{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T16:36:58Z","timestamp":1790527018338,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":142,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,18]],"date-time":"2019-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1560816000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Med. Hist."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Twentieth-century psychiatry was transformed in the 1950s and 1960s by the introduction of powerful psychopharmaceuticals, particularly Chlorpromazine (Thorazine). This paper examines the reception of Chlorpromazine in the Soviet Union and its effect on the Soviet practice of psychiatry. The drug, known in the USSR by the name Aminazine, was first used in Moscow in 1954 and was officially approved in 1955. I argue that Soviet psychiatrists initially embraced it because Aminazine enabled them to successfully challenge the Stalin-era dogma in their field (Ivan Pavlov\u2019s \u2018theory of higher nervous activity\u2019). Unlike in the West, however, the new psychopharmaceuticals did not lead to deinstitutionalisation. I argue that the new drugs did not disrupt the existing Soviet system because, unlike the system in the West, the Soviets were already dedicated, at least in theory, to a model which paired psychiatric hospitals with community-based \u2018neuropsychiatric dispensaries.\u2019 Chlorpromazine gave this system a new lease on life, encouraging Soviet psychiatrists to more rapidly move patients from in-patient treatment to \u2018supporting\u2019 treatment in the community.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/mdh.2019.26","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,18]],"date-time":"2019-06-18T08:50:01Z","timestamp":1560847801000},"page":"249-269","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The Psychopharmacological Revolution in the USSR: Schizophrenia Treatment and the Thaw in Soviet Psychiatry, 1954\u201364"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"63","author":[{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Zajicek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0025727319000267_r6","unstructured":"\u2018Godovoi otchet MZ o seti, deiatel\u2019nosti i kadrakh meditsinskikh uchrezhdenii SSSR\u2019 [1954], Rossiiskii gosudarstvennyi arkhiv ekonomiki[hereafter RGAE], f. 1562, op. 27, d. 48."},{"key":"S0025727319000267_r10","unstructured":"Mark B. Adams, \u2018Networks in action: the Khrushchev era, the Cold War, and the transformation of Soviet science\u2019, in Garland Allen and Roy MacLeod (eds), Science, History and Social Activism, Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science (Springer Netherlands, 2001), 257. On de-Stalinisation, see Polly Jones, \u2018Introduction: the dilemmas of de-Stalinization\u2019, in Polly Jones (ed.), The Dilemmas of De-Stalinization: Negotiating Cultural and Social Change in the Khrushchev Era (London: Routledge, 2006), 1\u201318."},{"key":"S0025727319000267_r73","unstructured":"Ibid., 308."},{"key":"S0025727319000267_r118","unstructured":"Ibid., l. 114."},{"key":"S0025727319000267_r89","unstructured":"A.V. Snezhnevskii, \u2018Psikhopatologiia\u2019, in Klinicheskaia psikhiatriia (Izbrannye trudy) (Moscow: Meditsina, 2004), 102. [Original publication: Bol\u2019shaia meditsinskaia entsiklopediia, vol. 27, 2nd edn (Moscow: Sovetskaia entsiklopediia, 1962), 372\u201392.]."},{"key":"S0025727319000267_r56","unstructured":"Daniel P. Todes, Ivan Pavlov: A Russian Life in Science (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014), 287\u2013302; Roger Smith, Inhibition: History and Meaning in the Sciences of Mind and Brain (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1992), 200\u20135; Joravsky, op. cit. (note 11), 295."},{"key":"S0025727319000267_r122","unstructured":"\u2018Vypolnenie plana raboty po upravleniiu za 1962 god po gruppe psikhonevrologii\u2019, GARF, f. r-8009, op. 33, d. 946, l. 23."},{"key":"S0025727319000267_r112","unstructured":"\u2018Instruktsiia MZ SSSR o poriadke organizatsii i ucheta besplatnogo otpuska medikamentov pri ambulatornom lechenii nekotorykh kategorii bol\u2019nykh\u2019, 8 August 1965, GARF, f. r-8009, op. 33, d. 1061, ll. 88-91ob."},{"key":"S0025727319000267_r119","unstructured":"Narodnoe khoziaistvo SSSR: statistcheskii ezhegonik (Moscow: Gosudarstvennoe statisticheskoe izdatel\u2019stvo, 1965), 750."},{"key":"S0025727319000267_r114","unstructured":"Interestingly, the report also noted that: \u2019In recent years the organs of health protection have been given a large number of prisons and corrective labour camps, in which new psychoneurological hospitals and psychiatric colonies have quickly been organised.