{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,13]],"date-time":"2023-10-13T10:36:18Z","timestamp":1697193378215},"reference-count":146,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,17]],"date-time":"2018-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1545004800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Med. Hist."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In 1942, the British Minister of Health commissioned a report from the newly established Advisory Committee on Mothers and Young Children into \u2018What can be done to intensify the effort to secure more breast feeding of infants?\u2019. To make their case, the members of the sub-committee put in charge of the report sought expert testimony on the benefits of breastfeeding. They consulted medical officers of health, maternity and child-welfare officers, health visitors, midwives, obstetricians, paediatricians and a physician in private practice. They also consulted five \u2018psychologists\u2019 (a contemporary umbrella term for psychologists, psychoanalysts and psychiatrists). It is not surprising that the committee turned to medical professionals, as infant feeding had long been an area of their expertise. However, seeking the views of \u2018psychologists\u2019 when establishing the benefits of breastfeeding marked a more innovative development, one which suggested that a shift in conceptualising the significance of breastfeeding was gathering pace. In the interwar period, psychoanalysts and psychoanalytically oriented psychiatrists showed growing interest in early infancy. It led to an extensive psychoanalytic engagement with contemporary feeding advice disseminated by the medical profession. This article will explore the divergences and intersections of medical and psychoanalytic theories on breastfeeding in the first half of the twentieth century, concluding with a consideration of how medical ideas on breastfeeding had absorbed some of the contentions of \u2018psy\u2019-approaches to infant feeding by the post-war period.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/mdh.2018.63","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,17]],"date-time":"2018-12-17T11:31:42Z","timestamp":1545046302000},"page":"61-81","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["\u2018If We Are to Believe the Psychologists \u2026\u2019: Medicine, Psychoanalysis and Breastfeeding in Britain, 1900\u201355"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"63","author":[{"given":"Katharina","family":"Rowold","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0025727318000637_r129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u2018Commentary\u2019, Mother & Child, 32 (1961), 188.","DOI":"10.2307\/1126213"},{"key":"S0025727318000637_r127","unstructured":"Urwin and Sharland, op. cit. (note 4)."},{"key":"S0025727318000637_r125","unstructured":"Dr W.C. Petherbridge to Mabel Liddiard, 18.6.1956, Archives of the Highgate Literary and Scientific Institution."},{"key":"S0025727318000637_r123","unstructured":"Moscucci, op. cit. (note 120)."},{"key":"S0025727318000637_r120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/pmj.79.929.168"},{"key":"S0025727318000637_r118","first-page":"115","volume-title":"Psychosocial Medicine: A Study of the Sick Society","author":"Halliday","year":"1948"},{"key":"S0025727318000637_r117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5040\/9781474211161"},{"key":"S0025727318000637_r115","unstructured":"See, for instance, Joyce Garland, \u2018Psychological Aspects of Breast Feeding\u2019, Mother & Child, 26, 4 (1955), 108."},{"key":"S0025727318000637_r114","unstructured":"Ducan Leys, ibid. (note 113), 509."},{"key":"S0025727318000637_r112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alice Stewart and Celia Westropp, \u2018Breast-Feeding in the Oxford Child Health Survey. Part II \u2013 Comparison of Bottle- and Breast-Fed Babies\u2019, The British Medical Journal (8 August 1953), 305\u20138.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.4831.305"},{"key":"S0025727318000637_r111","unstructured":"Evelyn Pantin, \u2018Artificial Feeding\u2019, Parents (October 1949), 112."