{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,23]],"date-time":"2024-07-23T12:42:43Z","timestamp":1721738563913},"reference-count":113,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,4]],"date-time":"2017-12-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1512345600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Med. Hist."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This article examines how a branch of medicine based within the criminal justice system responded to a society which by the 1970s and 1980s was increasingly critical of the prison system and medical authority. The Prison Medical Service, responsible for the health care of prisoners in England and Wales, was criticised by prison campaigners and doctors alike for being unethical, isolated, secretive, and beholden to the interests of the Home Office rather than those of their patients. While prison doctors responded defensively to criticisms in the 1970s and 1980s, comparing their own standards of practice favourably with those found in the NHS, and arguing that doctors from outside would struggle to cope in the prison environment, by 1985 their attitudes had changed. Giving evidence to a House of Commons committee, prison doctors displayed a much greater willingness to discuss how the prison system made their work more difficult, and expressed a pronounced desire to engage openly with the rest of the profession to address these problems. The change of attitude partly reflects a desire by the Home Secretary William Whitelaw to make the Prison Service more open, and an acceptance of a need for greater accountability in medicine generally. Most important, however, was a greater interest in prison health care and appreciation of the difficulties of prison practice among the wider medical profession, encouraging prison doctors to speak out. This provides a case study of how a professional group could engage openly with criticisms of their work under favourable circumstances.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/mdh.2017.77","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,4]],"date-time":"2017-12-04T14:02:17Z","timestamp":1512396137000},"page":"112-131","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["\u2018From Defensive Paranoia to\u00a0\u2026Openness to Outside Scrutiny\u2019: Prison Medical Officers in England and Wales, 1979\u201386"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Duvall","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0025727317000771_r107","unstructured":"Her Majesty\u2019s Chief Inspector of Prisons for England and Wales, Patient or Prisoner? (London: Home Office, 1996), 4\u20135."},{"key":"S0025727317000771_r90","unstructured":"Ibid., 82."},{"key":"S0025727317000771_r66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i2068"},{"key":"S0025727317000771_r47","first-page":"29","volume-title":"Crime and Criminal Justice Policy,","author":"Newburn","year":"2003"},{"key":"S0025727317000771_r30","unstructured":"Smith, op. cit. (note\u00a09), 113."},{"key":"S0025727317000771_r12","unstructured":"Sim, op. cit. (note\u00a06), 103\u201328, 182. Sim and a co-author, Michael Fitzgerald were previously involved in a legal dispute with three prison doctors over an account of prescribing practices in their book, British Prisons. \u2018Jail Doctors Get Damages over Drug Allegations\u2019, The Times, 1 August 1980, 4."},{"key":"S0025727317000771_r92","unstructured":"Social Services Committee, Third Report, op. cit. (note\u00a015), xxxviii\u2013xl."},{"key":"S0025727317000771_r82","unstructured":"Ibid., 37."},{"key":"S0025727317000771_r59","unstructured":"Ibid."},{"key":"S0025727317000771_r49","unstructured":"Ibid., 84."},{"key":"S0025727317000771_r99","unstructured":"Social Services Committee, Third Report, op. cit. (note\u00a015), vii; Social Services Committee, 4 December 1985, op. cit. (note\u00a025), 90."},{"key":"S0025727317000771_r64","unstructured":"\u2018Medical news\u2019, British Medical Journal, 286, 6376 (7 May 1983), 1519."},{"key":"S0025727317000771_r54","unstructured":"The National Archives, Kew, United Kingdom Prison Services Committee, Evidence and Papers, Royal College of Psychiatrists, HO 263\/30, Letter, Mary Ellis to K. Rawnsley, 16 May 1979."},{"key":"S0025727317000771_r95","unstructured":"Wilson, op. cit. (note\u00a013), 201\u20135."},{"key":"S0025727317000771_r84","unstructured":"Social Services Committee, 27 November 1985, op. cit. (note\u00a068), 43."},{"key":"S0025727317000771_r40","unstructured":"Ibid., 98."},{"key":"S0025727317000771_r29","unstructured":"Ibid., 90\u20131; UK Statutory Instruments 1964, No.\u00a0388, The Prison Rules 1964."},{"key":"S0025727317000771_r9","first-page":"97","volume-title":"Prison Health Care","author":"Smith","year":"1984"},{"key":"S0025727317000771_r7","unstructured":"\u2018Radical Alternatives to Prison: A Memorandum to the Inquiry into the United Kingdom Prison Services\u2019, The Abolitionist, Summer 1979, 12."