcommittee on Alzheimer\u2019s Disease\u2019, MRC News (September 1985), National Archives, FD23\/2294."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr112","unstructured":"The MRC Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Workshop Steering Committee, Recommended Minimum Data to be Collected in Research Studies on Alzheimer\u2019s Disease (1986), National Archives, FD23\/2301."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr53","unstructured":"Ibid."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr7","unstructured":"Ibid., 81\u20136; Duncan Wilson, \u2018Quantifying the Quiet Epidemic: Diagnosing Dementia in late Twentieth-Century Britain\u2019, History of the Human Sciences, 27, 5 (2014), 126\u201346."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr30","unstructured":"Timmermans and Berg, op. cit. (note 22), 22."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr188","unstructured":"Ibid., 477."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr8","first-page":"211","volume-title":"Treating Dementia: Do We Have a Pill for It?","author":"Moreira","year":"2009"},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr140","unstructured":"Ibid."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr170","unstructured":"Stuart Hamilton, \u2018Famous Names Test: A Brief Introduction\u2019 (October 1986), National Archives, FD23\/2300."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr156","unstructured":"Kay et\u00a0al., op. cit. (note 145), 115."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr118","unstructured":"The MRC Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Workshop Steering Committee, op. cit. (note 112)."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr104","unstructured":"Ibid., 331\u20132."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr103","unstructured":"Keating and Cambrosio, op. cit. (note 22), 333."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr171","unstructured":"Ibid.; see also Marilyn Stevens, \u2018Famous Personality Test: A Test for Measuring Remote Memory\u2019, Bulletin of the British Psychological Society, 32 (1979), 211."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr110","unstructured":"Anon, Report of the Second Meeting of the Steering Committee (16 May 1986), National Archives, FD23\/2292."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr61","unstructured":"Ibid."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr132","unstructured":"Anon, Report of the Fifth Meeting of the MRC Co-ordinating Committee (5 May 1987), National Archives, FD23\/2297."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr83","unstructured":"Roth et\u00a0al., op. cit. (note 79)."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr47","unstructured":"Psychiatry Committee Policy Review (1975), National Archives, FD23\/4388."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr49","unstructured":"Anon, ibid."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr86","unstructured":"Ibid."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00048677709159547"},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr163","unstructured":"Ibid., 214."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr70","unstructured":"Alwyn Lishman to Katherine Levy (12 December 1977), National Archives, FD23\/4388."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr94","unstructured":"Ballenger, op. cit. (note 6), 89."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr97","unstructured":"Ibid."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr44","unstructured":"Martin Roth, \u2018Classification and aetiology of mental disorders of old age: some recent developments\u2019, in David W. Kay and Alexander Walk (eds), Recent Developments in Psychogeriatrics: A Symposium (London: Headley), 1\u201317, on 2; for more detail on the background and impact of this research, see Wilson, op. cit. (note\u00a07)."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr54","unstructured":"Ibid."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr102","unstructured":"Ibid."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr127","unstructured":"Ibid."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr84","unstructured":"Roth and Myers, op. cit. (note 39), 715."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr157","unstructured":"Ibid."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr10","unstructured":"Moreira, op. cit. (note 8), 218."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.98.410.66","article-title":"Problems in the Diagnosis and Classification of Mental Disorder in Old Age; with a Study of Case Material","volume":"98","author":"Roth","year":"1952","journal-title":"Journal of Mental Science"},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr28","unstructured":"Klaus Bergmann to Megan Davies (20 November 1986), National Archives, FD23\/2300."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0162243911414921"},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr13","unstructured":"Ibid.; see also Katzman and Bick, \u2018The rediscovery of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease in the 1960s and 1970s\u2019, in Whitehouse, Maurer and Ballenger, op. cit. (note 9), 104\u201314."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr19","unstructured":"Nikolas Rose, Inventing Ourselves: Psychology, Personhood and Power (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 87. See also Schilling and Casper, ibid.; Wilson, op. cit. (note 7); Kurt Danziger, Constructing the Subject: Historical Origins of Psychological Research (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994)."