},{"key":"S0025727318000637_r110","unstructured":"\u2018The Importance of Breast Feeding\u2019, Mother & Child, 20 (April 1949), 22."},{"key":"S0025727318000637_r109","unstructured":"\u2018Factors Influencing the Future Provision of Day Nurseries: Long-Term Policy. A Statement by the Day Nurseries Committee of the Medical Women\u2019s Federation Adopted by the Council of the Federation\u2019, British Medical Journal (9 August 1947), 209."},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727318000637_r102.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"11. See, eg, 'British Medical Association Meeting in Oxford: Wasting in Infancy', contribution by C.K.J. Hamilton, The Lancet (19 September 1936), 685","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)80935-6"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727318000637_r102.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"14. Ian G. Wickes, 'Overfeeding in Early Infancy', British Medical Journal (29 November 1952), 1178-9.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.4795.1178"},{"key":"S0025727318000637_r96","unstructured":"Klein, op. cit. (note 48), 298."},{"key":"S0025727318000637_r94","unstructured":"Klein, op. cit. (note 48), 298."},{"key":"S0025727318000637_r93","unstructured":"Isaacs, op. cit. (note 64), 1. It was not changed in the revised edition, first published in 1931."},{"key":"S0025727318000637_r92","unstructured":"D.W. Winnicott, \u2018Where the food goes\u2019, in The Ordinary Devoted Mother and Her Baby: Nine Broadcast Talks (London: C.A. Brook, 1950), 12. Ten o\u2019clock was the time for a feed on Truby King\u2019s four-hourly schedule. See Truby King, op. cit. (note 21), 35."},{"key":"S0025727318000637_r91","article-title":"Does Your Child Sleep Well?","volume":"77","author":"Winnicott","year":"1934","journal-title":"Parents"},{"key":"S0025727318000637_r89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/mdh.2017.57"},{"key":"S0025727318000637_r87","article-title":"Decline in Breast-feeding","volume":"812","author":"Crichton Miller","year":"15 October 1938","journal-title":"The British Medical Journal"},{"key":"S0025727318000637_r86","unstructured":"A. Smuts, Interview with Dr John Bowlby, unpublished manuscript (1977), cited in Robert Karen, Becoming Attached: First Relationships and How They Shape Our Capacity to Love (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), 89."},{"key":"S0025727318000637_r84","first-page":"20","volume-title":"Clinical Studies in Psychopathology: A Contribution to the Aetiology of Neurotic Illness","author":"Dicks","year":"1939"},{"key":"S0025727318000637_r82","unstructured":"D.W. Winnicott, \u2018Infant feeding\u2019 (1945), in op. cit. (note 71), 297."},{"key":"S0025727318000637_r81","unstructured":"Winnicott, op. cit. (note 72), 392."},{"key":"S0025727318000637_r80","unstructured":"Middlemore, op. cit. (note 62), 5, 71, 112, 146, 170."},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727318000637_r79.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"23. 'Psychology of Breast-Feeding', The British MedicalJournal (2 August 1941), 162","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.4204.162-a"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727318000637_r79.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"25. 'Notes, Comments and Abstracts', The Lancet, 238 (December 1941), 781-2.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)72299-9"},{"key":"S0025727318000637_r78","unstructured":"Winnicott, op. cit. (note 72), 98. See also King and Steiner, op. cit. (note 55), 181."},{"key":"S0025727318000637_r76","unstructured":"Edward Glover, \u2018Introduction\u2019, in Middlemore, op. cit. (note 62), vi."},{"key":"S0025727318000637_r74","unstructured":"Winnicott, \u2018Weaning\u2019 (1949), in op. cit., vol. 3 (note 71), 304."},{"key":"S0025727318000637_r73","unstructured":"Winnicott, ibid. (note 72), 395."},{"key":"S0025727318000637_r72","unstructured":"D.W. Winnicott, \u2018Breast feeding\u2019 (1945, rev. 1954), in ibid., 393."