},{"key":"S0025727317000771_r5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226190174.001.0001","volume-title":"The Culture of Control: Crime and Social Order in Contemporary Society","author":"Garland","year":"2001"},{"key":"S0025727317000771_r106","unstructured":"Medicine within Prison: The Report of the Conferences which took place on Saturday 27th June 1992 at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine ([Dundee]: Physicians for Human Rights (UK), 1992), [13]."},{"key":"S0025727317000771_r103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"John L. Kilgour , \u2018The Prison Medical Service in England and Wales: A Commentary from the Director of the Prison Medical Service\u2019, British Medical Journal, 288, 6430 (26 May 1984), 1603\u20135; Edwards et al., op. cit. (note\u00a018).","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.288.6430.1603"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727317000771_r94.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"19. D.N. Baron, 'Can't Audit? Won't Audit!', British Medical Journal, 286, 6373 (16 April 1983), 1229-30","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.286.6373.1229"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727317000771_r94.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"20. Charles D.??Shaw, 'Aspects of Audit: Looking Forward to Audit', British Medical Journal, 280, 6230 (21 June 1980), 1509-11.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.280.6230.1509"},{"key":"S0025727317000771_r45","unstructured":"Social Services Committee, 12 February 1986, op. cit. (note\u00a08), 133."},{"key":"S0025727317000771_r3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/shm\/hks062"},{"key":"S0025727317000771_r86","unstructured":"Social Services Committee, 4 December 1985, op. cit. (note\u00a025), 83."},{"key":"S0025727317000771_r104","unstructured":"Social Services Committee, Third Report, op. cit. (note\u00a015), viii."},{"key":"S0025727317000771_r55","unstructured":"Wool, op. cit. (note\u00a052), 142."},{"key":"S0025727317000771_r108","unstructured":"Joint Prison Service and National Health Service Executive Working Group, The Future Organisation of Prison Health Care (Leeds: NHS Executive, 1999)."},{"key":"S0025727317000771_r43","unstructured":"Ibid., 143."},{"key":"S0025727317000771_r6","first-page":"108","volume-title":"Medical Power in Prisons: The Prison Medical Service in England 1774\u20131989","author":"Sim","year":"1990"},{"key":"S0025727317000771_r63","unstructured":"Social Services Committee, Third Report, op. cit. (note\u00a015), ii, vii, viii, lxxii\u2013lxxiv."},{"key":"S0025727317000771_r53","unstructured":"Ibid."},{"key":"S0025727317000771_r35","unstructured":"Smith, op. cit. (note\u00a09), 97."},{"key":"S0025727317000771_r28","unstructured":"Ibid., 86\u20137."},{"key":"S0025727317000771_r85","unstructured":"Ibid., 42."},{"key":"S0025727317000771_r73","unstructured":"Social Services Committee, 27 November 1985, op. cit. (note\u00a068), 37."},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727317000771_r80.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"33. Marjorie Hare, 'Prison Doctor \"Ghosted Out\"??', British Medical Journal, 288, 6422 (31 March 1984), 1005","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.288.6422.1005"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727317000771_r80.2","unstructured":"34. Marjorie Hare, 'Queueing Up for a Cell', The Guardian, 11 February 1984, 12."},{"key":"S0025727317000771_r98","unstructured":"Ibid., 76."},{"key":"S0025727317000771_r76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Edwin Martin , \u2018Medical Care in Prisons\u2019, The Lancet, 326, 8461 (26 October 1985), 942.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(85)90868-2"},{"key":"S0025727317000771_r8","unstructured":"1985\/86 HC 72-v, House of Commons, Social Services Committee, Session 1985\u201386, Prison Medical Service, Minutes of Evidence, 12 February 1986, 123, 126."},{"key":"S0025727317000771_r75","unstructured":"Ibid."},{"key":"S0025727317000771_r39","unstructured":"Smith, op. cit. (note\u00a09), 133."},{"key":"S0025727317000771_r100","unstructured":"Social Services Committee, 27 November 1985, op. cit. (note\u00a068), 42, 52."},{"key":"S0025727317000771_r77","unstructured":"Social Services Committee, 4 December 1985, op. cit. (note\u00a025), 80."},{"key":"S0025727317000771_r67","unstructured":"Social Services Committee, 12 February 1986, op. cit. (note\u00a08), 126."},{"key":"S0025727317000771_r1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/tcbh\/hwi064"},{"key":"S0025727317000771_r93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Charles D. Shaw , \u2018Aspects of Audit: The Background\u2019, British Medical Journal, 280, 6226 (24 May 1980), 1256.