{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,20]],"date-time":"2023-09-20T08:47:15Z","timestamp":1695199635321},"reference-count":183,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,9]],"date-time":"2019-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1567987200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Med. Hist."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>A tropology of moral injury and corruption long framed the plight of the sex crime victim. Nineteenth-century psychiatric acknowledgment of adverse sexual experience reflected general trends in etiological thought, especially on \u2018epileptic\u2019 and hysteric seizures, but on the whole remained descriptive, guarded and limited. Various experiential threats to the modern sexual self beyond assault and rape were granted etiological significance, however: illegitimate motherhood, masturbatory guilt, sexual enlightenment, \u2018homosexual seduction\u2019 and chance encounters leading to fetishistic fixation. These minor early appeals to medical psychology help us appreciate the multiple nuances of \u2018sexual trauma\u2019 advanced in Breuer and Freud\u2019s<jats:italic>Studies on Hysteria<\/jats:italic>(1895) and Freud\u2019s subsequent work.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/mdh.2019.42","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,9]],"date-time":"2019-09-09T08:42:24Z","timestamp":1568018544000},"page":"411-434","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["<i>Kr\u00e4nkung<\/i>and<i>Erkrankung<\/i>: Sexual Trauma before\u00a01895"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"63","author":[{"given":"Diederik F.","family":"Janssen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0025727319000425_r91","unstructured":"Tardieu, \u2018\u00c9tude m\u00e9dico-l\u00e9gale\u2019, ibid., 159; Sigmund A.J. Schneider, \u2018Bericht \u00fcber die Leistungen in der gerichtlichen Medicin\u2019, Canstatt\u2019s Jahresbericht \u00fcber die Fortschritte der gesammten Medicin in allen L\u00e4ndern (1858), 1\u201332, see 20; L.H.S., \u2018On a Very Important Characteristic Sign in the Medico-Legal History of Attempts at Rape. From the French of Dr. Legrand du Saulle\u2019, The American Medical Monthly, 12 (July, 1859), 51\u20133; Freud, op. cit. (note 14), 433. The same effect was widely attributed to premature sexual activity per se, such as by J[oseph Ritter] von Maschka, \u2018Zeichen der Jungfrauschaft und gesetzwidrige Befriedigung des Geschlechtstriebes\u2019, in Maschka (ed.), Handbuch der gerichtlichen Medicin, 4 vols (T\u00fcbbingen: H. Laupp, 1881\u20132), 3:87\u2013192, see 88."},{"key":"S0025727319000425_r140","unstructured":"Moriz Benedikt, \u2018Aus der Pariser Kongresszeit. Erinnerungen und Betrachtungen [cont\u2019d]\u2019, Internationale klinische Rundschau, 3, 39 (29 September 1889), 1611\u201314, here 613. Apparently of some weight to the author himself, the case reappears in Benedikt\u2019s Hypnotismus und Suggestion: Eine klinisch-psychologische Studie (Leipzig\/Vienna: M. Breitenstein, 1894), 50\u20132, and his memoires, Aus meinem Leben: Erinnerungen und Er\u00f6rterungen (Vienna: Carl Konegen, 1906), 136\u20137. The 1894 appearance was cited by Breuer as \u2018interesting\u2019 (op. cit., note 1, 184 n1)."},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727319000425_r31.1","unstructured":"'The detestable crime of Seduction is another very fertile source of insanity, its cruelty and criminality must strongly impress every heart in which humanity is not wholly obliterated \u2026 in proportion to the sensibility, consciousness of shame, and remaining virtue of the victim, may we apprehend the degree of morbid effect on the intellect': Joseph Mason Cox, Practical Observations on Insanity, 2nd edn (London: C. & R. Baldwin [etc.], 1806), 24-5. See also G.H. Bergmann, 'Characteristische Uebersicht der im Jahre 1845 in die Heil- und Pflege-Anstalt zu Hildesheim auf genommenen Seelengest\u00f6rten, nebst sonstigen die Psychopathologie betreffenden Er\u00f6rterungen', Hannoversche Annalen f\u00fcr die gesammte Heilkunde: eine Zeitschrift (N.F.), 6 (1846), 641-83, esp. 643, 656"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727319000425_r31.2","unstructured":"Karl Phil[ipp] Fischer, Grundz\u00fcge des Systems der Philosophie oder Encyclop\u00e4die der philosophischen Wissenschaften, vol. 2, Pt. 1 (Erlangen: Heyder & Zimmer, 1850), 96, 111"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727319000425_r31.3","unstructured":"Hermann Eberhard Friedrich Richter, Grundriss der inneren Klinik f\u00fcr akademische Vorlesungen und zum Selbststudium, 3rd edn, vol. 1 (Leipzig: Leopold Voss, 1855), 556"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727319000425_r31.4","unstructured":"Th[eodor] Wittmaack, Die Hysterie (Hyperaesthesia psychica sexualis) in pathologischer und therapeutischer Beziehung (Leipzig: Ernst Sch\u00e4fer, 1857), 54"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727319000425_r31.5","unstructured":"Kelp, 'Bericht \u00fcber die Wirksamkeit der Irrenheil-Anstalt zu Wehnen vom 1. April 1858 bis 1. Januar 1861', Archiv der Deutschen Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Psychiatrie und gerichtliche Psychologie, 4 (1861), 179-225, esp. 187."},{"key":"S0025727319000425_r86","first-page":"247","volume-title":"A Report of Some Proceedings on the Commission of Oyer and Terminer and Goal Delivery for the Trial of the Rebels in the Year 1746 in the County of Surry","author":"Foster","year":"1767"},{"key":"S0025727319000425_r13","unstructured":"The phrase, referring to relived or recalled events, appears in work by Gaube, Richer, Brouardel, Cullerre and de la Tourette."},{"key":"S0025727319000425_r69","unstructured":"Pfaff, \u2018Bericht \u00fcber die vom 1. Oktober 1858 bis 30. September 1859 vorgenommenen gerichts\u00e4rztlichen Untersuchungen\u2019, Zeitschrift f\u00fcr die Staatsarzneikunde, 79 (1860), 428\u201350, here 449. Comparably: \u2018In this way [sexual touching] unclean ideas, feelings, desires are aroused and awakened in the soul of the child, which for a long time should sleep in her for her blessing, and which, so awakened prematurely, may become the cause of her decline [Verfall] for a lifetime. Such an act, undertaken by a libertine on an innocent child, is like the worm which attacks the young fruit and, unless circumstances are very favorable, undoubtedly destroys it.\u2019 \u2018Die Betastung der Geschlechtstheile von Kindern zur Befriedigung der L\u00fcste ist im Sinne des \u00a7128 St. P.O. geschlechtlicher Missbrauch\u2019, Allgemeine \u00f6sterreichische Gerichts-Zeitung (N.F.), 12, 27 (1875), 110\u201312, here 111."},{"key":"S0025727319000425_r14","unstructured":"Sigmund Freud, \u2018Zur Aetiologie der Hysterie\u2019, Wiener klinische Rundschau, 10, nos. 22\u20136 (1896), 379\u201381, 395\u20137, 413\u201315, 432\u20133, 450\u20132 (here 415, 432, 450)."},{"key":"S0025727319000425_r51","unstructured":"E.P. Hurd, \u2018Syphilophobia and Spermatophobia\u2019, The Medical Age[Detroit], 7, 11 (10 June 1889), 244\u20136, here 245. The term appears earlier, in O[ctave] Guelliot, \u2018Spermatorrh\u00e9e et cyanospermie\u2019, Annales des maladies des organes g\u00e9nito-urinaires, [4] (1886), 294\u2013305, at 295."},{"key":"S0025727319000425_r34","unstructured":"Thomas Arnold, Observations on the Nature, Kinds, Causes and Prevention of Insanity, Lunacy or Madness, vol. 1 (Leicester: G. Ireland, 1782), 167."},{"key":"S0025727319000425_r9","unstructured":"C[harles] F\u00e9r\u00e9, \u2018Contribution \u00e0 l\u2019histoire du choc moral chez les enfants\u2019, Bulletin de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de m\u00e9decine mentale de Belgique, 74 (September, 1894), 333\u201340; reappearing in F\u00e9r\u00e9, L\u2019Instinct sexuel: \u00e9volution et dissolution (Paris: Felix Alcan, 1899), 291\u20137. A notable extension is F\u00e9r\u00e9\u2019s observation, in 1903, that unwanted kisses in childhood can take on the significance of a \u2018moral shock\u2019, presenting \u2018neuropathic, psychopathic and moral [moreaux] dangers especially to be feared in young subjects\u2019 (F\u00e9r\u00e9, \u2018Hygi\u00e8ne du baiser\u2019, Revue de m\u00e9decine, 23 [1903], 450\u20138, here 457). The notion of choc moral in connection to amnesia appeared in F\u00e9r\u00e9\u2019s La Pathologie des \u00e9motions (Paris: F\u00e9lix Alcan, 1892), 325\u20137; he uses the expression as early as 1885. Freud drops F\u00e9r\u00e9\u2019s name in 1905 endnotes, but nowhere on pertinent matters."