},{"key":"S0025727318000637_r71","unstructured":"D.W. Winnicott , \u2018Further Thoughts on Babies as Persons (1947)\u2019, in op. cit., vol.\u00a02 (note 57), 100."},{"key":"S0025727318000637_r69","first-page":"232","volume-title":"Melanie Klein: Her World and Her Work","author":"Grosskurth","year":"1986"},{"key":"S0025727318000637_r68","first-page":"31","volume-title":"On the Bringing Up of Children","author":"Klein","year":"1936"},{"key":"S0025727318000637_r67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00797308.1946.11823541"},{"key":"S0025727318000637_r66","unstructured":"Advisory Committee on Mothers and Young Children: Health Campaigns Sub-Committee: \u2018H.C. Paper 21\u2019, TNA: MH 55\/1539."},{"key":"S0025727318000637_r63","unstructured":"Urwin and Sharland, op. cit. (note 4), 185."},{"key":"S0025727318000637_r60","first-page":"127","volume-title":"On the Bringing Up of Children","author":"Isaacs","year":"1936"},{"key":"S0025727318000637_r59","volume-title":"Babies are Human Beings","author":"Anderson","year":"1907"},{"key":"S0025727318000637_r58","first-page":"574","volume-title":"D. W. Winnicott: Psycho-Analytic Explorations","author":"Winnicott","year":"1989"},{"key":"S0025727318000637_r57","first-page":"438","volume-title":"The Collected Works of D.W. Winnicott, vol.\u00a01","author":"Winnicott","year":"2017"},{"key":"S0025727318000637_r55","unstructured":"Pearl King and Ricardo Steiner (eds), The Freud\u2013Klein Controversies, 1941\u20135 (London: Routledge, 1991)."},{"key":"S0025727318000637_r54","article-title":"Loneliness in Infancy","volume":"558","author":"Hutton","year":"7 November 1942","journal-title":"British Medical Journal"},{"key":"S0025727318000637_r52","unstructured":"Thomson, op. cit. (note 8), 77."},{"key":"S0025727318000637_r50","unstructured":"Urwin and Sharland, op. cit. (note 4), 184."},{"key":"S0025727318000637_r103","first-page":"500","article-title":"A History of Infant Feeding. Part V: Nineteenth Century Concluded and Twentieth Century","volume":"142","author":"Wickes","year":"1953","journal-title":"Archives of Disease in Childhood"},{"key":"S0025727318000637_r53","unstructured":"Urwin and Sharland, op. cit. (note 4), 192; Shapira, op. cit. (note\u00a04), 136."},{"key":"S0025727318000637_r85","volume-title":"The Origins of Love and Hate, first published 1935","author":"Bowlby","year":"1988"},{"key":"S0025727318000637_r100","unstructured":"Middlemore, op. cit. (note 62), 172."},{"key":"S0025727318000637_r124","unstructured":"Dick-Read, op. cit. (note 105), 162."},{"key":"S0025727318000637_r28","unstructured":"Liddiard, op. cit. (note 19)."},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727318000637_r113.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"41. R.S. Illingworth, 'Breast-Feeding in Oxford', BMJ (22 August 1953), 441","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.4833.441"},{"key":"S0025727318000637_r56","unstructured":"Klein, op. cit. (note 48), 297."},{"key":"S0025727318000637_r101","first-page":"131","article-title":"The Fundamental Psychological Needs of the Child","volume":"21","author":"Miller","year":"August 1950","journal-title":"Mother and Child"},{"key":"S0025727318000637_r13","first-page":"20","volume-title":"The Physiological Feeding of Infants: A Handbook of the Principles and Practice of Infant Feeding","author":"Pritchard","year":"1909"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727318000637_r12.1","unstructured":"44. For the concept of scientific motherhood, see, for instance, Rima D. Apple, Perfect Motherhood: Science and Childrearing in America (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2006)"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727318000637_r12.2","unstructured":"45. Hilary Marland, 'The medicalization of motherhood: doctors and infant welfare in the Netherlands, 1901-30', in Fildes, Marks and Marland (eds), op. cit. (note 2), 74-96."},{"key":"S0025727318000637_r97","unstructured":"Winnicott, op. cit. (note 82), 295."},{"key":"S0025727318000637_r126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/hwj\/dbt037"},{"key":"S0025727318000637_r70","unstructured":"Klein, op. cit. (note 48), 302."