{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T12:09:03Z","timestamp":1783166943449,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":135,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,9]],"date-time":"2019-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1567987200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Med. Hist."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Based on a wide range of historical sources, including published scientific literature and archives (Institut M\u00e9rieux, WHO and IMTSSA), this article examines the history of the development of the meningococcal A vaccine between 1969 and 1973. It explores the social factors of vaccine development including various collaborations, informal discussions, the circulation of products and materials, formal meetings, trials and setbacks to highlight the complex reality of the development, production and use of the vaccine. Inscribed in a \u2018Golden Age\u2019 of vaccine development and production, this episode not only adds to the scholarship on the history of vaccines, which has tended to focus on a narrative of progress, but also considers the sharing of knowledge through collaborations, and the risks involved in the development of a vaccine. Finally, this perspective reveals the uncertainties and difficulties underlying the production of an effective vaccine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/mdh.2019.43","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,9]],"date-time":"2019-09-09T08:42:24Z","timestamp":1568018544000},"page":"435-453","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Vaccine Development and Collaborations: Lessons from the History of the Meningococcal A Vaccine (1969\u201373)"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"63","author":[{"given":"Baptiste","family":"Baylac-Paouly","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0025727319000437_r77","unstructured":"Archives of the Institut M\u00e9rieux, box D11, D11_11, 1_09\/04\/70."},{"key":"S0025727319000437_r111","unstructured":"Archives of the WHO, box C11-446-2SUD, \u2018Grant of $1000 to the government of Sudan in relation with field study of meningococcal polysaccharide A vaccine\u2019 (1974)."},{"key":"S0025727319000437_r76","unstructured":"Gotschlich, Goldschneider and Artenstein, op. cit. (note 58)."},{"key":"S0025727319000437_r58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.129.6.1367"},{"key":"S0025727319000437_r10","first-page":"625","article-title":"De quelques probl\u00e8mes pratiques pos\u00e9s par les essais contr\u00f4l\u00e9s sur le terrain d\u2019un vaccin antim\u00e9ningococcique","volume":"30","author":"Lapeyssonnie","year":"1970","journal-title":"M\u00e9decine Tropicale"},{"key":"S0025727319000437_r126","unstructured":"Blume, op. cit. (note 15), 108."},{"key":"S0025727319000437_r7","first-page":"1406\u20139","article-title":"L\u2019action du para-amino-ph\u00e9nyl-sulfamide (1162F) dans les m\u00e9ningites purulentes \u00e0 streptocoques et accessoirement \u00e0 m\u00e9ningocoques","volume":"45","author":"Martin","year":"1937","journal-title":"Presse M\u00e9dicale"},{"key":"S0025727319000437_r54","unstructured":"Archives of the IMTSSA, box 2013 ZK 005-500, \u2018Letter to B. Cvjetanovi\u0107 from Pierre Mercier\u2019, 8 November 1963. The doctor, Pierre Mercier, was the deputy general secretary of the Institut Pasteur in Paris."},{"key":"S0025727319000437_r113","first-page":"303","article-title":"A Serogroup A Meningococcal polysaccharide Vaccine: Studies in the Sudan to Combat Cerebrospinal Meningitis Caused by Neisseria meningitidis Group A","volume":"49","author":"Erwa","year":"1973","journal-title":"Bulletin of the World Health Organization"},{"key":"S0025727319000437_r120","unstructured":"Graham, op. cit. (note 19), 422\u20133."