\u2019In other words, GULAG buildings vacated by Khrushchev\u2019s amnesty of labour-camp prisoners were being repopulated with psychiatric patients. Babaian, op. cit. (note 104), l. 93."},{"key":"S0025727319000267_r110","unstructured":"M.S. Kogan, in \u2018Stenogramma konferentsii Instituta psikhiatrii MZ SSSR po itogam nauchnoi raboty za 1957 god\u2019, 15 May 1958, GARF, f. r-9592, op. 1, d. 24, l. 45."},{"key":"S0025727319000267_r109","unstructured":"V.G. Levit, \u2018K voprosu ob organizatsii podderzhivaiushchei terapii neirolepticheskimi sredstvami\u2019, Zhurnal nevropatologii i psikhatrii im. S.S. Korsakova, 58, 5 (1958), 625\u20137."},{"key":"S0025727319000267_r108","unstructured":"I.G. Ravkin and N.F. Samter, \u2019Osnovnye printsipy podderzhivaiushchei, profilakitcheskoi terapii pri shizofrenii\u2019, Zhurnal nevropatologii i psikhatrii im. S.S. Korsakova, 60, 9 (1960), 1204."},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727319000267_r107.1","unstructured":"'Polozhenie o podderzhivaiushei terapii aminazinom v usloviiakh dispanera', 15 May 1957, TsAGM, 533, op. 1, d. 59, ll. 3-4"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727319000267_r107.2","unstructured":"L.L. Rokhlin and I.G. Ravkin (eds), Podderzhivaiushchaia terapiia neirolepticheskimi sredstvami bol'nykh shizofreniei: metodicheskie materialy (Moscow: Gos. nauchno-issledovatel'skii institut psikhiatrii, 1961), 4-13, 46-53."},{"key":"S0025727319000267_r106","unstructured":"T.I. Gol\u2019dovskaia and I.S. Iolovich, \u2018O razvitii dispansernoi psikhonevrologicheskoi pomoshchi v Rossiiskoi Federatsii\u2019, ZNiP, 60, 9 (1960), 1085\u20138."},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727319000267_r55.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benjamin Zajicek, 'Soviet Madness: Nervousness, Mild Schizophrenia, and the Professional Jurisdiction of Psychiatry in the USSR, 1918-36', Ab Imperio, 4 (2014), 167-94","DOI":"10.1353\/imp.2014.0096"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727319000267_r55.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benjamin Zajicek, 'A Soviet system of professions: psychiatry, professional jurisdiction, and the Soviet Academy of Medical Sciences, 1932-51', in Susan Grant (ed.), Russian and Soviet Health Care from an International Perspective: Comparing Professions, Practice and Gender, 1880-60 (Palgrave Macmillan, 2017), 97-117.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-44171-9_5"},{"key":"S0025727319000267_r104","unstructured":"\u2018Otchet NKZ SSSR o seti, deiatel\u2019nosti i kadrakh meditsinskikh uchrezhdenii SSSR\u2019[1940], RGAE, f.\u00a01562, op. 18, d. 203; \u2018Kolichestvo psikhonevrologicheskikh bol\u2019nits\u2019, in E. Babaian, \u2018Spravka o sostoianii psikhonevrologicheskoi pomoshchii naseleniiu SSSR\u2019, 20 May 1961, GARF, f. r-8009, op. 1, d. 1411, l. 103; \u2018Godovye spetsializirovanie otchety\u2026\u2019, op. cit. (note 100)."},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727319000267_r103.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gregory Dufaud and Lara Rzesnitzek, 'Soviet Psychiatry through the Prism of Circulation: The Case of Outpatient Psychiatry in the Interwar Period', Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History, 17, 4 (2016), 781-803","DOI":"10.1353\/kri.2016.0049"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727319000267_r103.2","unstructured":"David Joravsky, 'The construction of the Stalinist psyche', in Sheila Fitzpatrick (ed.), Cultural Revolution in Russia, 1928-31 (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1978), 105-28."},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727319000267_r102.1","unstructured":"L.M. Rozenshtein, 'Novye zadachi Sovetskoi psikhiatrii (o psikhogigiene i psikhoprofilaktike)', in A.I. Miskinov and L.A. Prozorov (eds), Vtoroe vserossiiskoe soveshchanie po voprosam psikhiatrii i nevrologii (Moscow: Izd. San-Prosv. Otd. NKZ, 1924), 6-10"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727319000267_r102.2","unstructured":"L.M. Rozenshtein, 'O nevro-psikhiatricheskoi dispanserizatsii', in A.I. Miskinov, L.A. Prozorov and L.M. Rozenshtein (eds), Sovetskaia meditsina v bor'be za zdorovye nervy (Samara: Izd. Ul'ianovskogo kombinata PPP, 1926), 20-37"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727319000267_r102.3","unstructured":"L.M. Rozenshtein, 'O rekonstruktsii nevropsikhiatricheskoi pomoshchi', Sovetskaia nevropatologiia, psikhiatriia i psikhogigiena, 1, 3-4 (1932), 63-77, 136-8."