},{"key":"S0025727318000637_r23","unstructured":"The Children\u2019s Department, The London Hospital. E.1, Notes on the Feeding of Normal Infants (London: Taylor and Francis, published between 1931 and 1939), 15."},{"key":"S0025727318000637_r14","first-page":"2, 15","volume-title":"A School for Mothers","author":"Bunting","year":"1907"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727318000637_r104.2","unstructured":"50. Alan Moncrieff (ed.), Practical Motherhood and Parentcraft: A Comprehensive Guide to Successful Parenthood (London: Odhams Press, 1951), 110, 140"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727318000637_r104.3","unstructured":"51. Philip Rainsford Evans and Ronald MacKeith, Infant Feeding and Feeding Difficulties, 2nd edn (London: J. & A. Churchill, 1954), 102, 107ff"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727318000637_r104.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"52. 'Changing Ideas in Infant Feeding', British Medical Journal (18 December 1954), 1469-70.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.4902.1469"},{"key":"S0025727318000637_r1","volume-title":"Report of Advisory Committee on Mothers and Young Children on the Breast Feeding of Infants","year":"1943"},{"key":"S0025727318000637_r128","first-page":"350","article-title":"The Nature of the Child\u2019s Tie to the Mother","volume":"39","author":"Bowlby","year":"1958","journal-title":"The International Journal of Psychoanalysis"},{"key":"S0025727318000637_r95","unstructured":"See note 44."},{"key":"S0025727318000637_r119","first-page":"153","article-title":"A History of Infant Feeding: Part I","volume":"142","author":"Wickes","year":"1953","journal-title":"Archives of Disease in Childhood"},{"key":"S0025727318000637_r31","article-title":"A Criticism of Some Modern Methods of Infant Feeding","volume":"150","author":"Laing","year":"8 February 1919","journal-title":"British Medical Journal"},{"key":"S0025727318000637_r62","first-page":"4","volume-title":"The Nursing Couple, first published 1941","author":"Middlemore","year":"1953"},{"key":"S0025727318000637_r116","unstructured":"Bennett, op. cit. (note 108), 226."},{"key":"S0025727318000637_r75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D.W. Winnicott, \u2018The value of breast feeding (psychological)\u2019, in op. cit. (note 71), 389.","DOI":"10.1093\/med:psych\/9780190271343.003.0062"},{"key":"S0025727318000637_r64","first-page":"28","volume-title":"The Nursery Years","author":"Isaacs","year":"1929"},{"key":"S0025727318000637_r11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wsif.2016.10.011"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727318000637_r36.1","unstructured":"56. In 1939, the infant mortality rate (in England and Wales) was 50 per 1000"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727318000637_r36.2","unstructured":"57. in 1918 it had been 97 per 1000. See 'Advisory Committee on Mothers and Young Children', TNA: MH 55\/1536."},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727318000637_r49.1","unstructured":"58. Shaul Bar-Haim, 'The Maternalizing Movement: Psychoanalysis, Motherhood and the British Welfare State c. 1920-50' (PhD thesis, University of London, 2015)"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727318000637_r49.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"59. Sally Alexander, 'Psychoanalysis in Britain in the Early Twentieth Century: An Introductory Note', History Workshop Journal, issue 45 (1998), 139.","DOI":"10.1093\/hwj\/1998.45.135"},{"key":"S0025727318000637_r65","first-page":"24, 34","volume-title":"The Nursery Years, rev. edn","author":"Isaacs","year":"1938"},{"key":"S0025727318000637_r17","volume-title":"The Mothercraft Manual","author":"Liddiard","year":"1924"},{"key":"S0025727318000637_r45","unstructured":"Advisory Committee on Mothers and Young Children: Health Campaigns Sub-Committee: \u2018H.C. Paper 12\u2019; \u2018H.C. Paper 14\u2019; \u2018H.C. Paper 16\u2019; \u2018H.C. Paper 21\u2019, TNA: MH 55\/1539."