},{"key":"S0025727319000437_r65","unstructured":"Archives of the WHO, op. cit. (note 62)."},{"key":"S0025727319000437_r70","unstructured":"Archives of the Institut M\u00e9rieux, box D11, D11_8, 11_10\/12\/69."},{"key":"S0025727319000437_r44","unstructured":"L\u00e9on Lapeyssonnie and J.P. Digoutte, \u2018La vaccination antim\u00e9ningococcique: int\u00e9r\u00eat et conditions d\u2019utilisation\u2019, WHO unpublished document, 16 September 1963, 3."},{"key":"S0025727319000437_r125","unstructured":"Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI), http:\/\/polioeradication.org, accessed 5 May 2019."},{"key":"S0025727319000437_r91","unstructured":"Archives of the IMTSSA, box 2013 ZK 005-553, \u2018Vaccination contre la M\u00e9ningite C\u00e9r\u00e9bro-spinale\u2019 (1970), 1\u20138."},{"key":"S0025727319000437_r110","unstructured":"Archives of the WHO, op. cit. (note 62)."},{"key":"S0025727319000437_r87","unstructured":"Archives of the Institut M\u00e9rieux, box D11, D11_12, 2_19\/06\/70."},{"key":"S0025727319000437_r105","unstructured":"Archives of the Institut M\u00e9rieux, box D11, D11_15, 3_14\/06\/71."},{"key":"S0025727319000437_r22","unstructured":"Lapeyssonnie, op. cit. (note 10), 625."},{"key":"S0025727319000437_r13","unstructured":"CSMa epidemics were usually short, with an ascending and descending phase."},{"key":"S0025727319000437_r36","unstructured":"The Pharo, located in Marseille, was a centre created in 1966 by the WHO. The creation of this centre was an element of the research programme launched by the WHO to fight against the CSMa after the work of Lapeyssonnie. Lapeyssonnie\u2019s team of the IMTSSA was the hard core of this centre."},{"key":"S0025727319000437_r62","unstructured":"Archives of the WHO, box C11-446-2SUD, \u2018Proposed Field Trial of Cerebrospinal Meningitis Vaccine\u2019 (1969)."},{"key":"S0025727319000437_r108","first-page":"667","article-title":"A Controlled Field Trial of a Serogroup A Meningococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine","volume":"48","author":"Wahdan","year":"1973","journal-title":"Bulletin of the World Health Organization"},{"key":"S0025727319000437_r53","unstructured":"Archives of the IMTSSA, box 2013 ZK 005-500, \u2018Letter to B. Cvjetanovi\u0107 from Louis Greenberg\u2019, 9\u00a0September 1963."},{"key":"S0025727319000437_r39","unstructured":"Archives of the Institut M\u00e9rieux, box D11, D11_4, 1_11\/07\/69."},{"key":"S0025727319000437_r73","unstructured":"Archives of the Institut M\u00e9rieux, box D11, D11_8, 16_22\/01\/70."},{"key":"S0025727319000437_r35","unstructured":"Archives of the Institut M\u00e9rieux, box D11, D11_3, 2_11\/03\/69."},{"key":"S0025727319000437_r16","unstructured":"Karen L. Walloch, The Antivaccine Heresy: Jacobson v. Massachusetts and the Troubled History of Compulsory Vaccination in the United States (New York: University of Rochester Press, 2015); Christine Holmberg, Stuart Blume and Paul Greenough, The Politics of Vaccination: A Global History (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2017); Blume, ibid."},{"key":"S0025727319000437_r57","unstructured":"Archives of the Institut M\u00e9rieux, box D11, D11_7, 4_15\/10\/69."},{"key":"S0025727319000437_r41","unstructured":"Archives of the Institut M\u00e9rieux, box D11, D11_4, 4_25\/08\/69."