},{"key":"S0025727319000267_r36","unstructured":"\u2018Instruktsiia po lecheniiu aminazinom psikhicheski bol\u2019nykh\u2019, 1959, GARF, f. r-8009, op. 1, d. 1371b, ll. 26\u20137, 55\u20137; Nevzorova, op. cit. (note 16), 25."},{"key":"S0025727319000267_r101","unstructured":"Joravsky, op. cit. (note 11), 432\u20133."},{"key":"S0025727319000267_r97","unstructured":"Albert Deutsch, The Shame of the States (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1948)."},{"key":"S0025727319000267_r99","unstructured":"D.E. Melekhov (ed.), Sotsial\u2019naia readaptatsiia psikhicheski bol\u2019nykh (Moscow: Gos. NII psikhiatrii MZ RSFSR, 1965), 3."},{"key":"S0025727319000267_r38","unstructured":"Rokhlin, Peskova and Bakhar, op. cit. (note 30), 363."},{"key":"S0025727319000267_r115","unstructured":"Ibid., ll. 90\u20131. Nathan Kline described the beds in the psychiatric hospitals that he visited as \u2018a full 6 inches narrower than our own and, in many places, only 1 foot or so apart\u2019. Nathan S. Kline, \u2018The Organization of Psychiatric Care and Psychiatric Research in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics\u2019, Annals of The New York Academy of Sciences, 84 (April 1960), 169."},{"key":"S0025727319000267_r33","unstructured":"Letter to the editor of Pravda, 26 October 1954, GARF, f. r-8009, op. 33, d. 648-ts, ll. 93\u20135, 100\u20132."},{"key":"S0025727319000267_r34","unstructured":"Nevzorova, op. cit. (note 16), 113."},{"key":"S0025727319000267_r50","unstructured":"\u2018Prilozhenie no. 1 k prikazu MZ SSSR 170\u2019, 12 March 1966, GARF, f. r-8009, op. 1, d. 1511, ll. 7\u20139."},{"key":"S0025727319000267_r19","unstructured":"O.V. Kerbikov\u2019, Zhurnal nevropatologii i psikhatrii im. S.S. Korsakova, 65, 6 (1965), 955\u20136."},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727319000267_r83.1","unstructured":"M. Kislov (Nach. Gl. Aptechnogo upr. MZ RSFSR) to Safonov A.G. (Nach. Gl. Lech-prof. Upr. MZ RSFSR), 18 September 1956, GARF, f. a-482, op. 50, d. 1325, ll. 83-5"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727319000267_r83.2","unstructured":"'Stenogramma zasedaniia Preiziduma UMS MZ SSSR', 26 February 1957, GARF, f. r-8009, op. 2, d. 2314, l. 46. David Healy notes that in Western scientific literature reserpine was mentioned much more than Chlorpromazine, and it was crucial for testing theories about serotonin and dopamine. This Western research was reported in the Soviet Union, but Soviet authors themselves published very little reserpine research, perhaps because they had difficulty getting access to it. Healy, op. cit. (note 3), 106"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727319000267_r83.3","unstructured":"V.M. Morozov, 'Novoe v terapii psikhicheskikh zabolevanii', Zhurnal nevropatologii i psikhatrii im. S.S. Korsakova, 56, 7 (1956), 591-9."},{"key":"S0025727319000267_r25","unstructured":"Ibid., ll. 48ob."},{"key":"S0025727319000267_r31","unstructured":"Filtzer, op. cit. (note 7), 342\u201353."},{"key":"S0025727319000267_r70","unstructured":"Ibid., ll. 29\u201334."},{"key":"S0025727319000267_r46","unstructured":"Hanson, op. cit. (note 7); Filtzer, op. cit. (note 7), 346\u201352; Conroy, op. cit. (note 7), 964\u20137."},{"key":"S0025727319000267_r44","unstructured":"\u2018Obzor deiatel\u2019nosti\u2019, op. cit. (note 40), l. 59."},{"key":"S0025727319000267_r8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Volker Hess, \u2018Beyond the therapeutic revolution: psychopharmaceuticals crossing the Berlin Wall\u2019, in Mat Savelli and Sarah Marks (eds), Psychiatry in Communist Europe (Palgrave, 2015), 153\u201379.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-137-49092-6_8"},{"key":"S0025727319000267_r39","unstructured":"T. A. Nevzorova, \u2018Sravnitel\u2019naia terapevticheskaia effektivnost\u2019 insulina i aminazina pri lechenii bol\u2019nykh shizofreniei\u2019, Zhurnal nevropatologii i psikhatrii im. S.S. Korsakova, 59, 2 (1959), 161."},{"key":"S0025727319000267_r75","unstructured":"N.N. Timofeev, \u2018O psikhofarmakologii i ee otnoshenii k drugim metodam terapii psikhozov\u2019, Zhurnal nevropatologii i psikhatrii im. S.S. Korsakova, 58, 2 (1958), 129\u201337: 129."},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727319000267_r58.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"George Windholz, 'Soviet Psychiatrists under Stalinist Duress: The Design for a \"New Soviet Psychiatry\" and Its Demise', History of Psychiatry, 10, 3 (1999), 329-47","DOI":"10.1177\/0957154X9901003904"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727319000267_r58.2","unstructured":"Benjamin Zajicek, 'Banning the Soviet Lobotomy: Psychiatry, Ethics, and Professional Politics during Late Stalinism', Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 91, 1 (2017), 33-61."