},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727319000425_r3.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"'It was not until the twentieth century that [American] physicians directly engaged the issue of sexual traumata, and even then they were not the object of sustained inquiry': Lisa Cardyn, 'The construction of female sexual trauma in turn-of-the-century American mental medicine', in Mark S. Micale and Paul Lerner (eds), Traumatic Pasts: History, Psychiatry, and Trauma in the Modern Age, 1870-1930 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001), 172-201, here 181","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511529252.009"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727319000425_r3.2","unstructured":"'The lack of connection between trauma and sexual crime was not limited to [Victorian and Edwardian] Britain, but reflected a general trend within European thought': Victoria Bates, Sexual Forensics in Victorian and Edwardian England (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016), 133-4"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727319000425_r3.3","unstructured":"'At least into the Sattelzeit [1750-1850] the [continental European] court does not treat sexualized violence as the psychological trauma of a subject but - inter alia - as the moral jeopardy of a Christian and his or her society': Francisca Loetz, Sexualisierte Gewalt 1500-1850. Pl\u00e4doyer f\u00fcr eine historische Gewaltforschung (Frankfurt am Main: Campus, 2012), 204"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727319000425_r3.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"'In contrast to the legal sources [on rape, discussed by author] \u2026 a notion of trauma is absent from [Dutch nineteenth-century] scholarly discourse as presented by forensic scientists': Willemijn Ruberg, 'Trauma, Body, and Mind: Forensic Medicine in Nineteenth-Century Dutch Rape Cases', Journal of the History of Sexuality, 22, 1 (2013), 85-104, here 93. See also Georges Vigarello, Histoire du viol: XVIe-XXe si\u00e8cle (Paris: Seuil, 1998), 229-32","DOI":"10.7560\/JHS22104"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727319000425_r3.5","unstructured":"Louise A. Jackson, Child Sexual Abuse in Victorian England (London: Routledge, 2000), 152-4."},{"key":"S0025727319000425_r43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"In the 1880s prepubescent hysteria was sporadically connected not to seduction, but to the habituated masturbation that followed it. This significance was substantively qualified in 1881 by Eduard Henoch, and subsequently by others. K. Codell Carter, \u2018Infantile Hysteria and Infantile Sexuality in Late Nineteenth-Century German-Language Medical Literature\u2019, Medical History, 27, 2 (1983), 186\u201396.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0025727300042678"},{"key":"S0025727319000425_r10","unstructured":"Freud, op. cit. (note 1), 115."},{"key":"S0025727319000425_r38","unstructured":"\u2018If one allows children to sit down a lot, to be idle, or to spend a lot of time in the company of servants or lovers, or fails to protect them from bad, erotic or lascivious reading, from bad habits, from premature coquetry, etc., they become sentimental, frivolous, in love or coquettish at a very early age and later become hysterical\u2019: J[akob] Kafka, Die hom\u00f6opathische Therapie auf Grundlage der physiologischen Schule, vol. 2 (Gotha: Fr. Aug. Eupel, 1869), 269."},{"key":"S0025727319000425_r40","unstructured":"Sigm[und] Freud, \u2018Ueber die Berechtigung, von der Neurasthenie einen bestimmten Symptomencomplex als \u2018Angstneurose\u2019 abzutrennen\u2019, Neurologisches Centralblatt, 14, 2 (15 January 1895), 50\u201366, esp. 56\u20137, 63, 65, 66; op. cit. (note 1), 226, cf. 116, 216\u201317."},{"key":"S0025727319000425_r22","unstructured":"Stern\u2019s debut in court apropos accusations of child sexual abuse, cited as \u2018the first use of a psychologist of testimony in a German trial\u2019, dates to 1903 (Heather Wolffram, Forensic Psychology in Germany: Witnessing Crime, 1880\u20131939 (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2018), 116\u201317), but even in Stern\u2019s later work, sexual trauma is a hardly elaborated and unreferenced concept, thought to depend heavily on the (eg. same-sex) nature of the act, and on the child\u2019s sensitivity. A later outspoken critic of psychoanalysis, Stern repeatedly captured forcing upon the child\u2019s attention tendentious interpretations of conduct that would otherwise never occur to it, in the strongest of traumatological terms: \u2018severe damage\u00a0\u2026obvious damage\u00a0\u2026incurable damage\u2019 (\u2018Die Anwendung der Psychoanalyse auf Kindheit und Jugend. Ein Protest\u2019, Zeitschrift f\u00fcr angewandte Psychologie und psychologische Sammelforschung, 8 [1914], 71\u201391)."},{"key":"S0025727319000425_r35","unstructured":"Richard von Krafft-Ebing, Die transitorischen St\u00f6rungen des Selbstbewusstseins: Ein Beitrag zur Lehre vom transitorischen Irresein in klinisch-forensischer Hinsicht, f\u00fcr Aerzte, Richter, Staatsanw\u00e4lte und Vertheidiger (Erlangen: Ferdinand Enke, 1868), 115\u201316. Cf. Krafft-Ebing, Grundz\u00fcge der Criminalpsychologie: auf Grundlage des Strafgesetzbuchs des deutschen Reichs f\u00fcr Aerzte und Juristen (Erlangen: Ferdinand Enke, 1872), 128\u20139; Krafft-Ebing, Lehrbuch der gerichtlichen Psychopathologie (Stuttgart: Ferdinand Enke, 1875), 277\u20138; 2nd edn (1883), 210; 3rd edn (1888), 184, 211. By the 1870s, French authors empirically discounted the factor of illegitimacy in puerperal psychosis; perhaps for this reason Krafft-Ebing played little attention to it in later work (Willem Theodoor Marie Weebers, Over puerperaal-psychosen (Vlaardingen: H. Coebergh, 1893), 41)."},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727319000425_r17.1","unstructured":"Freud, op. cit. (note 14), 396, 413, 414. Freud's regressive, Fliessian interest to ground trauma in biology at this point is illustrative of a clearly broader mid-1890s ambivalence regarding psychosexual development. In 1897 Albert Moll illustratively introduced the term 'psychic puberty' (psychische Pubert\u00e4t, seelische Pubert\u00e4t, psychosexuelle Pubert\u00e4t) to account for childhood sexuality (Untersuchungen \u00fcber die Libido sexualis. Berlin: Kornfeld, 1897-8, 1:45 et passim). Illustrative, too, is Prague gynaecologist Kisch's part-psychological, and still part-ovarian, etiological concern for female sexual developmental milestones in relation to cardiac pathology, also offered in 1895 (Kisch coined the term menarche at the occasion, incidentally). E[noch] Heinrich Kisch, 'Ueber Herzbeschwerden w\u00e4hrend der Menarche', Berliner klinische Wochenschrift, 32, 39 (30 September 1895), 848-50"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727319000425_r17.2","unstructured":"Kisch, 'Cardiopathia uterina', Wiener klinische Rundschau, 10, 13 (29 March 1896), 218-19. Kisch here seems to redevelop the much older concepts of cardiopathia\/angiopathia hysterica (Carl Canstatt). Kisch discussed Freud's 1895-6 hysteria aetiology in 1904: Das Geschlechtsleben des Weibes in physiologischer, pathologischer und hygienischer Beziehung (Berlin: Urban & Schwarzenberg, 1904), 229-30. He also discussed psychotraumatic amenorrhoea from fear of impregnation (ibid., 87)."},{"key":"S0025727319000425_r48","unstructured":"Josef Breuer and Sigmund Freud, \u2018Ueber den psychischen Mechanismus hysterischer Ph\u00e4nomene (Vorl\u00e4ufige Mittheilung). I\u2019, Neurologisches Centralblatt, 12, 1 (1893), 4\u201310, here 6."