},{"key":"S0025727319000437_r12","article-title":"La m\u00e9ningite c\u00e9r\u00e9brospinale \u00e0 F\u00e8s en 1966\u201367. I. La m\u00e9ningite c\u00e9r\u00e9brospinale au Maroc","volume":"29","author":"Faucon","year":"1969","journal-title":"M\u00e9decine Tropicale"},{"key":"S0025727319000437_r15","first-page":"90","volume-title":"Immunization: How Vaccines Became Controversial","author":"Blume","year":"2017"},{"key":"S0025727319000437_r2","article-title":"General Medical Officer Lapeyssonnie \u201cThe Man of Big Endemics\u201d","volume":"95","author":"Dutertre","year":"2002","journal-title":"Bulletin de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de Pathologie Exotique"},{"key":"S0025727319000437_r72","unstructured":"Archives of the Institut M\u00e9rieux, box D11, D11_8, 12_11\/12\/69."},{"key":"S0025727319000437_r69","unstructured":"Archives of the Institut M\u00e9rieux, box D11, D11_8, 10_10\/12\/69."},{"key":"S0025727319000437_r43","unstructured":"Faucon and Zannotti, op. cit. (note 12), 151\u201360."},{"key":"S0025727319000437_r107","unstructured":"Archives of the WHO, box C11-181-16, \u2018CTS Agreement with the High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria, in respect of field study of meningococcal-polysaccharide A vaccine\u2019 (1972)."},{"key":"S0025727319000437_r28","unstructured":"Until then, the meningococcal vaccines developed were based on the whole cell technique using several strains of meningococcus, killed by heat and alcohol."},{"key":"S0025727319000437_r67","unstructured":"Archives of the WHO, box C11-181-9, \u2018Subvention au Minist\u00e8re de la Sant\u00e9 Publique et des Affaires Sociales, Koubala, Mali, en vue d\u2019un essai pratique contr\u00f4l\u00e9 d\u2019un vaccin polysaccharidique contre les m\u00e9ningocoques du groupe A et \u00e9tude sur les porteurs de m\u00e9ningocoques\u2019 (1969)."},{"key":"S0025727319000437_r118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.12.060"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727319000437_r63.1","unstructured":"Archives of the WHO, box C11-440-3(69), 'WHO Inter-Regional Seminar on Cerebrospinal Meningitis Control - 1969' (1969)"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727319000437_r63.2","unstructured":"Archives of the IMTSSA, box 2013 ZK 005-511, 'Letter to L\u00e9on Lapeyssonnie from B. Cvjetanovi\u0107', 21 March 1969. Cvjetanovi\u0107 was the head of Microbial Diseases at WHO."},{"key":"S0025727319000437_r37","unstructured":"Archives of the Institut M\u00e9rieux, box D11, D11_3, 4_11\/06\/69."},{"key":"S0025727319000437_r98","unstructured":"Archives of the WHO, box C11-181-14, \u2018Grant to the Federal Ministry of Health, Lagos, Nigeria, in respect of controlled field trial of cerebrospinal meningitis vaccine\u2019 (1971)."},{"key":"S0025727319000437_r64","unstructured":"Archives of the WHO, op. cit. (note 62)."},{"key":"S0025727319000437_r95","unstructured":"Blume, op. cit. (note 15), 90\u20131."},{"key":"S0025727319000437_r124","unstructured":"Ibid., 106."},{"key":"S0025727319000437_r8","volume-title":"Virus Passion","author":"M\u00e9rieux","year":"1997"},{"key":"S0025727319000437_r74","unstructured":"Archives of the Institut M\u00e9rieux, box D11, D11_10, 2_17\/02\/70."},{"key":"S0025727319000437_r14","unstructured":"This period could be marked at the beginning by the John Enders\u2019 success in growing a polio virus on a tissue culture in 1948. The early 1980s were profoundly transformed by dramatic changes (fall of the Berlin Wall, collapse of the Soviet Union, economic crisis, extreme ideological commitment to liberalisation and privatisation), which affected vaccine development."