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.280.6226.1256"},{"key":"S0025727317000771_r16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R.A.H. Washbrook , \u2018The Psychiatrically Ill Prisoner\u2019, The Lancet, 309, 8025 (18 June 1977), 1302.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(77)91333-2"},{"key":"S0025727317000771_r52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/pb.3.8.142"},{"key":"S0025727317000771_r13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/shm\/hkr090"},{"key":"S0025727317000771_r78","unstructured":"Social Services Committee, 27 November 1985, op. cit. (note\u00a068), 40."},{"key":"S0025727317000771_r60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J.K. Lotinga , \u2018Psychiatry in British Prisons\u2019, The Lancet, 310, 8041 (8 October 1977), 765.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(77)90274-4"},{"key":"S0025727317000771_r83","unstructured":"Ibid., 43."},{"key":"S0025727317000771_r46","unstructured":"\u2018Home Office Doctors\u2019, The Lancet, 326, 8450 (10 August 1985), 343."},{"key":"S0025727317000771_r17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G. Robertson and T.C.N. Gibbens , \u2018Transfers from Prisons to Local Psychiatric Hospitals under Section\u00a072 of the 1959 Mental Health Act\u2019, British Medical Journal, 280, 6226 (24 May 1980), 1263\u20136.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.280.6226.1263"},{"key":"S0025727317000771_r10","first-page":"17","volume-title":"Prison Medicine: Ideas on Health Care in Penal Establishments","author":"Candy","year":"1985"},{"key":"S0025727317000771_r11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2011.300374"},{"key":"S0025727317000771_r91","unstructured":"Social Services Committee, 27 November 1985, op. cit. (note\u00a068), 41."},{"key":"S0025727317000771_r22","unstructured":"Ibid., 128."},{"key":"S0025727317000771_r37","first-page":"71","volume-title":"Prison Medicine: Ideas on Health Care in Penal Establishments","author":"Whitehead","year":"1985"},{"key":"S0025727317000771_r50","unstructured":"Ibid., 83."},{"key":"S0025727317000771_r72","unstructured":"Ibid., 19."},{"key":"S0025727317000771_r97","unstructured":"Smith, op. cit. (note\u00a09), 5\u20137."},{"key":"S0025727317000771_r96","unstructured":"William Whitelaw , \u2018Prisons: No Easy Way Out\u2019, The Times, 5 May 1983, 12."},{"key":"S0025727317000771_r48","unstructured":"Rawnsley et al., op. cit. (note\u00a014), 83."},{"key":"S0025727317000771_r2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203000878","volume-title":"Contesting Psychiatry: Social Movements in Mental Health","author":"Crossley","year":"2006"},{"key":"S0025727317000771_r70","unstructured":"Ibid., 51."},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727317000771_r79.1","unstructured":"58. P.A. Trafford, 'Hygiene in Prisons', The Times, 7 October 1983, 15"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727317000771_r79.2","unstructured":"59. P.A.??Trafford, 'Patients in Custody', The Times, 10 August 1984, 11."},{"key":"S0025727317000771_r23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ibid., 84, 88; Elizabeth K. McLean, \u2018Prison and Humanity\u2019, The Lancet, 305, 7905 (1 March 1975), 508.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(75)92845-7"},{"key":"S0025727317000771_r68","unstructured":"1985\/86 HC 72-ii, House of Commons, Social Services Committee, Session 1985\u201386, Prison Medical Service, Minutes of Evidence, 27 November 1985, 36."},{"key":"S0025727317000771_r62","unstructured":"J.B. Nunneley , \u2018Prison Medicine\u2019, World Medicine, 11 December 1982, 12."},{"key":"S0025727317000771_r105","unstructured":"Social Services Committee, 4 December 1985, op. cit. (note\u00a025), 85; Sim, op. cit. (note\u00a06), 121\u20133."},{"key":"S0025727317000771_r74","unstructured":"Ibid., 51."},{"key":"S0025727317000771_r32","unstructured":"Candy, op. cit. (note\u00a010), 17."},{"key":"S0025727317000771_r26","unstructured":"Smith, op. cit. (note\u00a09), 88, 93."},{"key":"S0025727317000771_r41","unstructured":"Candy, op. cit. (note\u00a010), 17."},{"key":"S0025727317000771_r42","unstructured":"Social Services Committee, 12 February 1986, op. cit. (note\u00a08), 133."},{"key":"S0025727317000771_r69","unstructured":"Ibid., 50."},{"key":"S0025727317000771_r101","unstructured":"Smith, op. cit. (note\u00a09), 7."},{"key":"S0025727317000771_r18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brian Edwards , et al., \u2018Cooperation Between the Prison Medical Service and the NHS: A Conversation\u2019, British Medical Journal, 291, 6510 (14 December 1985), 1698.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.291.6510.1698"},{"key":"S0025727317000771_r65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u2018Prison Medical Association\u2019, British Medical Journal, 288, 6423 (7 April 1984), 1099.