},{"key":"S0025727319000267_r42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u2018Godovoi meditsinskii otchet bol\u2019nitsy [Kashchenko] za 1956 god\u2019, TsAGM, f. 4-389, op. 1, d. 94, ll. 11\u201312.","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1477-8696.1956.tb00271.x"},{"key":"S0025727319000267_r92","unstructured":"A.V. Snezhnevskii, \u2018O nozologicheskoi spetsifichnosti psikhopatologicheskikh sindromov\u2019, Zhurnal nevropatologii i psikhatrii im. S.S. Korsakova, 60, 1 (1960), 91\u2013107."},{"key":"S0025727319000267_r54","unstructured":"\u2018Ob\u2019iasnitel\u2019naia zapiska k godovomu stat. otchetu psikho-nev. dispansera Leningradskogo Raiona za 1964 god\u2019, undated [1964], TsAGM, f. r-551, op. 1, d. 1547, ll. 38\u20139."},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727319000267_r7.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Philip Hanson, The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Economy: An Economic History of the USSR, 1945-91 (London and New York: Routledge, 2014)","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315841274"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727319000267_r7.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Donald Filtzer, The Hazards of Urban Life in Late Stalinist Russia: Health, Hygiene, and Living Standards, 1943-53 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010), 346-52","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511711954"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727319000267_r7.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mary Schaeffer Conroy, 'The Soviet Pharmaceutical Industry and Dispensing, 1945-1953', Europe-Asia Studies, 56, 7 (November 2004), 964-67.","DOI":"10.1080\/1465342042000294329"},{"key":"S0025727319000267_r74","unstructured":"E. Ia. Skuin\u2019, \u2018K voprosu o prirode biokhimicheskikh sdvigov pri terapii shizofrenii\u2019, in V.M. Banshchikov et\u00a0al. (eds), Trudy Vsesoiuznoi nauchno-prakticheskoi konferentsii posviashchennoi 100-letiiu so dnia rozhdeniia S.S. Korsakova i aktual\u2019nym voprosam psikhiatrii (Moscow: Medgiz, 1955), 356\u20138."},{"key":"S0025727319000267_r4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1177\/0957154X11401867","article-title":"Reforming Psychiatric Institutions in the Mid-Twentieth Century: A Framework for Analysis","volume":"22","author":"Henckes","year":"2011","journal-title":"History of Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0025727319000267_r37","unstructured":"Galenko et\u00a0al., op. cit. (note 28), 156. Soviet psychiatrists summarised and publicised international findings about the side effects and complications of Chlorpromazine treatment in 1958. G.K. Tarasov, \u2018O neirolepticheskom sindrome\u2019, Zhurnal nevropatologii i psikhatrii im. S.S. Korsakova, 58, 2 (1958), 234\u20137."},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727319000267_r52.1","unstructured":"'Prikaz #153 po psikhonev. Gorodskoi bol'nitse #3 im. Giliarovskogo', 11 June 1956, TsAGM, f. 1126, op. 1, d. 95, l. 21"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727319000267_r52.2","unstructured":"'Prikaz 324 po psikhonev. gorodskoi bol'nitse #4 im. Gannushkina', 18 July 1962, TsAGM, f. 533, op. 1, d. 55, ll. 67-67ob."},{"key":"S0025727319000267_r32","unstructured":"\u2018Stenogramma zasedanii Kollegii MZ SSSR\u2019, 11 February 1949, GARF, f. r-8009, op. 1, d. 757, l. 119."},{"key":"S0025727319000267_r91","unstructured":"Snezhnevskii, op. cit. (note 1), 96."},{"key":"S0025727319000267_r13","unstructured":"On the view \u2018from below\u2019, see Benoit Majerus, \u2018Making Sense of the \u201cChemical Revolution\u201d: Patients\u2019 Voices on the Introduction of Neuroleptics in the 1950s\u2019, Medical History, 60, 1 (2015), 54\u201366 and Viola Balz, \u2018Terra Incognita: An Historiographic Approach to the First Chlorpromazine Trials Using Patients Records of the Psychiatric University Clinic in Heidelberg\u2019, History of Psychiatry, 22, 2 (2011), 182\u2013200."},{"key":"S0025727319000267_r105","unstructured":"For a typical litany of the problems with the psychoneurological dispensary system, see \u2018Prikaz 140 MZ RSFSR, \u2018O sostoianii vnebol\u2019nichnoi p\/nev-oi pomoshchi v Rossiskoi federatsii i merakh po ee uluchsheniiu\u2019, GARF, f. a-482, op. 49, d. 6605, ll. 199\u2013204."},{"key":"S0025727319000267_r57","unstructured":"Ethan M. Pollock, Stalin and the Soviet Science Wars (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2006), chapter 6 passim; Nikolai Krementsov, Stalinist Science (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1997), 272\u20135; Joravsky, op. cit. (note 11), chapter 14 passim."