},{"key":"S0025727319000425_r36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Evelyne Ender, Sexing the Mind: Nineteenth-Century Fictions of Hysteria (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1995), 30\u201343, 50\u20137.","DOI":"10.7591\/9781501734236"},{"key":"S0025727319000425_r41","unstructured":"The idea of nuptial psychosis (bridal insanity, wedding night psychosis; nuptiales Irresein, sponsales Irresein, Nuptialpsychose) saw some discussion from 1902, without reference to Freud: H[einrich] Obersteiner, \u2018\u00dcber Psychosen in unmittelbarem Anschlusse an die Verheiratung (nuptiales Irresein)\u2019, Jahrb\u00fccher f\u00fcr Psychiatrie und Neurologie, 22 (1902), 313\u201325; Dost, \u2018Zwei F\u00e4lle von Irresein in unmittelbarem Anschlusse an die Verheirathung (nuptiales Irresein)\u2019, Allgemeine Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Psychiatrie und psychisch-gerichtliche Medizin, 59 (1902), 876\u201384; Luigi Daneo, \u2018Su la cos\u00ec detta \u2018Pazzia nuziale\u2019, Rassegna di studi psichiatrici, 3 (1913), 389\u201397. Marriage had been doubted as a cure for hysteria on earlier occasions, even \u2018to aggravate nervous conditions by reflex over-stimulation of the nervous system\u2019: George Wythe Cook, \u2018Should Marriage Be Recommended as a Remedy for Disease in Women?\u2019, The American Journal of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women and Children, 28 (1892), 831\u20134, here 834. Agreed Conrad Heinrich Fuchs, Lehrbuch der speciellen Nosologie und Therapie, 2 vols (G\u00f6ttingen: Dieterich, 1848), 2.3:1573."},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727319000425_r50.1","unstructured":"Emil Ferdinand Vogel, 'Impotenz', in Johann Samuel Ersch and Johann Gottfried Gruber (eds), Allgemeine Encyclop\u00e4die der Wissenschaften und K\u00fcnste, vol. 15 (Leipzig: Brockhaus, 1838), 357-65"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727319000425_r50.2","unstructured":"'Impotenz', in August Kurtzel, with Oskar Pilz (eds), Allgemeine deutsche Real-Encyklop\u00e4die f\u00fcr die gebildeten St\u00e4nde, 10th edn, 15 vols. (Leipzig: Brockhaus, 1853), 8:203"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727319000425_r50.3","unstructured":"J[oseph] Steinbacher, Die m\u00e4nnliche Impotenz und deren radikale Heilung durch ein rationell-combinirtes Naturheilverfahren (Augburg: J.A. Schlosser, 1863), 11-12n, 99-100. Steinbacher notably discusses 'seductions' (Verf\u00fchrungen durch Andere) and 'fear of any consequences of one's earlier sins' as factors for juvenile impotence. 'Psychic impotence' would be caused by 'sexual abuses' when affecting men's facultas virilis, or rather by the idea of such an effect, opined Leopold L\u00f6wenfeld in Pathologie und Therapie der Neurasthenie und Hysterie (Wiesbaden: J. F. Bergmann, 1894), 218."},{"key":"S0025727319000425_r62","unstructured":"Ibid., 432."},{"key":"S0025727319000425_r29","unstructured":"[Jakob] Fischel, \u2018Bericht \u00fcber die k. k. Irrenanstalt zu Prag f\u00fcr die Jahre 1844 und 1845\u2019, Vierteljahrsschrift f\u00fcr die praktische Heilkunde, 4 (1847), 98\u2013146. The authors explicitly refrained from inferring monocausality. Similarly, one doctor stated that after ten years of clinical experience, in only two cases he could attribute mental breakdown solely to \u2018psychic impressions\u2019 \u2013 one of which was a young woman threatened with rape by her fianc\u00e9e: Flemming, \u2018Klinik von Heil-, Entbindungs- und Irrenanstalten\u2019, Schmidt\u2019s Jahrb\u00fccher der in- und ausl\u00e4ndischen gesammten Medicin, 34 (1842), 208\u201329, see 218."},{"key":"S0025727319000425_r136","first-page":"17","volume-title":"Zur Psychophysik der Moral und des Rechtes","author":"Benedikt","year":"1875"},{"key":"S0025727319000425_r52","unstructured":"E[douard] G\u00e9lineau, Des Peurs maladives ou phobies (Paris: Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 d\u2019\u00e9ditions scientifiques, 1894), 128, 139\u201348."},{"key":"S0025727319000425_r129","unstructured":"Hofmann, Lehrbuch, op. cit. (note 128), 180."},{"key":"S0025727319000425_r39","unstructured":"Breuer, op. cit. (note 1), 184, 216."},{"key":"S0025727319000425_r64","unstructured":"Ch[arles] F\u00e9r\u00e9, \u2018La pr\u00e9dispositon et les agents provocateurs dans l\u2019\u00e9tiologie des perversions sexuelles\u2019, Revue de m\u00e9decine, 18 (December, 1898), 925\u201350."},{"key":"S0025727319000425_r47","unstructured":"Richard von Krafft-Ebing, \u2018Ueber Irresein durch Onanie bei M\u00e4nnern\u2019, Allgemeine Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Psychiatrie und psychisch-gerichtliche Medicin, 31, 4 (1875), 425\u201340, here 426\u20137. Krafft-Ebing\u2019s conclusion in 1879: \u2018For the sexually mature, unencumbered man, masturbation may have approximately the same functional significance as the natural sexual act, but it certainly does not have this psychologically, because the former always has something embarrassing, depressing the sense of self-esteem and honour, and thus [having] the significance of a circumstantially psychogenic harmfulness [nach Umst\u00e4nden psychisch wirkenden Sch\u00e4dlichkeit]\u2019 (Lehrbuch der Psychiatrie auf Klinischer Grundlage f\u00fcr Practische \u00c4rzte und Studirende, 3 vols (Stuttgart: Ferdinand Enke, 1879\u201380), 1:182, cf. 184)."},{"key":"S0025727319000425_r42","unstructured":"Sigm[und] Freud, \u2018Weitere Bemerkungen \u00fcber die Abwehr-Neuropsychosen\u2019, Neurologisches Centralblatt, 15, 10 (1896), 434\u201348, here 436n1."},{"key":"S0025727319000425_r1","volume-title":"Studien \u00fcber Hysterie","author":"Breuer","year":"1895"},{"key":"S0025727319000425_r24","unstructured":"Wilhelm Stekel seemingly first used the term (Inzesttrauma), in 1910 (Diskussionen des Wiener Psychoanalytischen Vereinigung, vol. 1 (Wiesbaden: Bergmann, 1910), 37). A suggestive parlance of rape trauma (Trauma der Vergewaltigung) also had to await this timeframe of early sexology and Frauenkunde: J.R. Spinner, \u2018Studien zum Abortusproblem\u2019, Archiv f\u00fcr Kriminal-Anthropologie und Kriminalistik, 60 (1914), 307\u201342, at 319."},{"key":"S0025727319000425_r8","unstructured":"\u2018A plant that is unnaturally pushed matures in every sense ahead of time, to be exhausted ahead of time. So also Man, when he is already pushed as a child, with respect to his mind. The early psychic maturity [Geistesreife], thus produced, spreads to the body and to the instincts established in the body; thus also to the sex drive. This is an irrefutable empirical proposition. Our beloved children feel already in their eighth, tenth, at the latest twelfth year the needs that the uncultured farmer\u2019s son, if he has not fallen into the hands of a devilish seducer, only figures out by the eighteenth year\u2019: Joachim Heinrich Campe, \u2018Ueber die gro\u00dfe Sch\u00e4dlichkeit einer allzufr\u00fchen Ausbildung der Kinder\u2019, Allgemeine Revision des gesammten Schul- und Erziehungswesens von einer Gesellschaft praktischer Erzieher, Vol. 5, ed. Campe (Wolfenb\u00fcttel: in der Schulbuchhandlung, 1786), 1\u2013160, here 132."},{"key":"S0025727319000425_r130","unstructured":"Augusto Tamburini, \u2018Lipemania suicida in seguito ad oltraggio al pudore. Valutazione della responsibilit\u00e0 dell\u2019offensore\u2019, Rivista penale di dottrina, legislazione e giurisprudenza, 4 (1876), 107\u201312."},{"key":"S0025727319000425_r65","unstructured":"Havelock Ellis, \u2018Sexual Inversion: With an Analysis of Thirty-Three New Cases\u2019, The Medico-Legal Journal, 13 (1895), 255\u201367, here 258."},{"key":"S0025727319000425_r68","unstructured":"C.F.W.J. [Carl Franz Wolff J\u00e9r\u00f4me] Haeberlin, Grunds\u00e4tze des Criminalrechts nach den neuen deutschen Strafgesetzb\u00fcchern, 3 vols (Leipzig: Friedrich Fleischer, 1848), 3:273. Forensic examination, however, \u2018often [has] more damaging consequences for the moral sense of abused children than the crime itself\u2019 (276)."},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727319000425_r4.1","unstructured":"Rare eighteenth-century case reports of homosexuality already negotiated these exculpatory etiological nuances. There were reasons to negotiate: well into the nineteenth century, the medico-legal scope of same-sex sexuality was still that of 'corruption of boys' (Knabensch\u00e4ndung). See [Anon.], 'Nachricht von einer seltsamen Irrung eines menschlichen Triebes', in Beitr\u00e4ge zur Beruhigung und Aufkl\u00e4rung \u00fcber dieienigen Dinge, die dem Menschen unangenehm sind oder sein k\u00f6nnen, und zur n\u00e4hern Kenntni\u00df der leidenden Menschheit. Vol. 1, Pt. 2 (Leipzig: Weidmann, 1789), 327-49"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727319000425_r4.2","unstructured":"[Anon.], '[Zur Seelenheilkunde:] 2. [\"Auszug aus einem Briefe\"]', Gn\u014dthi sauton: oder, Magazin zur Erfahrungsseelenkunde als ein Lesebuch f\u00fcr Gelehrte und Ungelehrte, 8, Pt. 2 (1791), 101-6."