},{"key":"S0025727319000437_r4","first-page":"1","article-title":"La m\u00e9ningite c\u00e9r\u00e9brospinale en Afrique","volume":"28","author":"Lapeyssonnie","year":"1963","journal-title":"Bulletin of the World Health Organization"},{"key":"S0025727319000437_r112","unstructured":"Archives of the IMTSSA, box 2013 ZK 005-549, \u2018Letter to W.R. Sanborn from L\u00e9on Lapeyssonnie\u2019, 8 February 1973."},{"key":"S0025727319000437_r88","unstructured":"Archives of the Institut M\u00e9rieux, box D11, D11_12, 4_01\/07\/70."},{"key":"S0025727319000437_r66","unstructured":"Archives of the WHO, op. cit. (note 62)."},{"key":"S0025727319000437_r78","unstructured":"Archives of the Institut M\u00e9rieux, box D11, D11_11, 3_18\/05\/70."},{"key":"S0025727319000437_r86","unstructured":"Archives of the Institut M\u00e9rieux, box D11, D11_8, 15_05\/01\/70."},{"key":"S0025727319000437_r56","unstructured":"Archives of the Institut M\u00e9rieux, box D11, D11_5, 1_22\/07\/69."},{"key":"S0025727319000437_r29","unstructured":"In the field of biochemistry, the dalton represents the mass unit of atoms. By way of comparison, one protein amino acid represents about 110 Da, a protein greater than 12 kDa, and a DNA base with deoxyribose and phosphate (one nucleotide) about 330 Da."},{"key":"S0025727319000437_r24","unstructured":"Archives of the Institut M\u00e9rieux, box D11, D11_1, 1_12\/11\/63."},{"key":"S0025727319000437_r100","unstructured":"Archives of the Institut M\u00e9rieux, box D11, D11_11, 3_18\/05\/70."},{"key":"S0025727319000437_r5","article-title":"\u00c9tude \u00e9pid\u00e9miologique compar\u00e9e de la m\u00e9ningite c\u00e9r\u00e9brospinale m\u00e9ningococcique dans les r\u00e9gions temp\u00e9r\u00e9es et dans la ceinture de la m\u00e9ningite en Afrique","volume":"28","author":"Lapeyssonnie","year":"1968","journal-title":"M\u00e9decine Tropicale"},{"key":"S0025727319000437_r117","unstructured":"A vaccine that uses a carrier protein to enhance the efficacy of the antigen."},{"key":"S0025727319000437_r21","unstructured":"Faucon and Zannotti, op. cit. (note 12), 151\u201360."},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727319000437_r17.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanjoy Bhattacharya, 'International Health and the Limits of its Global Influence: Bhutan and the Worldwide Smallpox Eradication Programme', Medical History, 57, 4 (2013), 461-86","DOI":"10.1017\/mdh.2013.63"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727319000437_r17.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dora Vargha, 'Between East and West: Polio Vaccination across the Iron Curtain in Cold War Hungary', Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 88, 2 (2014), 319-43","DOI":"10.1353\/bhm.2014.0040"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727319000437_r17.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gareth Millward, 'A Disability Act? The Vaccine Damage Payments Act 1979 and the British Government's Response to the Pertussis Vaccine Scare', Social History of Medicine, 30, 2 (2016), 429-47","DOI":"10.1093\/shm\/hkv140"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727319000437_r17.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gareth Millward, \"'A Matter of Commonsense': The Coventry Poliomyelitis Epidemic 1957 and the British Public', Contemporary British History, 31, 3 (2016), 384-406","DOI":"10.1080\/13619462.2016.1247701"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727319000437_r17.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jeremy K. Ward, 'Rethinking the Antivaccine Movement Concept: A Case Study of Public Criticism of the Swine Flu Vaccine's Safety in France', Social Science & Medicine, 159 (2016), 48-57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.05.003"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727319000437_r17.