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr42","unstructured":"Garry Blessed, interview with the author (Ponteland, Northumbria, September 2013)."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr51","unstructured":"W. A. Lishman, Draft Report of the Subcommittee (1976), II, National Archives FD23\/4388."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr63","unstructured":"Ibid."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr91","unstructured":"Ibid."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1353\/book.3237","volume-title":"Self, Senility and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease in Modern America: A History","author":"Ballenger","year":"2006"},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr164","unstructured":"Kay et\u00a0al., op. cit. (note 154), 116."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(88)92081-8"},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr202","first-page":"59","volume-title":"The Long Revolution","author":"Williams","year":"2011"},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr39","first-page":"705","article-title":"The Diagnosis of Dementia","volume":"2","author":"Roth","year":"1969","journal-title":"British Journal of Hospital Medicine"},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr77","unstructured":"Anon, Note for File (January 1978), National Archives, FD10\/447."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr153","unstructured":"B.A. Harrison, Proposed New Study of the Elderly Mentally Disordered in Newcastle upon Tyne (February 1973), National Archives, MH166\/1304."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr109","unstructured":"Anon, Background to Workshop (December 1986), National Archives, FD23\/2300."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr124","unstructured":"Medical Research Council, op. cit. (note 17), 1."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr125","unstructured":"Anon, Summary of Points Made (1987), FD23\/2301."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr136","unstructured":"Ibid."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr190","unstructured":"Ibid."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr31","unstructured":"Martin Roth, \u2018Problems of an Ageing Population\u2019, British Medical Journal, 1 (1960), 1226\u201330: 1226. See also International Association of Gerontology, Old Age in the Modern World, Report of the Third Congress of the International Association of Gerontology, London, 1954 (Edinburgh and London: E. & S. Livingstone, Ltd., 1955)."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr100","unstructured":"Huppert, op. cit. (note 81)."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr129","unstructured":"Ibid."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr151","unstructured":"Kay, Beamish and Roth, op. cit. (note 45), 151."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr90","unstructured":"Anon, MRC Co-ordinating Committee: Terms of Reference (April 1985), National Archives, FD23\/2289."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/sth.2012.9"},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr177","unstructured":"D. N. Brookes, C. D. Frith, N. E. Day, R. Levy, M. Swash and C. P. Warlow, \u2018Clinical Trials in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and Related Dementias: A Report Prepared by the Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Clinical Trials Committee\u2019 (1988), National Archives, FD23\/2302."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr150","unstructured":"Ibid."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr74","unstructured":"Ibid."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr75","unstructured":"Ibid."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr101","unstructured":"Anon, op. cit. (note 95)."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr119","volume-title":"The Making of DSM III: A Diagnostic Manual\u2019s Conquest of American Psychiatry","author":"Decker","year":"2013"},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr120","unstructured":"See Moriera, op. cit. (note 8), 215; Guy McKhann, David Drachman, Marshall Folstein, Robert Katzman, Donald Price and Emanuel M. Stadlan, \u2018Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Report of the NINCDS-ADRDA Work Group Under the Auspices of the Department of Health and Human Services Task Force on Alzheimer\u2019s Disease\u2019, Neurology, 34 (1984) 939\u201344."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr116","unstructured":"See Keating and Cambrosio, op. cit. (note 22), 316\u201320."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr135","unstructured":"David Neary to Megan Davies (28 November 1986), National Archives, FD23\/2300."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr1","first-page":"195","volume-title":"A History of Mental Symptoms","author":"Berrios","year":"1999"},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(77)91596-3"},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr168","unstructured":"Bergmann to Davies, op. cit. (note 28)."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr195","unstructured":"Cambrosio et\u00a0al., op. cit. (note 22); Clarke et\u00a0al., op. cit. (note 21)."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr134","unstructured":"See Timmermans and Berg, op. cit. (note 22), 84\u20136."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr20","unstructured":"Rose, ibid., 57."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr73","unstructured":"Ibid."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr166","unstructured":"Garry Blessed, interview with the author (Ponetland, Northumbria, September 2013)."