},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727319000425_r80.1","unstructured":"[Paul] Brouardel, 'Viol & violences', La Lancette fran\u00e7aise. Gazette des h\u00f4pitaux civils et militaires, 79, 21 (20 February 1906), 243-4"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727319000425_r80.2","unstructured":"repr.: La Semaine gyn\u00e9cologique, 11, 10 (6 March 1906), 85-6"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727319000425_r80.3","unstructured":"Brouardel, 'Le\u00a0viol', Annales d'hygi\u00e8ne publique et de m\u00e9decine l\u00e9gale (Ser. 4), 7 (1907), 198-261, esp. 220-1."},{"key":"S0025727319000425_r30","first-page":"169","article-title":"De la folie religieuse [cont\u2019d]","volume":"29","author":"Chevallereau","year":"1882","journal-title":"La France m\u00e9dicale"},{"key":"S0025727319000425_r37","unstructured":"Hyacinthe le Febure, Trait\u00e9 du jugement dernier (Paris: Denis Thierry, 1671), 57."},{"key":"S0025727319000425_r83","unstructured":"In 1899 Havelock Ellis was unable to find \u2018that the subject of modesty has been treated in any comprehensive way by psychologists\u2019 (\u2018The Evolution of Modesty\u2019, Psychological Review6, 2 [1899], 134\u201345, here 134). Not cited by Ellis is Andrea Grimaldi, \u2018Il Pudore. Studio fisio-patologico e sociale\u2019, Il manicomio moderno. Giornale di psichiatria, 4, 1 (1888), 57\u201380+5, 1 (1889), 43\u201392+14, 1 (1898), 102\u201326."},{"key":"S0025727319000425_r128","unstructured":"Eduard Hofmann, Lehrbuch der gerichtlichen Medicin (Vienna: Urban & Schwarzenberg, 1878), 179\u201381; Hofmann, \u2018Angebliche Nothzucht mit nachfolgender Blennorrhoe und hystero-epileptischen Anf\u00e4llen. Fraglicher Geisteszustand\u2019, Wiener klinische Wochenschrift, 1, nos. 1+2 (5+12 April 1888), 9\u201310+31\u20132; Maschka, op. cit. (note 91), esp. 160\u20134; also K.J. Seydel, Leitfaden der gerichtlichen Medicin f\u00fcr Studirende und Aerzte (Berlin: S. Karger, 1895), 196\u20139."},{"key":"S0025727319000425_r82","unstructured":"Loetz, op. cit. (note 3)."},{"key":"S0025727319000425_r26","unstructured":"\u2018Hyst\u00e9rie\u2019, in \u00c9douard Monneret and Louis Fleury (eds), Compendium de m\u00e9decine pratique, ou Expos\u00e9 analytique et raisonn\u00e9 des travaux contenus dans les principaux trait\u00e9s de pathologie interne, vol. 5 (Paris: B\u00e9chet jeune, 1844), 68\u201399, here 84. The reference is to [Jean-Baptiste] Louyer Villermay, Trait\u00e9 des maladies nerveuses ou vapeurs et particuli\u00e8rement de l\u2019hyst\u00e9rie \u00e0 l\u2019hypocondrie (Paris: M\u00e9quignon, 1816), 47."},{"key":"S0025727319000425_r59","unstructured":"Alfred Binet, \u2018Le f\u00e9tichisme dans l\u2019amour\u2019, Revue philosophique de la France et de l\u2019\u00e9tranger, 24 (1887), 143\u201367+252\u201374, here 166, 165."},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727319000425_r93.1","unstructured":"'De la pr\u00e9dominance des causes morales dans la g\u00e9n\u00e9ration de la folie', Annales m\u00e9dico-psychologiques, 2 (1843), 358-71"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727319000425_r93.2","unstructured":"cf. M[aximien] Parchappe, Recherches statistiques sur les causes de l'ali\u00e9nation mentale (Rouen: D. Bri\u00e8re, 1839), 6."},{"key":"S0025727319000425_r85","unstructured":"Pierre Bayle, A General Dictionary, Historical and Critical, vol. 7 (London: James Bettenham, 1738), 215n."},{"key":"S0025727319000425_r32","unstructured":"Immanuel Kant, Die Metaphysik der Sitten, 2 vols (K\u00f6nigsberg: Friedrich Nicolovius, 1797), 1:204."},{"key":"S0025727319000425_r6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5422\/fordham\/9780823254590.001.0001"},{"key":"S0025727319000425_r110","first-page":"196","volume-title":"The Physiognomy of Mental Diseases","author":"Morison","year":"1840"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727319000425_r33.1","unstructured":"Johann Christian Gottfried J\u00f6rg, Die Zurechnungsf\u00e4higkeit der Schwangern und Geb\u00e4renden (Leipzig: Weygand, 1837), 21. Also Carl August Tittmann, Handbuch der Strafrechtswissenschaft und der deutschen Strafgesetzkunde, vol. 2 (Halle: Hemmerde & Schwetschke, 1807), 76"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727319000425_r33.2","unstructured":"'Kindesmord', in Real-Encyclop\u00e4die des gesammten in Deutschland geltenden gemeinen Rechts, vol. 2 (Berlin: August R\u00fccker, 1827), 196-200"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727319000425_r33.3","unstructured":"[Johann Nikolaus] Albert, 'Der Sturz des Kindes auf den Boden bei pr\u00e4zipitierten Geburten und dessen Beurtheilung', Zeitschrift f\u00fcr die Staatsarzneikunde, 84 (1862), 189-99."},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727319000425_r67.1","unstructured":"Karl Gustav K\u00e4rcher, Die Lehre von der Erkenntniss der Strafbarkeit, vol. 2, Pt. 1 (Erlangen: Enke, 1858), 78"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727319000425_r67.2","unstructured":"[Anon.], 'Die Fleischesverbrechen und Sittlichkeitsverletzungen nach den neuen Bayer. Gesetzb\u00fcchern', Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Gesetzgebung und Rechtspflege des K\u00f6nigreichs Bayern, 9 (1862), 219-58, 427-75, 618-99, see 247"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727319000425_r67.3","unstructured":"W.E. [Wilhelm Emil] Wahlberg, Criminalistische und national\u00f6konomische Gesichtspunkte mit R\u00fccksicht auf das deutsche Reichsstrafrecht (Vienna: Gerold, 1872), 26."},{"key":"S0025727319000425_r45","unstructured":"[Anon.], Onania; or, the heinous Sin of Self-Pollution, and all its Frightfull Consequences, in both Sexes, Considered\u2026, 4th edn (London: Author, n.d.), 27. The passage is plagiarised from an older tract ventilating a similar concern for the sinner\u2019s guilt: Jean Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Ostervald, The Nature of Uncleanness Consider\u2019d: Wherein is Discoursed of the Causes and Consequences of this Sin, and the Duties of Such as are Under the Guilt of It (London: R. Bonwicke [etc.], 1708), here 79."},{"key":"S0025727319000425_r49","unstructured":"Breuer, op. cit. (note 1), 184. Freud reported encountering a \u2018clear typical case of organ hypochondriasis in a masturbator\u2019 in his 29 August 1894 letter to Fliess."},{"key":"S0025727319000425_r111","first-page":"121","volume-title":"A Manual of Psychological Medicine","author":"Bucknill","year":"1862"},{"key":"S0025727319000425_r118","unstructured":"Krafft-Ebing, \u2018Bemerkungen\u2019, op. cit. (note 117), 55."},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727319000425_r20.1","unstructured":"P[ierre] Briquet, Trait\u00e9 clinique et th\u00e9rapeutique de l'hyst\u00e9rie (Paris: J.-B. Bailli\u00e8re & fils, 1859), 185"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727319000425_r20.2","unstructured":"and Julius Althaus, On Epilepsy, Hysteria and Ataxy: Three Lectures (London: John Churchill, 1866), 43-4. In an 1868 article, Krafft-Ebing observes that often, 'by means of mere fright or other psychical influences, without any maltreatment, the very same neuroses (hysteria, epilepsy, catalepsy, etc.) and psychoses are observed' as those seen after physical trauma. Here he details a case of strong reaction in a twelve-year-old boy who had his ears boxed by a teacher, though not so hard as to result in trauma capitis. The exact etiological weight of the event remained 'impossible' to establish, however (and thus, the teacher was acquitted). R[ichard] von Krafft-Ebing, 'Nach Schl\u00e4gen auf den Kopf eingetretene epileptische Neurose mit folgender Geistesst\u00f6rung. Fraglicher Zusammenhang der Krankheit mit der Misshandlung', Friedreich's Bl\u00e4tter f\u00fcr gerichtliche Medicin und Sanit\u00e4tspolizei, 19 (1868), 249-57, here 250."},{"key":"S0025727319000425_r15","unstructured":"Ibid., 433."},{"key":"S0025727319000425_r96","unstructured":"J. Moreau (de Tours), \u2018De l\u2019\u00e9tiologie de l\u2019\u00e9pilepsie, et des indications que l\u2019\u00e9tude des causes peut fournir pour le traitement de cette maladie\u2019, M\u00e9moires de l\u2019Acad\u00e9mie de m\u00e9decine, 18 (1854), 1\u2013175, at 110. Nine (of 142 causes morales) were counted by Louis-Florentin Calmeil at the Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re."