},{"key":"S0025727319000267_r11","unstructured":"Julie Vail Brown, \u2018Heroes and non-heroes: recurring themes in the historiography of Russian-Soviet psychiatry\u2019, in Mark S. Micale and Roy Porter (eds), Discovering the History of Psychiatry (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), 297\u2013307; David Joravsky, Russian Psychology: A Critical History (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1989); Martin A. Miller, Freud and the Bolsheviks: Psychoanalysis in Imperial Russia and the Soviet Union (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1998); Irina Sirotkina, Diagnosing Literary Genius: A Cultural History of Psychiatry in Russia, 1880\u20131930 (Baltimore, MD and London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002)."},{"key":"S0025727319000267_r45","unstructured":"Ibid., l. 51."},{"key":"S0025727319000267_r26","unstructured":"Ibid., l. 51ob."},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727319000267_r16.1","unstructured":"Aminazine was first synthesised in the USSR by researchers M.N. Shchukina and N.V. Savitskaia at the All-Union Chemical-Pharmacological Scientific Research Institute. M.D. Mashkovskii, S.S. Liberman and A.I. Polezhaeva, 'K farmakologii aminazina', Farmakologiia i toksikologiia, 18, 1 (1955), 14-22"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727319000267_r16.2","unstructured":"T. A. Nevzorova, Aminazin v klinicheskoi i ambulatornoi praktike (Moscow: Medgiz, 1961), 6."},{"key":"S0025727319000267_r17","unstructured":"G.K. Tarasov, \u2018Rezul\u2019taty klinicheskogo issledovaniia deistviia aminazina pri lechenii psikhicheski bol\u2019nykh\u2019, Zhurnal nevropatologii i psikhatrii im. S.S. Korsakova, 56, 2 (1956), 146\u201354."},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727319000267_r12.1","unstructured":"Aleksandr Podrabinek, Karatel'naia meditsina (New York: Izd. 'Khronika', 1979), 83-94"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727319000267_r12.2","unstructured":"Vladimir Bukovskii, 'Psikhiatricheskii GULAG', in Moskovskii protsess (Paris and Moscow: Russkaia mysl', 1996), 144-61"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727319000267_r12.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dan Healey, 'Russian and Soviet Forensic Psychiatry: Troubled and Troubling', International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 37 (2014), 71-81.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijlp.2013.09.007"},{"key":"S0025727319000267_r117","unstructured":"Ibid., l. 92."},{"key":"S0025727319000267_r121","unstructured":"\u2018Stenogramma zasedaniia uchenogo soveta instituta psikhiatrii MZ SSSR\u2019, 21 March 1956, GARF, f. r-9592, op. 1, d. 21, l. 15ob."},{"key":"S0025727319000267_r77","unstructured":"Ibid., l. 12."},{"key":"S0025727319000267_r47","unstructured":"\u2018Reshenie kollegii MZ SSSR\u2019, 11 February 1949, GARF, f. r-8009, op. 1, d. 757, l. 25."},{"key":"S0025727319000267_r28","first-page":"162","article-title":"Aminazin v psikhiatricheskoi klinike","volume":"56","author":"Galenko","year":"1956","journal-title":"Zhurnal nevropatologii i psikhatrii im. S.S. Korsakova"},{"key":"S0025727319000267_r66","unstructured":"\u2018Otchet Komissii po oblsedovaniiu zhurnala \u201cNevropatologii i psikhiatrii im. Korsakova\u201d\u2019, 15 December 1953, GARF, f. r-8009, op. 2, d. 1925, ll. 43\u20136."},{"key":"S0025727319000267_r84","unstructured":"Tarasov, \u2018Rezul\u2019taty klinicheskogo issledovaniia novykh lekarstvennykh sredstv, provedennogo v institute psikhiatrii MZ RSFSR v 1958\u201360 godakh\u2019, in Sovremennye metody lecheniia psikhicheskikh zabolevanii: Metodicheskie materialy v pomoshch\u2019 prakticheskomu vrachu, L.L. Rokhlin and G.K. Tarasov (eds) (Moscow: MZ RSFSR, 1961), 5\u201314."},{"key":"S0025727319000267_r27","unstructured":"Ibid., l. 52."},{"key":"S0025727319000267_r53","unstructured":"Lavrishchev (Zam. nach. Gl. lechebno-prof. upravl. MZ RSFSR) to MZ ASSR, Zaved. obl. krai. Gorzdravotdelami Respub., kraevym, oblastnym, gorodskim psikhiatram, Glavnym vracham psikhonev. bol\u2019nits i dispanserov, 1 May 1958, GARF, f. a-482, op. 50, d. 3568, l. 101."},{"key":"S0025727319000267_r23","unstructured":"Ibid., 154."},{"key":"S0025727319000267_r59","unstructured":"Joravsky, op. cit. (note 11), 425\u2013226."},{"key":"S0025727319000267_r20","unstructured":"\u2018Zasedania Prezidiuma US MZ SSSR\u2019, 3 May 1955, Gosudarstvennyi arkhiv Rossiiskoi Federatsii[hereafter GARF], f. r-8009, op. 2, d. 2154, ll. 17\u201318."