},{"key":"S0025727318000637_r105","unstructured":"Charlotte Naish, Breast Feeding: A Guide to the Natural Feeding of Infants (London: Oxford University Press, 1948), 14. See also Grantly Dick-Read, Childbirth without Fear: The Principles and Practice of Natural Childbirth, 3rd rev. edn (London: William Heinemann, 1954), 162."},{"key":"S0025727318000637_r18","first-page":"7","volume-title":"Natural Feeding of Infants","author":"Truby King","year":"1918"},{"key":"S0025727318000637_r42","unstructured":"\u2018The Fifth Meeting of the Advisory Committee on Mothers and Young Children\u2019, TNA: MH 55\/1536."},{"key":"S0025727318000637_r9","unstructured":"Dwork, op. cit. (note 2)."},{"key":"S0025727318000637_r38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.17.91.139"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727318000637_r30.1","unstructured":"64. See, for instance, Eric Pritchard, 'Discussion of Dr F. Truby King's paper', in Report of the Proceeding of the English-Speaking Conference on Infant Mortality, held at Caxton Hall, Westminster, on August 4 and 5, 1913 (London: National Association for the Prevention of Infant Mortality and for the Welfare of Infancy, 1913), 268-9"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727318000637_r30.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"65. 'The Standardised Infant', The Lancet (13 April 1918), 542-3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)26054-1"},{"key":"S0025727318000637_r48","first-page":"298","volume-title":"Love, Guilt and Reparation and Other Works 1921\u201345","author":"Klein","year":"1998"},{"key":"S0025727318000637_r106","first-page":"37","volume-title":"Babies and Young Children: Feeding, Management and Care","author":"Illingworth","year":"1954"},{"key":"S0025727318000637_r39","unstructured":"\u2018Advisory Committee on Mothers and Young Children. Health Campaigns Sub-Committee. Paper M.C.10\u2019, TNA: MH55\/1536. From the studies consulted, the sub-committee estimated that 80% of babies born in hospital and 95% or babies born at home were breastfed at two weeks. By the end of three months, around 50% continued to be breastfed and by the end of six months, approximately 40%. See Ministry of Health, op. cit. (note 1), 2\u20133."},{"key":"S0025727318000637_r121","first-page":"44","volume-title":"Introduction to Motherhood","author":"Dick-Read","year":"1950"},{"key":"S0025727318000637_r122","unstructured":"Dick-Read, op. cit. (note 105), 162."},{"key":"S0025727318000637_r108","first-page":"226","article-title":"Baby\u2019s Birthright","author":"Bennett","year":"1940","journal-title":"Parents"},{"key":"S0025727318000637_r8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199677481.001.0001"},{"key":"S0025727318000637_r99","unstructured":"Middlemore, op. cit. (note 62), 165\u20138."},{"key":"S0025727318000637_r44","unstructured":"Spence, op. cit. (note 32), 732\u20133; Harold Waller, Clinical Studies in Lactation (London: William Heinemann, 1938), ch. xi."},{"key":"S0025727318000637_r29","unstructured":"Truby King, op. cit. (note 21), 104."},{"key":"S0025727318000637_r34","unstructured":"\u2018Breast-Feeding\u2019, Mother and Child, 12 (November 1941), 151."},{"key":"S0025727318000637_r35","unstructured":"\u2018Advisory Committee on the Welfare of Young Children\u2019, London Metropolitan Archives, City of London: PH\/GEN\/3\/10; \u2018Alan Moncrieff to Ernest Brown\u2019, 1 July 1942, TNA: MH 55\/1536."},{"key":"S0025727318000637_r107","first-page":"69","volume-title":"The Welfare of the Infant and Child","author":"Bennett","year":"1932"},{"key":"S0025727318000637_r98","unstructured":"Winnicott, op. cit. (note 82), 295\u20136; Winnicott, \u2018Getting to Know Your Baby\u2019 (1945), op. cit. (note 71), 224."},{"key":"S0025727318000637_r19","article-title":"What Exactly Is the Truby King Method?","volume":"430","author":"Liddiard","year":"31 March 1926","journal-title":"The Nursery World"},{"key":"S0025727318000637_r51","unstructured":"Roper, op. cit. (note\u00a04), 40\u20131, 55."