},{"key":"S0025727319000425_r18","unstructured":"Gustav Erhard, \u2018Bemerkungen zu dem im 1sten Hefte des 2ten Bandes dieser Zeitschrift S. 71. ff. mitgetheilten Auszuge aus den Entscheidungsgrunden zu einem vom Appellationsgerichte zu Zwickau gesprochenen Erkenntnisse, \u00fcber die Frage: kann nach dem Criminalgesetzbuche an Kindern unter 12 Jahren das Verbrechen der Nothzucht ver\u00fcbt werden?\u2019, Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Rechtspflege und Verwaltung, Zun\u00e4chst f\u00fcr das K\u00f6nigreich Sachsen, 2 (1839), 396\u2013402, here 400."},{"key":"S0025727319000425_r58","unstructured":"One finds the epidemiological parlance of \u2018seduction\u2019 (Verf\u00fchrung) and \u2018moral contagion\u2019 (moralisches Contagium) used in various denotations in work by Albert von Schrenck-Notzing (op. cit. (note 54), passim) and Moll: Die contr\u00e4re Sexualempfindung (Berlin: Fischer, 1891), 165\u20137 et passim."},{"key":"S0025727319000425_r11","unstructured":"Ibid., 241\u20132."},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727319000425_r92.1","unstructured":"W[illiam] Bathurst Woodman and Charles Meymott Tidy, A Handy-book of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology (New York: J. & A. Churchill, 1877), 740"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727319000425_r92.2","unstructured":"Tidy, Legal Medicine, 3 vols (London: William Wood & Co., 1884), 3:120, 134."},{"key":"S0025727319000425_r101","unstructured":"E[ug\u00e8ne] Bouchut, Histoire de la m\u00e9decine et des doctrines m\u00e9dicales le\u00e7ons faites a l\u2019\u00c9cole pratique de la Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine en 1862, 1863 et 1864 (Paris: Germer Bailli\u00e8re, 1864), 77. Passage translated as \u2018The Imagination in the Production of Disease\u2019, The American Journal of Insanity, 21 (January, 1865), 390\u2013401. The \u2018attempt\u2019 became \u2018an indecent assault and rape\u2019 in a later narration: Bouchut, \u2018De l\u2019influence des impressions morales sur la production et sur la gu\u00e9rison de certaines paralysies\u2019, La Lancette fran\u00e7aise. Gazette des h\u00f4pitaux civils et militaires, 50, 41 (10 April 1877), 322\u20133."},{"key":"S0025727319000425_r126","first-page":"321","article-title":"Unzuchtsdelikte, begangen von einem Schulleiter an seinen Sch\u00fclerinnen. Alkoholismus chronicus. Fragliche Zurechnungsf\u00e4higkeit","volume":"45","author":"von Krafft-Ebing","year":"1894","journal-title":"Friedreich\u2019s Bl\u00e4tter f\u00fcr gerichtliche Medicin und Sanit\u00e4tspolizei"},{"key":"S0025727319000425_r112","unstructured":"For example, Henry Maudsley, The Pathology of Mind (London: Macmillan & Co., 1895), 261, 345\u20136."},{"key":"S0025727319000425_r98","unstructured":"\u2018[\u2026] birth was the determining cause in 7 hysterics, pregnancy in 6, menarche in 5, haemorrhage and bleeding in 6, rape in 2, abuse of coitus in 2, magnetization in 2, habit changes in 2, cauterization of a chancre in 1, and contusion in epigastrioin 1\u2019: Briquet, op. cit. (note 20), 167, 171, 184\u20136."},{"key":"S0025727319000425_r28","unstructured":"For example, H. Girard de Cailleux, \u00c9tudes pratiques sur les maladies nerveuses et mentales accompagn\u00e9es de tableaux statistiques (Paris: J.-B. Bailli\u00e8re & fils, 1865), 92\u20133."},{"key":"S0025727319000425_r27","unstructured":"For example, Robert Groat, Dissertatio medica, inauguralis, de hysteria (Edinburgh: Balfour & Smellie, 1783), 37\u20138."},{"key":"S0025727319000425_r119","unstructured":"Ibid., 62."},{"key":"S0025727319000425_r103","first-page":"234","volume-title":"Trait\u00e9 des maladies mentales","author":"Morel","year":"1860"},{"key":"S0025727319000425_r7","unstructured":"Georges Huberman, The Invention of Hysteria: Charcot and the Photographic Iconography of the Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re, trans. Alisa Hartz (Cambridge, MA\/London: MIT Press, 2003), 157\u201362, 270\u20131. Mark Micale, after Havelock Ellis, approached Charcot\u2019s seeming disinterest in an etiological role for sexuality in terms of a more urgent ambition to bring hysteria beyond ancient genital theories (\u2018Charcot and the Idea of Hysteria in the Male: Gender, Mental Science, and Medical Diagnosis in Late Nineteenth-Century France\u2019, Medical History, 34, 4 [1990], 363\u2013411, see 393). One anonymous reviewer of the Iconographie photographique de la Salp\u00eatri\u00e8reregarded the \u2018obscene ravings of delirious hysterical girls \u2026 who were in some cases brutally subjected to rape and seduction at a very early age\u2019 as medically compelling but \u2018unfit for publication\u2019 (British Medical Journal, 7 June 1879, 856\u20137, here 857)."},{"key":"S0025727319000425_r127","unstructured":"R. v. [Richard von] Krafft-Ebing, Nervosit\u00e4t und neurasthenische Zust\u00e4nde (Vienna: Alfred Holder, 1895), 203\u20134."},{"key":"S0025727319000425_r116","unstructured":"Strethill H. Wright, \u2018Asthenic Insanity\u2019, Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal, 118, 3 (September, 1872), 237\u201349, see 239\u201340. A girl with an hysterical and menstrual reaction to attempted rape is briefly identified in [Anon], \u2018H\u00e9mat\u00e9m\u00e8se suppl\u00e9mentaire des r\u00e8gles\u2019, Journal des Sages-Femmes, 7, 20 (16 October 1879), 357\u20138. A German dissertation reported as examples of \u2018acute hysteria\u2019 one similar case of a subverted prospect of marriage and a second of a maidservant\u2019s sexual assault: Ferdinand Reiser, \u00dcber die Hysterie (Munich: Franz, 1875), 11\u201313."},{"key":"S0025727319000425_r63","unstructured":"Freud, op. cit. (note 42), 435\u20136. The question of girls\u2019 \u2018presexuality\u2019 was a matter of minor dispute. Commenting on the notion of a period of \u2018sexual undifferentiatedness\u2019 extending into puberty, proposed by Max Dessoir in 1892 and in a full 1894 article, Albert Eulenburg objected that it amounted to \u2018a view which can hardly be maintained from the point of view of practical experience, since, especially in girls, the heterosexual feeling often clearly emerges at a very early age\u2019: Albert Eulenburg, Sexuale Neuropathie: genitale Neurosen und Neuropsychosen der M\u00e4nner und Frauen (Leipzig: F.C.W. Vogel, 1895), 134\u20135, here 134. See also Eulenburg\u2019s review of Dessoir in Deutsche medizinische Wochenschrift, 20, 5 (2 August 1894), 35."},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727319000425_r21.1","unstructured":"Significant texts include G.-C. [Giulio Cesare] Ferrari, 'I traumi sessuali nei fanciulli', Rivista di psicologia applicata alla pedagogia ed alla psicopatologia[Bologna], 1, 2 (March-April, 1905), 90-8 (which does not cite Freud)"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727319000425_r21.2","unstructured":"[Erich] Wulffen, 'Weshalb werden so viele Sittlichteitsverbrechen an Kindern begangen?', Gesetz und Recht: Volkst\u00fcmliche Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Rechtskunde [Breslau], 8, 21 (1907), 381-8"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727319000425_r21.3","unstructured":"Karl Abraham, 'Das Erleiden sexueller Traumen als Form infantiler Sexualbet\u00e4tigung', Centralblatt f\u00fcr Nervenheilkunde und Psychiatrie (N F.), 18 (15 November 1907), 855-66"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727319000425_r21.4","unstructured":"P[aul] N\u00e4cke, 'Zur Psychologie der Kinder als Opfer von Sittlichkeitsverbrechen', Archiv f\u00fcr Kriminal-Anthropologie und Kriminalistik, 32, 1\/2 (1908), 149-54"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727319000425_r21.5","unstructured":"and N\u00e4cke, 'Zur Psychologie der Kinder als Opfer von Sittlichkeitsverbrechen', Die Umschau, 13, 39 (25 September 1909), 816-17."},{"key":"S0025727319000425_r141","unstructured":"Benedikt, op. cit. (note 135), 100\u20131; Aus meinem Leben, op. cit. (note 140), 373; \u2018Juristische Briefe. V: Sexuelle Perversit\u00e4t und Strafrecht\u2019, Allgemeine \u00f6sterreichischen Gerichts-Zeitung, 52, 10 (2 March 1901), 73\u20135."},{"key":"S0025727319000425_r56","first-page":"299","volume-title":"The Discovery of the Unconscious: The History and Evolution of Dynamic Psychiatry","author":"Ellenberger","year":"1970"},{"key":"S0025727319000425_r46","unstructured":"C.A. [Carl Reinhold August] Wunderlich, Handbuch der Pathologie und Therapie, 3 vols (Stuttgart: Ebner & Seubert, 1850), 1:232."