},{"key":"S0025727319000267_r60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robert van Voren, Cold War in Psychiatry: Human Factors, Secret Actors (Amsterdam and New York: Rodopi, 2010).","DOI":"10.1163\/9789042030473_021"},{"key":"S0025727319000267_r61","unstructured":"\u2018Stenogramma zasedaniia Prezidiuma US MZ SSSR\u2019, 18 December 1953, GARF,f. r-8009, op. 2, d. 1925, ll. 22\u20137."},{"key":"S0025727319000267_r41","unstructured":"\u2018Otchet o rabote komitetov i komissii pri UMS MZ SSSR\u2019, 10 February 1956, GARF, f. r-8009, op. 2, d. 2479, l. 14."},{"key":"S0025727319000267_r35","unstructured":"T.L. Taranenko, \u2019Vidoizmenenie sposoba vnutrimyshechnogo vvedeniia aminazina i ukhod za bol\u2019nymi vo vremia lecheniia etim preparatom\u2019, Meditsinskaia sestra, 6 (1958), 32."},{"key":"S0025727319000267_r21","unstructured":"\u2018Klinicheskaia konferentsiia sotrudnikov bolnitsyim im. Gannushkina, kafedra psikhiatrii TsIU, Gos. Institute psikhiatrii, i sotrudnikov 3 p-nev dispansarov\u2019, 27 October 1955, Tsentral\u2019nyi arkhiv goroda Moskvy[hereafter TsAGM], f. 533, op. 1, d. 27, ll. 49ob\u201352ob."},{"key":"S0025727319000267_r63","unstructured":"\u2018Sistematicheskii ukazatel\u2019, Zhurnal nevropatologii i psikhatrii im. S.S. Korsakova, 53, 12 (1953), 965."},{"key":"S0025727319000267_r72","first-page":"296","article-title":"Aminazin (Obzor literatury po primeneniiu v psikhiatrii odnogo iz proizvodnykh fenotiazina)\u201d","volume":"55","author":"Tarasov","year":"1955","journal-title":"Zhurnal nevropatologii i psikhatrii im. S.S. Korsakova"},{"key":"S0025727319000267_r29","unstructured":"Tarasov, op. cit. (note 17), 146."},{"key":"S0025727319000267_r64","unstructured":"E. Sh. Airapet\u2019liats et\u00a0al. (eds), Nauchnaia sessiia posviashchennaia problemam fiziologicheskogo ucheniia akademika I.P. Pavlova, 28 iiunia \u2013 4 iiulia 1950 g.: Stenograficheskii otchet (Moscow: Izd. Akademii Nauk SSSR, 1950), 59."},{"key":"S0025727319000267_r67","unstructured":"N. Chetverikov, \u2018Nekotorye zamechaniia o rabote Zhurnala nev. i psikh im. Korsakova\u2019, 12 December 1953, GARF, f. r-8009, op. 2, d. 1925, l. 56."},{"key":"S0025727319000267_r100","unstructured":"\u2018Godovye spetsializirovanie otchety MZ SSSR o rabote psikhonevrologicheskikh bol\u2019nitsakh i dispanserov\u2019 [1955], RGAEf. 1562, op. 27, d. 165; Narodnoe khoziaistvo SSSR: Statistcheskii ezhegonik (Moscow: Gosudarstvennoe statisticheskoe izdatel\u2019stvo, 1965, 1975, 1990)."},{"key":"S0025727319000267_r116","unstructured":"Babaian, op. cit. (note 104), ll. 95, 99."},{"key":"S0025727319000267_r68","unstructured":"\u2018Stenogramma\u2026\u2019, op. cit. (note 61), ll. 24\u20135."},{"key":"S0025727319000267_r51","unstructured":"E.P. Egorovskaia (Zam. nachal\u2019nika otdela spets. pomoshchi MZ RSFSR) to Z.G. Gurevich (Gl. Aptechnoe Upr.), 22 August 1956, GARF, f. a-482, op. 50, d. 1325, l. 88\u201390."},{"key":"S0025727319000267_r69","unstructured":"Ibid., ll. 26\u20138."},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727319000267_r71.1","unstructured":"Iu. E. Segal', 'K neirodinamike sosudistykh refleksov pri galliutsinnatorno-paranoidnoi forme shizofrenii. Soobshchenie I', Zhurnal nevropatologii i psikhatrii im. S.S. Korsakova, 53, 3 (1953), 182-90"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727319000267_r71.2","unstructured":"D.A. Kaufman, 'K voprosu o patofiziologii shizofrenicheskogo defekta', Zhurnal nevropatologii i psikhatrii im. S.S. Korsakova, 53, 4 (1953), 259-66."},{"key":"S0025727319000267_r95","unstructured":"\u2018Sprakva k protokolu no. 5 zasedanii kollegii MZ SSSR\u2019, 2 February 1956, GARF f. r-8009, op. 1, d. 1287, l. 186."},{"key":"S0025727319000267_r40","unstructured":"\u2018Obzor deiatel\u2019nosti psikhonevrologichesikh bol\u2019nits RSFSR za 1960 god\u2019, GARF, f. a-482, op. 50, d. 5188, l. 55."},{"key":"S0025727319000267_r78","unstructured":"Ibid., ll. 6, 11."},{"key":"S0025727319000267_r85","unstructured":"I.G. Ravkin and M.S. Zeleva, Polozhenie o klinicheskoi proverke novykh lekarstvennykh sredstv v usloviiakh psikhonevrologicheskogo statsionara\u2019, in L.L. Rokhlin and G.K. Tarasov (eds), Sovremennye metody lecheniia psikhicheskikh zabolevanii: Metodicheskie materialy v pomoshch\u2019 prakticheskomu vrachu (Moscow: MZ RSFSR, 1961), 56\u20138."},{"key":"S0025727319000267_r15","unstructured":"Edward Shorter, A Historical Dictionary of Psychiatry (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), 53\u20136."},{"key":"S0025727319000267_r18","unstructured":"M.Ia. Sereiskii et al., \u2018Lechenie bol\u2019nykh shizofreniei aminazinom\u2019, Zhurnal nevropatologii i psikhatrii im. S.S. Korsakova, 56, 2 (1956), 155."