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farah Huzair and Steve Sturdy, 'Biotechnology and the Transformation of Vaccine Innovation: The Case of the Hepatitis B Vaccines 1968-2000', Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, 64 (2017), 11-21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.shpsc.2017.05.004"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727319000437_r17.7","unstructured":"Mary Augusta Brazelton, 'Engineering Health: Technologies of Immunization in China's Wartime Hinterland, 1937-45', Technology and Culture, forthcoming (2019)."},{"key":"S0025727319000437_r1","first-page":"327","article-title":"Quelles strat\u00e9gies vaccinales contre les \u00e9pid\u00e9mies africaines de m\u00e9ningite \u00e0 m\u00e9ningocoque","volume":"95","author":"Saliou","year":"2002","journal-title":"Bulletin de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de Pathologie Exotique"},{"key":"S0025727319000437_r26","unstructured":"B. Cvjetanovi\u0107, \u2018Les vaccins antim\u00e9ningococciques \u00e9tudi\u00e9s par l\u2019Organisation Mondiale de la Sant\u00e9: A. Les vaccins antim\u00e9ningococciques\u2019, World Health Organization, BD\/CSM\/68.9, II \u00e8me s\u00e9minaire interr\u00e9gional sur la m\u00e9ningite c\u00e9r\u00e9brospinale, Niamey, 13\u201317 f\u00e9vrier 1968, Bobo-Dioulasso, 19\u201324 f\u00e9vrier 1968, 123."},{"key":"S0025727319000437_r9","unstructured":"The vaccine was based on twenty-four strains killed by heat and isolated by different correspondents of the IMTSSA in different countries of the meningitis belt."},{"key":"S0025727319000437_r50","first-page":"396","article-title":"A New Approach to Bacterial Vaccines","volume":"89","author":"Greenberg","year":"1963","journal-title":"Canadian Medical Association Journal"},{"key":"S0025727319000437_r38","unstructured":"Archives of the Institut M\u00e9rieux, box D11, D11_3, 5_09\/07\/69."},{"key":"S0025727319000437_r19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01459740.2016.1167055"},{"key":"S0025727319000437_r60","unstructured":"Archives of the WHO, box C11-181-13, \u2018Subvention \u00e0 la Facult\u00e9 Mixte de M\u00e9decine et de Pharmacie, Dakar, en vue d\u2019\u00e9tudes sur les vaccins contre la m\u00e9ningite c\u00e9r\u00e9brospinale: \u00e9tude immunologique des vaccins contre la m\u00e9ningite c\u00e9r\u00e9brospinale \u00e0 utiliser dans les essais sur le terrain\u2019 (1970)."},{"key":"S0025727319000437_r42","first-page":"12","article-title":"\u00c9pid\u00e9miologie de la m\u00e9ningite c\u00e9r\u00e9bro-spinale \u00e0 m\u00e9ningocoques: le point de vue de Sirius","volume":"43","author":"Lapeyssonnie","year":"1983","journal-title":"M\u00e9decine Tropicale"},{"key":"S0025727319000437_r3","article-title":"\u00c0 propos de la r\u00e9cente \u00e9pid\u00e9mie de m\u00e9ningite c\u00e9r\u00e9brospinale au Niger. Activit\u00e9 d\u2019une mission m\u00e9dicale fran\u00e7aise (3 mars 1961\u20137 avril 1961)","volume":"21","author":"Lapeyssonnie","year":"1961","journal-title":"M\u00e9decine Tropicale"},{"key":"S0025727319000437_r47","unstructured":"Ibid., 2\u20133; The whole cell technique used in the past by the Institut M\u00e9rieux would never be used again."},{"key":"S0025727319000437_r99","first-page":"497","article-title":"Trial of a Serogroup A \u00a1eningococcus Polysaccharide Vaccine in Nigeria","volume":"5","author":"Sanborn","year":"1971","journal-title":"Progress in Immunological Standardization"},{"key":"S0025727319000437_r11","unstructured":"The disease represented a major problem for researchers and trials of prophylactic measures: it was almost impossible to predict where an epidemic would occur. It was also difficult to predict for any given area whether an epidemic would take place, making African meningitis epidemics appear capricious and insidious."