},{"key":"S0025727319000425_r54","unstructured":"Albert von Schrenck-Notzing, Die Suggestions-Therapie: Bei krankhaften Erscheinungen des Geschlechtssinnes mit Ber\u00fccksichtigung der contr\u00e4ren Sexualempfindung (Stuttgart: Enke, 1892), 3, 169, 189."},{"key":"S0025727319000425_r55","unstructured":"\u2018Marie A \u2026 was about to take her first communion. She had hidden from her confessor her masturbation habits. In the midst of a sermon in which the preacher spoke vehemently of the torments of hell, she was terrified by the memory of her sins, lost consciousness, and had her first convulsive attack in the church itself\u2019: Albert Pitres, L\u2019Hyst\u00e9rie et l\u2019hypnotisme. 2 vols (Paris: Doin, 1891), 1:26, 27."},{"key":"S0025727319000425_r12","unstructured":"Breuer, op. cit. (note 1), 185."},{"key":"S0025727319000425_r135","first-page":"605,","volume-title":"Nervenpathologie und Elektrotherapie","author":"Benedikt","year":"1874"},{"key":"S0025727319000425_r5","first-page":"23","volume-title":"Hysterical Men: War, Psychiatry, and the Politics of Trauma in Germany, 1890\u20131930","author":"Lerner","year":"2003"},{"key":"S0025727319000425_r94","unstructured":"\u2018Statistique de la folie\u2019, Revue spirite: journal d\u2019\u00e9tudes psychologiques, 9 (1866), 205\u201312."},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727319000425_r117.1","unstructured":"[Richard] von Krafft-Ebing, 'Bemerkungen zum \u00a7 224 des Deutschen Strafgesetzbuches', Vierteljahrsschrift f\u00fcr gerichtliche Medizin und \u00f6ffentliches Sanit\u00e4tswesen (N.F.), 21, 1 (1874), 53-64"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727319000425_r117.2","unstructured":"Krafft-Ebing, Lehrbuch, op. cit. (note 35), 304-5. The 1874 article was reviewed in, eg., Revue des sciences m\u00e9dicales en France et \u00e0 l'\u00e9tranger 4 (1874), 604-5, and Schmidt's Jahrb\u00fccher der in- und ausl\u00e4ndischen gesammten Medicin 165 (Leipzig: Otto Wigand, 1875), 61-2, and was the only pertinent source for Adolf Schauenslein, 'Sch\u00e4digungen der Gesundheit und Tod durch psychische Insulte', in Maschka, op. cit. (note 91), 1:809-16, see 814."},{"key":"S0025727319000425_r122","unstructured":"Krafft-Ebing, op. cit. (note 47), 1:163, 3:122; cf. Krafft-Ebing, Lehrbuch der Psychiatrie auf klinischer Grundlage f\u00fcr praktische \u00c4rzte und Studirende, 2nd edn, 2 vols (Stuttgart: Ferdinand Enke, 1883), 1:182; 2:214, 218\u201319. Trans. Charles Gilbert Chaddock: Text-Book of Insanity, Based on Clinical Observations for Practitioners and Students of Medicine (Philadelphia: F.A. Davis, 1904), here 166, 496\u20137."},{"key":"S0025727319000425_r131","unstructured":"Maschka, op. cit. (note 91), 161\u20132."},{"key":"S0025727319000425_r106","unstructured":"Modeen Sheriff, \u2018Extract from the Annual Report of Outpatients for the Year 1871 [cont\u2019d]. IV. Medico-Legal Cases\u2019, The Medical Times and Gazette[London], 1 (10 April 1875), 388\u20139, here 389."},{"key":"S0025727319000425_r121","unstructured":"An 1824 dissertation connected three cases of epilepsy in women to rape or attempted rape (and twenty-three out of thirty-seven to \u2018fright\u2019); of one woman, raped at age ten, the author relates that she, \u2018during vertigo \u2026 believes to be in the arms of her rapist\u2019: J.J. Margue, De l\u2019\u00e9pilepsie et de ses diff\u00e9rences avec l\u2019hyst\u00e9rie (Paris: Didot Jr., 1824), 6, 11, 14. Briquet \u2018saw a girl who had her first attack [of hysterical convulsions] immediately after she was raped; she always saw, in her attacks, the man who had attacked her honour, she vociferated at him, insulted him, and made movements as if she defended herself against him\u2019 (\u2018Recherches nouvelles sur les convulsions hyst\u00e9riques\u2019, Archives g\u00e9n\u00e9rales de m\u00e9dicine [Ser. 5], 13, [1859], 641\u201366, here 655; cf. Briquet, op. cit., note 20, 371); Raoul Gaube, Recherches sur les zones hyst\u00e9rog\u00e8nes (Paris: Octave Doin, 1882), 59; R[obert] Thomsen and H[ermann] Oppenheim, \u2018Ueber das Vorkommen und die Bedeutung der sensorischen An\u00e4sthesie bei Erkrankungen des centralen Nervensystems\u2019, Archiv f\u00fcr Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten, 15, 3 (1884), 633\u201380 (642ff); Brouardel, op. cit. (note 79); A[lexandre] Cullerre, Trait\u00e9 pratique des maladies mentales (Paris: J.-B. Bailli\u00e8re & fils, 1890), 470."},{"key":"S0025727319000425_r25","unstructured":"For a classic discussion of the arguable 1980s schism between psychoanalytic and feminist historical work on trauma, see John Forrester, \u2018Rape, seduction and psychoanalysis\u2019, in Silvana Tomaselli and Roy Porter (eds), Rape (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1986), 57\u201383. In legal terms, Freud\u2019s \u2018grave\u2019 cases of Verf\u00fchrung stretched from possible rape (\u2018coitus-like acts\u2019) or immoral assault (Unzucht) to sibling incest or childhood misdemeanours (Unarten). Legally, seduction of chaste girls (Verf\u00fchrung unbescholtener M\u00e4dchen, \u00a7182 StGB) pertained to ages 14\u201316. Some legal dispute coeval with Freud\u2019s Verf\u00fchrungstheorie is seen in determining whether sexual intercourse between a woman and a boy under age 14 constituted sexual abuse (geschlechtlicher Missbrauch) contrary to natural order, of which the boy would then be the injured party (Gesch\u00e4digten): [Anon.], \u2018Beischlaf einer Frauensperson mit einem unm\u00fcndigen Knaben: Sch\u00e4ndung?\u2019, Zentralblatt f\u00fcr die juristische Praxis [Vienna], 12 (1896), 169."},{"key":"S0025727319000425_r70","unstructured":"[Ludwig Friedrich Oskar] Schwarze, \u2018Verbrechen und Vergehen gegen die Sittlichkeit\u2019, in Handbuch des Deuschen Strafrechts, vol. 3 (Berlin: Carl Habel, 1874), 287\u2013325, here 304. The author added: \u2018In children a complete ignorance of the significance of the [sexual] [mis]treatment, and a complete lack of influence on the mind of the child, will often show itself\u2019 (304)."},{"key":"S0025727319000425_r44","volume-title":"Solitary Sex: A Cultural History of Masturbation","author":"Laqueur","year":"2003"},{"key":"S0025727319000425_r73","unstructured":"Loetz, op. cit. (note 3), 87, 201\u20132. One example is Sachau, \u2018Versuch der Nothzucht wider ein sechzehnj\u00e4hriges M\u00e4dchen\u2019, Bl\u00e4tter f\u00fcr gerichtliche Anthropologie, 2, 4 (1851), 33\u201356."},{"key":"S0025727319000425_r139","unstructured":"Moriz Benedikt, \u2018Ueber Neuralgien und neuralgische Affektionen und deren Behandlung\u2019, Klinische Zeit- und Streitfragen, 6, 3 (Vienna, 1892), here 95."},{"key":"S0025727319000425_r81","unstructured":"On Gef\u00fchlsverletzungsee Sarah L. Leonard, Fragile Minds and Vulnerable Souls: The Matter of Obscenity in Nineteenth-Century Germany (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015), 176\u20138."},{"key":"S0025727319000425_r99","unstructured":"[Auguste-Fran\u00e7ois] Chomel, \u2018Hyst\u00e9rie; acc\u00e8s intenses et rapproch\u00e9s [\u2026]\u2019, La Lancette fran\u00e7aise. Gazette des h\u00f4pitaux civils et militaires, 8, 16 (1834), 62\u20133; Chomel, \u2018Hyst\u00e9rie compliqu\u00e9e d\u2019accidents \u00e9pileptiformes. R\u00e9flexions sur l\u2019influence des rapports sexuels sur l\u2019hyst\u00e9rie\u2019, La Lancette fran\u00e7aise. Gazette des h\u00f4pitaux civils et militaires, (2nd ser.) 5, 23 (1843), 89\u201390, here 90. Repr. in Annales m\u00e9dico-psychologiques, 2 (1843), 105\u20139. An abstract of the first article appeared in London Medical and Surgical Journal, 5, 108 (1834), 127."},{"key":"S0025727319000425_r60","unstructured":"Schrenck-Notzing, op. cit. (note 54), 288\u20139."},{"key":"S0025727319000425_r137","first-page":"224","volume-title":"Die Seelenkunde des Menschen als reine Erfahrungswissenschaft","author":"Benedikt","year":"1895"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727319000425_r90.1","unstructured":"[Auguste] Ambroise Tardieu, '\u00c9tude m\u00e9dico-l\u00e9gale sur les attentats aux m\u0153urs cont'd]', Annales d'hygi\u00e8ne publique et de m\u00e9decine l\u00e9gale (Ser. 2), 8 (1857), 133-208, here 167"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727319000425_r90.2","unstructured":"Tardieu, \u00c9tude m\u00e9dico-l\u00e9gale sur les attentats aux m\u0153urs, 2nd edn (Paris: J.