},{"key":"S0025727319000267_r76","unstructured":"\u2018Stenogramma zasedaniia Plenuma pravleniia vsesiouznogo obshchestva nevropatologov i psikhiatrov\u2019, GARF, f. r-9592, op. 1, d. 39, l. 3."},{"key":"S0025727319000267_r113","unstructured":"\u2018Ob\u2019iasnitel\u2019naia zapiska\u2026\u2019, op. cit. (note 54), ll. 38\u20139."},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727319000267_r79.1","unstructured":"B.S. Bamdas et\u00a0al., 'Materialy k mekhanizmu deistviia aminazina', Zhurnal nevropatologii i psikhatrii im. S.S. Korsakova, 56, 2 (1956), 132-6"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727319000267_r79.2","unstructured":"K.V. Stroikova, 'O lokalizatsii deistviia aminazina u bol'nykh shizofreniei', Zhurnal nevropatologii i psikhatrii im. S.S. Korsakova, 59, 9 (1959), 402-9."},{"key":"S0025727319000267_r82","unstructured":"V.M. Banshchikov and G.V. Stoliarov, \u2019Eksperimental\u2019nye psikhozy: Dietilamid lizerginovoi kisloty v psikhiatrii (Obzor zarubezhnoi literatury)\u2019, Zhurnal nevropatologii i psikhatrii im. S.S. Korsakova, 59, 2 (1959), 222\u201332."},{"key":"S0025727319000267_r86","unstructured":"A set of clinical trial records can be found in TsAGM, f. 533, op. 1, d. 156. See, for instance, \u2018Rezul\u2019taty klinicheskogo ispytaniia meprotan (andaksin) na baze kafedry psikhiatrii TsIU i klinicheskoi psikhonevrologicheskoi b-tsy #4 im. Gannushkine\u2019, TsAGM, f. 533, op. 1, d. 156, ll. 1\u20134."},{"key":"S0025727319000267_r9","unstructured":"The term \u2018the Thaw\u2019 came from the title of a 1954 novel by Ilya Eherenburg. See Denis Kozlov and Eleonory Gilburd (eds), The Thaw: Soviet Society and Culture during the 1950s and 1960s (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2013)."},{"key":"S0025727319000267_r94","unstructured":"\u2018O merakh uluchsheniia psikhonevrologichskoi pomoshchi\u2019, 20 August 1954, GARF, f. a- 482, op. 49, d. 8347, l. 113."},{"key":"S0025727319000267_r98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shorter, op. cit. (note 2), 280. During this period, American psychiatrists became very interested in the USSR\u2019s non-hospital psychiatry system, and a series of articles appeared which attempted to use the Soviet model as a source of lessons about how to implement community mental health in the United States. Gary S. Belkin, \u2018Writing about Their Science: American Interest in Soviet Psychiatry during the Post-Stalin Cold War\u2019, Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, 43, 1 (Autumn 1999), 31\u201346.","DOI":"10.1353\/pbm.1999.0041"},{"key":"S0025727319000267_r87","unstructured":"Tarasov, op. cit. (note 84), 11\u201312. On America\u2019s \u2019popular frenzy\u2019 for Miltown, see Shorter, op. cit. (note 2), 315\u20136."},{"key":"S0025727319000267_r93","unstructured":"\u2018O merakh uluchsheniia psikhonevrologichskoi pomoshchi\u2019, 20 August 1954, GARF, f. a- 482, op. 49, d. 8347, l. 113."},{"key":"S0025727319000267_r96","unstructured":"\u2018Klinicheskaia konferentsiia\u2019, op. cit. (note 21), l. 51ob."},{"key":"S0025727319000267_r14","unstructured":"Healy, op. cit. (note 3), 85."},{"key":"S0025727319000267_r1","unstructured":"A.V. Snezhnevskii, \u2018Psikhofarmakologicheskie sredstva\u2019, in Klinicheskaia psikhiatriia (Izbrannye trudy) (Moscow: Meditsina, 2004), 93. [Original publication: Klinicheskaia meditsina, 10 (1961), 126\u201334]."},{"key":"S0025727319000267_r88","unstructured":"These drugs included Aminazine, Haloperidol, Imizin (Melipramin), Meprotan (Meprobomat), Mazheptil (Thioproperazine), Tisercin (Levomepromazine), Transamin (Tranexamic Acid), Triftazin (Trifluoperazine), Etaperazin (Perphenazine) and Elenium (Librium). B. Petrovskii, \u2019Perechen\u2019 vazhneishikh meditsinskikh preparatov, kotorymi neobkhodoimo obespechit\u2019 uchrezdheniia zdravookhraneniia v dostatochnykh kolichestvakh pervoocheredno\u2019, 26 January 1966, GARF, f. r-8009, op. 1, d. 1511, l. 10."},{"key":"S0025727319000267_r5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-196404000-00001","article-title":"The Institutional Framework of Soviet Psychiatry","volume":"138","author":"Field","year":"1964","journal-title":"Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease"},{"key":"S0025727319000267_r123","unstructured":"V.I. Butorin, Chto nado znat\u2019 o nervno-psikhicheskikh zabolevaniiakh (Moscow: Meditsina, 1965), 28."