},{"key":"S0025727319000437_r83","unstructured":"Archives of the Institut M\u00e9rieux, op. cit. (note 81)."},{"key":"S0025727319000437_r51","unstructured":"Lapeyssonnie and Digoutte, op. cit. (note 44), 1."},{"key":"S0025727319000437_r20","unstructured":"Faucon, op. cit. (note 6), 162."},{"key":"S0025727319000437_r55","unstructured":"Archives of the WHO, box C11-181-10, \u2018Grant to Institut M\u00e9rieux, Lyon, in respect of production of cerebro-spinal meningitis vaccine\u2019 (1969)."},{"key":"S0025727319000437_r46","unstructured":"Archives of the WHO, box C11-87-2, \u2018Informal Meeting on Cerebrospinal Meningitis Organized by the WHO International Reference Center for Meningococci with WHO Participation \u2013 Marseille, September 1969\u2019 (1969),\u00a01."},{"key":"S0025727319000437_r68","unstructured":"Archives of the Institut M\u00e9rieux, box D11, D11_8, 3_31\/10\/69."},{"key":"S0025727319000437_r27","unstructured":"Archives of the Institut M\u00e9rieux, box D11, D11_3, 1_04\/03\/69."},{"key":"S0025727319000437_r94","unstructured":"Archives of the IMTSSA, box 2013 ZK 005-640, \u2018Immunog\u00e9nicit\u00e9 et innocuit\u00e9 du vaccin antim\u00e9ningococcique polysaccharidique A \u2013 Enqu\u00eates de Bougoula (Mali) et Bobo-Dioulasso (Haute-Volta): R\u00e9sultats finaux par le docteur Jean \u00c9tienne\u2019 (1971)."},{"key":"S0025727319000437_r45","first-page":"504","article-title":"Un probl\u00e8me d\u2019\u00e9pid\u00e9miologie pratique en Afrique sah\u00e9lienne: recherche de porteurs rhinopharyng\u00e9s de m\u00e9ningocoques","volume":"28","author":"Ghipponi","year":"1968","journal-title":"M\u00e9decine Tropicale"},{"key":"S0025727319000437_r23","unstructured":"Archives of the Institut M\u00e9rieux, box D11, D11_2, 3_08\/06\/67; Archives of the Institut M\u00e9rieux, box D11, D11_2, 5_21\/11\/67; Archives of the Institut M\u00e9rieux, box D11, D11_3, 2_11\/03\/69."},{"key":"S0025727319000437_r32","unstructured":"Artenstein and LaForce, op. cit. (note 30), 4704."},{"key":"S0025727319000437_r31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.129.6.1385","article-title":"Human Immunity to the Meningococcus: III. Preparation and Immunochemical Properties of the Group A, Group B, and Group C Meningococcal Polysaccharides","volume":"129","author":"Gotschlich","year":"1969","journal-title":"The Journal of Experimental Medicine"},{"key":"S0025727319000437_r40","unstructured":"Archives of the Institut M\u00e9rieux, box D11, D11_4, 3_01\/08\/69."},{"key":"S0025727319000437_r18","unstructured":"Workshop on \u2018Vaccination between Research, Health Politics, and Nation: Lessons learned from historical examples on vaccination campaigns and vaccination development\u2019 held at the East Anglia University Medical School in Norwich, UK, in October 2013; Workshop on \u2018Vaccines: Values, Present and Past\u2019 held at the Uppsala University Department of History of Science and Ideas in Uppsala, Sweden, in November 2017."},{"key":"S0025727319000437_r48","unstructured":"Archives of the Institut M\u00e9rieux, box D11, D11_5, 1_22\/07\/69."},{"key":"S0025727319000437_r25","unstructured":"Archives of the Institut M\u00e9rieux, box D11, D11_2, 3_08\/06\/67."