},{"key":"S0025727318000637_r26","volume-title":"Infant Education","author":"Pritchard","year":"1907"},{"key":"S0025727318000637_r88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Melanie Klein, \u2018The Autobiography of Melanie Klein\u2019, transcribed and annotated by Janet Sayers, Psychoanalysis and History, 15 (2013), 138.","DOI":"10.3366\/pah.2013.0130"},{"key":"S0025727318000637_r61","first-page":"305","article-title":"The Psychological Care of the Baby","volume":"6","author":"Schmideberg","year":"1935","journal-title":"Mother and Child"},{"key":"S0025727318000637_r16","unstructured":"Report of the Babies of the Empire Society (1919), 6."},{"key":"S0025727318000637_r33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.shpsc.2013.11.007"},{"key":"S0025727318000637_r46","unstructured":"\u2018Advisory Committee on Mothers and Young Children: Health Campaign Sub-Committee. Final Report (First Draft). H.C. Paper 37\u2019, TNA: MH 55\/1539."},{"key":"S0025727318000637_r83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0017660"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727318000637_r2.1","unstructured":"79. See Deborah Dwork, War Is Good for Babies and Other Young Children: A History of the Infant and Child Welfare Movement in England 1898-1918 (London: Tavistock, 1987)"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727318000637_r2.2","unstructured":"80. Elizabeth Peretz, 'Maternal and Child Welfare in England between the Wars: A Comparative Regional Study' (PhD, University of Middlesex, 1992)"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727318000637_r2.3","unstructured":"81. Valerie Fildes, Lara Marks and Hilary Marland (eds), Women and Children First: International Maternal and Infant Welfare, 1870-1945 (London: Routledge, 1992). For a history of infant feeding in Western Europe from antiquity to 1800, see Valerie A. Fildes, Breasts, Bottles and Babies: A History of Infant Feeding (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1986). For the twentieth century, see Linda Bryder, 'From Breast to Bottle: A History of Modern Infant Feeding', Endeavour, 33 (2009), 54-9"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727318000637_r2.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"82. for an enlightening comparative study, see Linda Bryder, 'Breastfeeding and Health Professionals in Britain, New Zealand and the United States, 1900-70', Medical History, 49 (2005), 179-96.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0025727300008565"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727318000637_r3.1","unstructured":"83. Rima D. Apple, Mothers and Medicine: A Social History of Infant Feeding, 1890-1950 (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1987)"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727318000637_r3.2","unstructured":"84. Jacqueline H. Wolf, Don't Kill Your Baby: Public Health and the Decline of Breastfeeding in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries (Columbus, OH: Ohio State University Press, 2001). See also Bryder, 'Breastfeeding', op. cit. (note 2)."},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727318000637_r4.1","unstructured":"85. For instance, Cathy Urwin and Elaine Sharland, 'From bodies to minds in childcare literature: advice to parents in inter-war Britain', in Roger Cooter (ed.), In the Name of the Child: Health and Welfare, 1880-1940 (London and New York: Routledge, 1992), 174-99"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727318000637_r4.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"86. Sally Alexander, 'Primary mternal preoccupation: D.W. Winnicott and social democracy in mid-twentieth century Britain', in Sally Alexander and Barbara Taylor (eds), History and Psyche: Culture, Psychoanalysis, and the Past (Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012), 149-72","DOI":"10.1057\/9781137092427_8"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727318000637_r4.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"87. Michal Shapira, The War Inside: Psychoanalysis, Total War, and the Making of the Democratic Self in Postwar Britain (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013)","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139547314"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727318000637_r4.