-B. Bailli\u00e8re et fils, 1858), 39-40, tr. Die Vergehen gegen die Sittlichkeit in staats\u00e4rztlicher Beziehung, trans. Wilhelm Theile (Weimar: Voigt, 1860), 37. Passage quoted in 'Nothzucht"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727319000425_r90.3","unstructured":"Verbrechen gegen die Sittlichkeit', in L. Gottlieb Kraus and W. Pichler (eds), Encyclop\u00e4disches W\u00f6rterbuch der Staatsarzneikunde: nach dem heutigen Standpunkte der Wissenschaft, vol. 3 (Stuttgart: Ferdinand Enke, 1877), 383-409, esp. 391"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727319000425_r90.4","unstructured":"and heavily relied on in A[rmand B.] Paulier and F[r\u00e9d\u00e9ric] H\u00e9tet, Trait\u00e9 \u00e9l\u00e9mentaire de m\u00e9decine l\u00e9gale, de jurisprudence m\u00e9dicale, et de toxicologie (Paris: Octave Doin, 1881), 589."},{"key":"S0025727319000425_r100","unstructured":"\u2018Catalepsie\u2019, in Louis de La Berge and \u00c9douard Monneret (eds), Compendium de m\u00e9decine pratique, vol. 1 (Brussels: \u00c9tablissement encyclographique, 1837), 98\u2013106, here 103."},{"key":"S0025727319000425_r102","first-page":"250","volume-title":"Du pronostic et du traitement curatif de l\u2019\u00e9pilepsie","author":"Herpin","year":"1852"},{"key":"S0025727319000425_r104","first-page":"69","article-title":"Consid\u00e9rations diagnostiques sur les diverses esp\u00e8ces de suicide [cont\u2019d]","volume":"6","author":"Semelaigne","year":"1866","journal-title":"Journal de m\u00e9decine mentale"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727319000425_r114.1","unstructured":"For example, Theophilus Parvin, 'Disorders of Menstruation from Psychical Causes', The American Practitioner, 6, 9 (September, 1872), 146-58"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727319000425_r114.2","unstructured":"H.W. Kinney, 'Menorrhagia Produced by Mental Disturbance. Report of two Cases', Detroit Lancet, 8, 9 (March, 1885), 445-6"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727319000425_r114.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G. Ernest Herman, 'On Amenorrh\u0153a with Mental Depression, and from Mental Shock', The Lancet, 2 (11+18 October 1890), 764-6+810-11.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)90466-0"},{"key":"S0025727319000425_r134","article-title":"Beobachtungen \u00fcber Hysterie [cont\u2019d]","volume":"9","author":"Benedikt","year":"1863","journal-title":"\u00d6sterreichische Zeitschrift f\u00fcr praktische Heilkunde"},{"key":"S0025727319000425_r124","first-page":"94","article-title":"\u00dcber das Zustandekommen der Wollustempfindung und deren Mangel (Anaphrodisie) beim sexuellen Akt","volume":"2","author":"von Krafft- Ebing","year":"1890","journal-title":"Internationales Centralblatt f\u00fcr die Physiologie und Pathologie der Harn- und Sexual-Organe"},{"key":"S0025727319000425_r79","unstructured":"[Paul] Brouardel, \u2018Accidents cons\u00e9cutifs au viol. Un homme seul peut-il violer une femme qui r\u00e9siste? Une femme peut-elle \u00eatre viol\u00e9e sans le savoir, notamment dans le sommeil magn\u00e9tiqne\u2019, La Lancette fran\u00e7aise. Gazette des h\u00f4pitaux civils et militaires, 60, 128 (26 October 1887), 1069\u201370, here 1069."},{"key":"S0025727319000425_r88","unstructured":"[Jean-\u00c9tienne Dominique] Esquirol, \u2018Suicide\u2019, Dictionnaire des sciences m\u00e9dicales, vol. 53 (Paris: C.L.F. Panchouch, 1812), 213\u201383, see 219\u201320; Esquirol, Des Maladies mentales consid\u00e9r\u00e9es sous les rapports m\u00e9dical, hygi\u00e9nique et m\u00e9dico-l\u00e9gal, 3 vols (Paris: J.-B. Bailli\u00e8re, 1838), 1:538\u20139. Esquirol also \u2018saw some young girls who, having been raped, lost their reason; shame and mortification were the true cause of their illness. I attended to a lady who experienced a bout of mania on the first night of her wedding; her modesty had revolted against the necessity of sleeping with a man. A very nervous young woman was so painfully affected by the first approaches of her husband that her reason was immediately alienated\u2019 (1:69)."},{"key":"S0025727319000425_r95","unstructured":"[Samuel Auguste David] Tissot, Trait\u00e9 de l\u2019\u00e9pilepsie (Lausanne: Antoine Chapuis, 1770), 45\u20136 (he also saw \u2018two women in whom sorrow over unhappy marriages led to this disease\u2019)."},{"key":"S0025727319000425_r71","unstructured":"[Otto] Zentgraf, \u2018Der Schullehrer Johannes W\u00a0\u2026von L\u00a0\u2026, als Verf\u00fchrer zur Unzucht\u2019, Annalen der deutschen und ausl\u00e4ndischen Criminal-Rechts-Pflege, 79 (1852), 12\u201327, here 24."},{"key":"S0025727319000425_r107","unstructured":"\u2018Mental Shock as a Cause of Morbus Maculosus Werlhofii: Dr. K.I. Bobritzky (Russkaia Meditz\u00efna, No. 16, 1890, p. 245)\u2019, The British Journal of Dermatology and Syphilis, 2 (1890), 325."},{"key":"S0025727319000425_r89","unstructured":"A.D. [Marie Guillaume Alphonse Devergie], \u2018Suite de l\u2019histoire du viol\u2019, Journal de m\u00e9decine et de chirurgie pratiques, 40 (November, 1835), 103\u20135; Devergie, op. cit. (note 75), 1:141\u20132."},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727319000425_r75.1","unstructured":"The distinction appears in Johann Gottlieb Walter, Betrachtungen \u00fcber die Geburths-Theile des weiblichen Geschlechts (Berlin: Vo\u00df, 1776), 6-8. Cf., eg., Christian Gottfried Flittner, Zeichen und Wehrt der unverlezten Jungferschaft nach Nationalbegriffen, Physiologie u. Moral (Berlin: Oehmigke, 1793), 179-88"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727319000425_r75.2","unstructured":"Devergie, M\u00e9decine l\u00e9gale, th\u00e9orique et pratique, 3 vols (Brussels: Dumont, 1837), 1:346"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727319000425_r75.3","unstructured":"Casper, Practisches Handbuch, op. cit. (note 74), 2:122. Earlier works distinguished Leibes-Keuschheit from Keuschheit des Gem\u00fcths oder der Seele (Gr\u00fcndliche Ausz\u00fcge aus juristisch- und historischen Disputationibus, welche auf den hohen Schulen sonderlich in Deutschland gehalten worden, Pt. 3 (Leipzig: Gabriel Trogen, 1737), 187)."},{"key":"S0025727319000425_r87","unstructured":"\u2018If the girl has lost her maidenly innocence, she has lost everything. \u2026 In the eyes of the majority she is always ambiguous \u2026 at most a morally dead creature\u2019: J.F. [Julius] von Soden, Geist der teutschen Criminal-Geseze, 2 vols (Dessau: Buchh. der Gelehrten, 1782\u20133), 1:103."},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727319000425_r97.1","unstructured":"For example, v. [Richard von] Krafft-Ebing, 'Die Zurechnungsf\u00e4higkeit der Hysterischen', Friedreich's Bl\u00e4tter f\u00fcr gerichtliche Medicin und Sanit\u00e4tspolizei23 (1872), 1-15"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727319000425_r97.2","unstructured":"Krafft-Ebing, 'Ueber f\u00e4lschliche Beschuldigungen Geisteskranker vor Gericht gegen die eigene Person und gegen Andere', Vierteljahrsschrift f\u00fcr gerichtliche Medizin und \u00f6ffentliches Sanit\u00e4tswesen (N.F.), 19 (1873), 299-306, see 303-4."},{"key":"S0025727319000425_r109","unstructured":"Bates, op. cit. (note 3), 145\u20136."},{"key":"S0025727319000425_r84","unstructured":"For example, Joel Prentiss Bishop, Commentaries on the Law of Statutory Crimes (Boston: Little, Brown, 1873), 317\u201326."},{"key":"S0025727319000425_r77","unstructured":"[Paul] Brouardel, \u2018Viol et attentat \u00e0 la pudeur: d\u00e9finition; statistique, \u00e9tude de la victime et du coupable en g\u00e9n\u00e9ral\u2019, La Lancette fran\u00e7aise. Gazette des h\u00f4pitaux civils et militaires, 60, 96 (9 August 1887), 785\u20137, here 785. Repr. in Revue de th\u00e9rapeutique m\u00e9dico-chirurgicale, 54, 16 (15 August 1887), 421\u20139 (here 423), and in Gazette de gyn\u00e9cologie[Paris], 3, nos. 43+44 (1888), 1\u20137+17\u201322 (here 4)."},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727319000425_r66.1","unstructured":"For example, Alfred Swaine Taylor, Medical Jurisprudence (Philadelphia: Lea & Blanchard, 1845), 458-63"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727319000425_r66.2","unstructured":"Seneca Egbert, 'Medical jurisprudence', in Charles Kendall Adams (ed.-in-chief), Johnson's Universal Cyclopedia: A New Edition, vol. 4 (New York: A.J. Johnson Co., 1895), 845-9, see 848."},{"key":"S0025727319000425_r132","unstructured":"Ibid., 163."