},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727319000267_r80.1","unstructured":"L. I. Lando, 'Elektroforeticheskoe issledovanie belkovykh fraktsii syvorotki krovi bol'nykh shizofreniei i ikh dinamiki pod vlianiem lecheniia neirolepticheskimi veshchestvami', Zhurnal nevropatologii i psikhatrii im. S.S. Korsakova, 59, 2 (1959), 135-42"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727319000267_r80.2","unstructured":"N.N. Lapteva, 'K mekhanizmu vliianiia aminazina na belkovyi sostav plazmy krovi', Zhurnal nevropatologii i psikhatrii im. S.S. Korsakova, 59, 2 (1959), 143-50"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727319000267_r80.3","unstructured":"T.E. Romel', 'Pronitsaemost' gemato-entsefalicheskogo bar'era i ee izmenenie pod vlianiem aminazinoterapii u bol'nykh shizofreniei', Zhurnal nevropatologii i psikhatrii im. S.S. Korsakova, 59, 2 (1959), 151-5."},{"key":"S0025727319000267_r49","unstructured":"\u2018Spisok medikamentov, vydelennykh na 1960 god v nedostatochnykh kolichestvakh\u2019, GARF, f. a-482, op. 50, d. 4984, l. 75."},{"key":"S0025727319000267_r62","unstructured":"Todes, op. cit. (note 56), 632, 647\u20138."},{"key":"S0025727319000267_r24","unstructured":"\u2018Klinicheskaia konferentsiia\u2026\u2019, op. cit. (note 21), l. 52."},{"key":"S0025727319000267_r120","unstructured":"\u2018Svedeniia dlia raikoma KPSS Kuib. R-na po kiln. p\/nev b-tse #4 im. Gannushkina\u2019, TsAGM, f. 533, op. 1, d. 81, l. 9."},{"key":"S0025727319000267_r111","unstructured":"Free medication for outpatient psychiatric patients was mandated by the USSR Council of Ministers and implemented by USSR Ministry of Health decree #317 (4 July 1963). See \u2018Otchet o vypolnenii plana raboty Gl. Upr. Lechebno-prof. pomoshchi MZ SSR za 1963\u2019, GARF, f. r-8009, op. 33, d. 976, l. 13."},{"key":"S0025727319000267_r3","unstructured":"Anne E. Caldwell, Origins of Psychopharmacology from CPZ to LSD (Springfield, IL: Thomas, 1970); Judith Swazey, Chlorpromazine in Psychiatry: A Study of Therapeutic Innovation (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1974); David Healy, The Creation of Psychopharmacology (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002); Joanna Moncrieff, The Bitterest of Pills: The Troubling Story of Antipsychotic Drugs (Houndmills: Palgrave, 2013); Nicolas Henckes, \u2018Magic bullet in the head? Psychiatric revolutions and their aftermath\u2019, in Jeremy A. Greene, Flurin Condrau and Elizabeth Siegel Watkins (eds), Therapeutic Revolutions: Pharmaceuticals and Social Change in the Twentieth Century (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2016), 65\u201396."},{"key":"S0025727319000267_r22","unstructured":"Tarasov, op. cit. (note 17), 152."},{"key":"S0025727319000267_r90","unstructured":"Ibid., 95."},{"key":"S0025727319000267_r81","unstructured":"Healy, op. cit. (note 3), 107."},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727319000267_r2.1","unstructured":"Edward Shorter, A History of Psychiatry: From the Era of the Asylum to the Age of Prozac (New York: John Wiley, 1997), 279-81"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727319000267_r2.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andrew Scull, Madness: A Very Short Introduction (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011), 102-21.","DOI":"10.1093\/actrade\/9780199608034.003.0006"},{"key":"S0025727319000267_r48","unstructured":"\u2018Otchet o rabote otdela po razdachu psikhonevrologicheskoi pomoshchi za 1957 god\u2019, GARF, f. a-482, op. 50, d. 3570, ll. 46\u20137."},{"key":"S0025727319000267_r65","unstructured":"\u2018Stenogramma\u2026\u2019, op. cit. (note 61), l. 33."},{"key":"S0025727319000267_r43","unstructured":"Nevzorova, op. cit. (note 39), 161, 165."},{"key":"S0025727319000267_r30","unstructured":"L.L. Rokhlin, M.V. Peskova, and Z.P. Bakhar, \u2018Opyt lecheniia aminazinom bol\u2019nykh shizofreniei\u2019, in L.L. Rokhlin, et\u00a0al. (eds), Aktual\u2019nye problemy nevropatologii i psikhiatrii (Kuibyshev: MZ RSFSR, 1957), 363."}],"container-title":["Medical History"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0025727319000267","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,21]],"date-time":"2022-09-21T00:53:38Z","timestamp":1663721618000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0025727319000267\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,18]]},"references-count":142,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S0025727319000267"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/mdh.2019.26","relation":{},"ISSN":["0025-7273","2048-8343"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0025-7273","type":"print"},{"value":"2048-8343","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"\u00a9 The Author 2019. Published by Cambridge University Press.\u00a0","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}}]}}