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr4","unstructured":"Beach, op. cit. (note 2), 328."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr43","unstructured":"Blessed, Tomlinson and Roth, op. cit. (note 40), 805."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr76","unstructured":"Ibid."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr9","unstructured":"Ballenger, op. cit. (note 6), 113\u201351; Patrick J. Fox, \u2018The role of the concept of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease in the development of the Alzheimer\u2019s Association in the United States\u2019, in Peter J. Whitehouse, Konrad Maurer and Jesse F. Ballenger (eds), Concepts of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Biological, Clinical and Historical Perspectives (Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000), 209\u201333."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr143","unstructured":"Rose, op. cit. (note 19), 90."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr159","unstructured":"Ibid., 116."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr5","unstructured":"David Cameron, Transcript of Speech to the 2012 Dementia Conference, available online at https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/speeches\/transcript-prime-ministers-speech-to-the-dementia-2012-conference."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr59","unstructured":"Ibid."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr50","first-page":"23","volume-title":"Senile and Presenile Dementias: A Report of the MRC Subcommittee","author":"Lishman","year":"1977"},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr198","unstructured":"Keating and Cambrosio, op. cit. (note 22), 334; Tiago Moriera, Julian C. Hughes, Thomas Kirkwood, Carl May, Ian McKeith and John Bond, \u2018What Explains Variations in the Use of Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) as a Diagnostic Category?\u2019, International Psychogeriatrics, 20, 4 (2008), 697\u2013709."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr72","unstructured":"Martin Roth, Application for a Project Grant: Multidisciplinary Investigations into Senile Dementia (January 1978), National Archives, FD10\/447."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr139","unstructured":"Anon, op. cit. (note 125)."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr92","unstructured":"Anon, Co-ordinating Committee: List of Members (April 1985), National Archives, FD23\/2289."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr162","unstructured":"Ibid."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr204","unstructured":"Savage, op. cit. (note 155), 35\u20137; see also Selina Todd, \u2018People Matter\u2019, History Workshop Journal, 76, 1 (2013), 259\u201365; Ross McKibbin, Classes and Cultures: England 1918\u20131951 (Oxford: Oxford University Press), 98\u2013105. The focus on class as a problem when it came to identifying cases of Alzheimer\u2019s disease seems to have been a peculiarly British concern. Researchers in the United States also claimed that a poor educational background raised problems, but instead linked it to race and noted that tests such as the MMSE appeared \u2018less specific for Blacks than for Whites\u2019. See James C. Anthony, Linda LeReshe, Unaiza Niaz, Michael R. Von Korff and Marshal F. Folstein, \u2018Limits of the \u201cMini-Mental State\u201d as a Screening Test for Dementia and Delirium Among Hospital Patients\u2019, Psychological Medicine, 12 (1982), 397\u2013408:402."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr34","unstructured":"For more detail see Wilson, op. cit. (note 7), 130\u20133."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr17","unstructured":"Medical Research Council, Report from the MRC Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Workshop (London: Medical Research Council, 1987), 1."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr81","unstructured":"Felicia A. Huppert, Application for a Project Grant: \u2018Clinical and Cognitive Investigations of the Early Stages of Dementia in the Elderly\u2019 (April 1985), National Archives, FD23\/2289."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr141","unstructured":"Timmermans and Berg, op. cit. (note 22), 22."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.180.2.161"},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr99","unstructured":"Roth and Myers, op. cit. (note 39), 715. See also J.E. Cooper, R.E. Kendall, B.J. Gurland, L. Sharpe, J.R.M. Copeland and R. Simon, Psychiatric Diagnosis in New York and London (London and New York: Oxford University Press, 1972)."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr24","unstructured":"Danziger, op. cit. (note 19), 186."},{"key":"S0025727317000564_fnr130","unstructured":"See Keating and Cambrosio, op. cit. (note 22), 259."}],"container-title":["Medical History"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0025727317000564","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,25]],"date-time":"2023-08-25T20:12:07Z","timestamp":1692994327000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0025727317000564\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,13]]},"references-count":205,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S0025727317000564"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/mdh.2017.56","relation":{},"ISSN":["0025-7273","2048-8343"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0025-7273","type":"print"},{"value":"2048-8343","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"\u00a9 The Author 2017. Published by Cambridge University Press.\u00a0This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}}]}}