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.288.6423.1099"},{"key":"S0025727317000771_r31","unstructured":"Ibid., 76."},{"key":"S0025727317000771_r44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benjamin Lee , \u2018On Standing Up and Being Counted\u2019, The Lancet, 321, 8336 (4 June 1983), 1269.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(83)92710-1"},{"key":"S0025727317000771_r87","unstructured":"Ibid., 80."},{"key":"S0025727317000771_r81","unstructured":"Social Services Committee, 27 November 1985, op. cit. (note\u00a068), 52."},{"key":"S0025727317000771_r89","unstructured":"Ibid."},{"key":"S0025727317000771_r109","unstructured":"Rapid Review of Evidence of the Impact on Health Outcomes of NHS Commissioned Health Services for People in Secure and Detained Settings to Inform Future Health Interventions and Prioritisation in England (London: Public Health England, 2016), 8."},{"key":"S0025727317000771_r88","unstructured":"Ibid., 86."},{"key":"S0025727317000771_r4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.bjc.a047810"},{"key":"S0025727317000771_r34","unstructured":"Candy, op. cit. (note\u00a010), 18\u201319."},{"key":"S0025727317000771_r25","unstructured":"1985\/86 HC 72-iii, House of Commons, Social Services Committee, Session 1985\/86, Prison Medical Service, Minutes of Evidence, 4 December 1985, Royal College of General Practitioners, 86."},{"key":"S0025727317000771_r58","unstructured":"TNA HO 263\/30, Ellis to Rawnsley."},{"key":"S0025727317000771_r15","unstructured":"1985\/86 HC 72, House of Commons, Third Report from the Social Services Committee, Session 1985\u201386, Prison Medical Service."},{"key":"S0025727317000771_r38","unstructured":"Benjamin Lee , \u2018Free the Prison Doctors Now\u2019, World Medicine, 6 August 1983, 21."},{"key":"S0025727317000771_r71","unstructured":"1985\/86 HC 72-i, House of Commons, Social Services Committee, Session 1985\u20136, Prison Medical Service, Minutes of Evidence, 20 November 1985, 18."},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727317000771_r61.1","unstructured":"86. Brian Deer, 'Doses with their \"Porridge\"??', World Medicine, 30 October 1982, 28-9"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727317000771_r61.2","unstructured":"87. 'Perverted Medicine', World Medicine, 30 October 1982, 7."},{"key":"S0025727317000771_r36","unstructured":"\u2018The Home Office and the Liquid Cosh\u2019, The Abolitionist, January 1979, 6."},{"key":"S0025727317000771_r20","unstructured":"Smith, op. cit. (note\u00a09), 41."},{"key":"S0025727317000771_r21","unstructured":"Ibid., 132."},{"key":"S0025727317000771_r19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Edwin Martin , \u2018Comparison of Medical Care in Prison and in General Practice\u2019, British Medical Journal, 289, 6450 (13 October 1984), 967\u20139.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.289.6450.967"},{"key":"S0025727317000771_r14","first-page":"81","article-title":"The College\u2019s Evidence to the Prison Services Inquiry","volume":"3","author":"Rawnsley","year":"1979","journal-title":"Bulletin of the Royal College of Psychiatrists"},{"key":"S0025727317000771_r24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G.V. Gill and I.A. MacFarlane , \u2018Problems of Diabetics in Prison\u2019, BMJ, 298, 6668 (28 January 1989), 222.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.298.6668.221"},{"key":"S0025727317000771_r56","unstructured":"TNA HO 263\/30, Ellis to Rawnsley."},{"key":"S0025727317000771_r33","unstructured":"Social Services Committee, 12 February 1986, op. cit. (note\u00a08), 126."},{"key":"S0025727317000771_r51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/pb.3.8.141-b"},{"key":"S0025727317000771_r102","unstructured":"D.J. West , \u2018Prison Health Care\u2019, The Lancet, 324, 8400 (25 August 1984), 438."},{"key":"S0025727317000771_r57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/pb.3.7.126-b"},{"key":"S0025727317000771_r27","unstructured":"Ibid., 77. The articles first appeared from November 1983 to March 1984, and were collected and updated in book form later in 1984."}],"container-title":["Medical History"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0025727317000771","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,23]],"date-time":"2020-10-23T17:46:04Z","timestamp":1603475164000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0025727317000771\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,4]]},"references-count":113,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S0025727317000771"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/mdh.2017.77","relation":{},"ISSN":["0025-7273","2048-8343"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0025-7273","type":"print"},{"value":"2048-8343","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"\u00a9 The Author 2017. Published by Cambridge University Press.\u00a0This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}}]}}