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"88. Michael Roper, 'From Shell-Shocked Soldier to the Nervous??Child: Psychoanalysis in the Aftermath of the First World War', Psychoanalysis and History, 18, 1 (2016), 39-69.","DOI":"10.3366\/pah.2016.0177"},{"key":"S0025727318000637_r5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226288178.001.0001"},{"key":"S0025727318000637_r6","first-page":"52","volume-title":"The Selected Melanie Klein","author":"Klein","year":"1986"},{"key":"S0025727318000637_r7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0269889700003793"},{"key":"S0025727318000637_r10","first-page":"258","volume-title":"The Mixed Economy of Social Welfare","author":"Thane","year":"1996"},{"key":"S0025727318000637_r15","first-page":"xv, 4","volume-title":"A Voice for Mothers: The Plunket Society and Infant Welfare, 1907\u20132000","author":"Bryder","year":"2003"},{"key":"S0025727318000637_r20","unstructured":"Pritchard, op. cit. (note 13), 13, 14."},{"key":"S0025727318000637_r21","first-page":"33","volume-title":"Feeding and Care of Baby","author":"Truby King","year":"1924"},{"key":"S0025727318000637_r22","first-page":"217","volume-title":"Truby King \u2013 The Man: A Biography","author":"Truby King","year":"1948"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727318000637_r24.1","unstructured":"90. Frederic Truby King in 'Babies of the Empire: Public Meeting at the Mansion House. December 17th, 1918', Archives of the Highgate Literary and Scientific Institution"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727318000637_r24.2","unstructured":"91. Mabel Liddiard, The Mothercraft Manual, 10th edn (London: J. & A. Churchill, 1940), 47"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727318000637_r24.3","unstructured":"92. For Truby King's eugenic beliefs, see Philippa Mein Smith, Mothers and King Baby: Infant Survival and Welfare in an Imperial World: Australia, 1880-1950 (Houndmills: Macmillan, 1997), 90-1."},{"key":"S0025727318000637_r25","unstructured":"Liddiard, op. cit. (note 17), 50."},{"key":"S0025727318000637_r27","volume-title":"Psychological Care of Infant and Child","author":"Watson","year":"1928"},{"key":"S0025727318000637_r32","first-page":"729, 730","article-title":"The Modern Decline of Breast-Feeding","author":"Spence","year":"8 October 1938","journal-title":"The British Medical Journal"},{"key":"S0025727318000637_r37","unstructured":"See \u2018Breastfeeding in Relation to Female Labour as It Particularly Affects Birmingham\u2019, Archives of Diseases in Childhood, 18 (1943), 59\u201364."},{"key":"S0025727318000637_r77","unstructured":"Middlemore, op. cit. (note 62), 5, 170."},{"key":"S0025727318000637_r40","unstructured":"Ministry of Health, op. cit. (note 1), 1."},{"key":"S0025727318000637_r41","unstructured":"Ministry of Health, op. cit. (note 1), 4."},{"key":"S0025727318000637_r90","unstructured":"Glover, op. cit. (note 76), vii."},{"key":"S0025727318000637_r43","unstructured":"\u2018Breast-Feeding\u2019, The British Medical Journal (12 February 1944), 226."},{"key":"S0025727318000637_r47","unstructured":"\u2018Advisory Committee on Mothers and Young Children: Health Campaign Sub-Committee. The Views of Psychologists on Breast-feeding\u2019, TNA: MH 55\/1539; Ministry of Health, op. cit. (note\u00a01), 9."}],"container-title":["Medical History"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0025727318000637","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,8]],"date-time":"2019-11-08T04:25:30Z","timestamp":1573187130000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0025727318000637\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,17]]},"references-count":146,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S0025727318000637"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/mdh.2018.63","relation":{},"ISSN":["0025-7273","2048-8343"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0025-7273","type":"print"},{"value":"2048-8343","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"\u00a9 The Author 2018. 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