},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727319000425_r74.1","unstructured":"Johann Ludwig Casper, Practisches Handbuch der gerichtlichen Medicin, 2 vols (Berlin: August Hirschwald, 1858), [1] [Biologischer Theil]:137-8, cf. 472-3"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727319000425_r74.2","unstructured":"in translation: A Handbook of the Practice of Forensic Medicine, 4 vols (London: New Sydenham Society, 1861-5), 3 (1864):289"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727319000425_r74.3","unstructured":"Casper, Klinische Novellen zur gerichtlichen Medicin (Berlin: August Hirschwald, 1863), 13-14."},{"key":"S0025727319000425_r76","first-page":"127","volume-title":"Des Attentats \u00e0 la pudeur sur les petites filles","author":"Bernard","year":"1886"},{"key":"S0025727319000425_r78","unstructured":"Martin, \u2018M\u00e9decine l\u00e9gale. Consid\u00e9rations m\u00e9dico-l\u00e9gales sur la membrane hymen\u2019, L\u2019abeille medicale, 20, 31 (3 August 1863), 243\u20136."},{"key":"S0025727319000425_r123","unstructured":"\u2018In cases where a single outbreak of emotional excitement [Gem\u00fcthsbewegung] leads to insanity after weeks or months, there is usually a coexistent predisposition; or the affective shock is so intense and sudden that the ideas accompanying the affect induce neuralgias ([Heinrich] Sch\u00fcle) or become fixed imperative ideas. Experience shows that it is almost exclusively depressive emotions (death, loss of fortune, severe loss of honour [schwere Kr\u00e4nkung der Ehre], etc.) that lead to insanity. The causes vary with the sex and the individual. In women they are raw injury of sexual honour [rohe Verletzung der Geschlechtsehre] (rape), or the slow, and therefore more injurious, influences of unhappy love, marriage, jealousy, or the infirmity or death of children. In men unfulfilled striving, forced choice of occupation, injured pride [gekr\u00e4nkter Ehrgeiz], and financial ruin are effectual\u2019: Krafft-Ebing, op. cit. (note 47), 1:163."},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727319000425_r19.1","unstructured":"[August] Albrecht Meckel, Lehrbuch der gerichtlichen Medicin (Halle: Carl Friedrich Schimmelpfennig, 1821), 495"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727319000425_r19.2","unstructured":"Eug\u00e8ne Mouton, Les Lois p\u00e9nales de la France en toutes mati\u00e8res et devant toutes les juridictions expos\u00e9es dans leur ordre naturel, avec leurs motifs, 2 vols (Paris: Cosse, Marchal & Co., 1868), 1:53-66."},{"key":"S0025727319000425_r138","first-page":"127","article-title":"Second life: Das Seelenbinnenleben des gesunden und kranken Menschen","volume":"20","author":"Benedikt","year":"1894","journal-title":"Wiener Klinik"},{"key":"S0025727319000425_r120","unstructured":"Ibid., 63\u20134. Prospects proved dire: \u2018In vain were the attempts to bring about an improvement through hydrotherapy, iron, opium, morphine, etc. The failure of all healing efforts and the prospect of a degenerative course of the case prompted patient to be transferred to a nursing home at the end of 1865\u2019 (ibid.)."},{"key":"S0025727319000425_r105","first-page":"697","volume-title":"Lehrbuch der functionellen Nervenkrankheiten auf physiologischer Basis","author":"Eulenburg","year":"1871"},{"key":"S0025727319000425_r108","unstructured":"[Konrad] Alt, \u2018Zwei F\u00e4lle von Hysterie\u2019, M\u00fcnchener medizinische Wochenschrift, 38, 14 (7 April 1891), 253\u20134."},{"key":"S0025727319000425_r23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02900078"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727319000425_r133.1","unstructured":"Moriz Benedikt, 'Ueber Hysterie', Wiener medizinische Wochenschrift, 18, nos. 5-8 (1868), 68-70, 81-3, 105-8, 121-4"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727319000425_r133.2","unstructured":"Benedikt, Elektrotherapie (Vienna: Tendler & Co., 1868), 422-4"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727319000425_r133.3","unstructured":"Benedict [ie. Benedikt], 'Aus den Vorlesungen \u00fcber chronische Nervenkrankheiten. Ueber Hysterie', Allgemeine Wiener medizinische Zeitung, 17, nos. 11+12+18+19+21 (1872), 82-3+90-1+137-8+146-7+162-3. On Benedikt, see Henri F. Ellenberger's 'Moritz Benedikt (1835-1920)', Confrontations psychiatriques, 11 (1973), 183-200."},{"key":"S0025727319000425_r16","unstructured":"Sigm[und] Freud, \u2018Die Sexualit\u00e4t in der Aetiologie der Neurosen\u2019, Wiener klinische Rundschau, 12, 2 (9\u00a0January, 1898), 21\u20132; 4 (23 January 1898), 55\u20137; 5 (30 January 1898), 70\u20132; 7 (13 February 1898), 103\u20135 (here 104)."},{"key":"S0025727319000425_r125","unstructured":"\u2018eines kecken, nicht unverdorbenen M\u00e4dchens\u2019: [Richard] von Krafft-Ebing, \u2018Sch\u00e4ndung. Zweifelhafter Geisteszustand. Keine Geisteskrankheit\u2019, Friedreich\u2019s Bl\u00e4tter f\u00fcr gerichtliche Medicin und Sanit\u00e4tspolizei, 34, 2 (1883), 100\u20137, here 101."},{"key":"S0025727319000425_r72","unstructured":"[Anon.], \u2018Das Verbrechen der Sodomie\u2019, Schleswig-Holsteinische Anzeigen, N.F. (26 February\u20135 March 1855), 60\u20131, 68\u201372, here 70."},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727319000425_r2.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"For example, Carlo Bonomi, 'Sexuality and Death in Freud's Discovery of Sexual Aetiology', International Forum of Psychoanalysis, 3, 2 (1994), 63-87","DOI":"10.1080\/08037069408411011"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727319000425_r2.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Philip Kuhn, 'Sigmund Freud's Discovery of the Etiological Significance of Childhood Sexual Traumas', Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 6, 2 (1997), 107-22","DOI":"10.1300\/J070v06n02_07"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727319000425_r2.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K. Codell Carter, 'Germ Theory, Hysteria, and Freud's Early Work in Psychopathology', Medical History, 24, 3 (1980), 259-74.","DOI":"10.1017\/S002572730004031X"},{"key":"S0025727319000425_r53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u2018The patient comes to the conviction that people infer his vice from his appearance and despise him for it\u2019: Krafft-Ebing, Lehrbuch der Psychiatrie, 2 vols, 2nd edn (Stuttgart: Ferdinand Enke, 1883), 2:41. The phenomenon had been highlighted on earlier occasions, such as by R. Leubuscher, \u2018Grundz\u00fcge zur Pathologie der psychischen Krankheiten, erl\u00e4utert an Krankengeschichten\u2019, [Virchow\u2019s] Archiv f\u00fcr pathologische Anatomie und Physiologie und f\u00fcr klinische Medicin, 2 (1849), 38\u2013142, see 111\u201318.","DOI":"10.1515\/9783112665664-002"},{"key":"S0025727319000425_r57","first-page":"63","volume-title":"Die krankhaften Erscheinungen des Geschlechtssinnes","author":"Tarnowsky","year":"1886"},{"key":"S0025727319000425_r115","first-page":"78","volume-title":"Dysmenorrhea, Its Pathology and Treatment","author":"Smith","year":"1881"},{"key":"S0025727319000425_r61","unstructured":"Freud, op. cit. (note 14), 450."},{"key":"S0025727319000425_r113","unstructured":"\u2018Despair over the loss of her fair name and chastity may end in melancholia, in turn changing to suicidal mania. The shock to the system is sufficient to ruin forever the health in some cases and hurry the woman into an early grave. Hysteria, chorea, epilepsy even, are in the train of consequent nervous disorders\u2019: J. Clifton Edgar and James C. Johnston, \u2018Rape\u2019, in Rudolph August Witthaus and Tracy Chatfield Becker (eds), Medical Jurisprudence, Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, 4 vols (New York: William Wood & Co., 1894), 2:413\u201390, here 445."}],"container-title":["Medical History"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0025727319000425","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,20]],"date-time":"2023-09-20T01:10:14Z","timestamp":1695172214000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0025727319000425\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,9]]},"references-count":183,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S0025727319000425"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/mdh.2019.42","relation":{},"ISSN":["0025-7273","2048-8343"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0025-7273","type":"print"},{"value":"2048-8343","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"\u00a9 The Author 2019. Published by Cambridge University Press.\u00a0","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}}]}}