},{"key":"S0025727319000437_r30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2012.04.024"},{"key":"S0025727319000437_r34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197002192820803"},{"key":"S0025727319000437_r49","unstructured":"Archives of the WHO, box C11-181-15(A), \u2018Collaboration Laboratory Study of Polysaccharide CSM vaccines\u2019 (1974)."},{"key":"S0025727319000437_r59","unstructured":"Saliou and Debois, op. cit. (note 1), 327."},{"key":"S0025727319000437_r71","unstructured":"Ibid."},{"key":"S0025727319000437_r52","unstructured":"Archives of the Institut M\u00e9rieux, box D11, D11_1, 1_12\/11\/63."},{"key":"S0025727319000437_r81","unstructured":"Archives of the Institut M\u00e9rieux, box D11, D11_8, 11_10\/12\/69."},{"key":"S0025727319000437_r84","unstructured":"Archives of the Institut M\u00e9rieux, box D11, D11_8, 14_14\/12\/69."},{"key":"S0025727319000437_r89","unstructured":"Archives of the Institut M\u00e9rieux, box D11, D11_12, 8_27\/07\/70."},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727319000437_r93.1","unstructured":"Archives of the IMTSSA, box 2013 ZK 005-227, 'Rapport sur la mission effectu\u00e9e \u00e0 Bougoula (R\u00e9publique du Mali) par le Docteur Jean \u00c9tienne M\u00e9decin-Chef de la Sous-Section M\u00e9ningite, Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso)' (1971)"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727319000437_r93.2","unstructured":"Archives of the IMTSSA, box 2013 ZK 005-227, 'Rapport sur l'enqu\u00eate effectu\u00e9e \u00e0 Bobo-Dioulasso (Haute-Volta) concernant le vaccin antim\u00e9ningococcique par le Docteur Jean \u00c9tienne M\u00e9decin-Chef de la Sous-Section M\u00e9ningite, Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso' (1971)."},{"key":"S0025727319000437_r114","unstructured":"Archives of the IMTSSA, box 2013 ZK 005-538, \u2018Table ronde sur l\u2019immunoprophylaxie de la m\u00e9ningite c\u00e9r\u00e9bro-spinale \u2013 Le Mas d\u2019Artigny 06570 Saint-Paul de Vence (France) \u2013 Vendredi 12 Octobre 1973\u2019 (1973)."},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727319000437_r116.1","unstructured":"M. Machado, 'L'\u00e9pid\u00e9mie de m\u00e9ningite c\u00e9r\u00e9bro-spinale au Br\u00e9sil', M\u00e9decine et Hygi\u00e8ne, 34 (1976), 483-5"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727319000437_r116.2","unstructured":"Charles M\u00e9rieux, 'Une aventure des temps modernes: la lutte contre l'\u00e9pid\u00e9mie de m\u00e9ningite au Br\u00e9sil', Informations Chimie, 157 (1976), 173-7."},{"key":"S0025727319000437_r85","unstructured":"Archives of the Institut M\u00e9rieux, box D11, D11_8, 19_29\/01\/70."},{"key":"S0025727319000437_r102","unstructured":"Archives of the IMTSSA, box 2013 ZK 005-227, \u2018XII\u00e8 Congr\u00e8s International de Standardisation Biologique, 20 au 24 septembre 1971, Annecy-France \u2013 Rapport de mission par le docteur Jean \u00c9tienne M\u00e9decin-Chef de la Sous-Section M\u00e9ningite, Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso\u2019 (1971), 4."},{"key":"S0025727319000437_r101","unstructured":"Archives of the Institut M\u00e9rieux, box D11, D11_12, 1_23\/05\/70."},{"key":"S0025727319000437_r75","unstructured":"Archives of the Institut M\u00e9rieux, box D11, D11_10, 3_17\/03\/70."},{"key":"S0025727319000437_r61","unstructured":"Archives of the Institut M\u00e9rieux, box D11, D11_7, 5_17\/10\/69."},{"key":"S0025727319000437_r97","unstructured":"Archives of the Institut M\u00e9rieux, box D11, D11_13, 14_12\/01\/71."},{"key":"S0025727319000437_r96","unstructured":"Between 1963 and 1967, the Lapeyssonnie team of the IMTSSA provided the meningococcal strains that composed the whole cell meningococcal vaccine developed at that time by the Institut M\u00e9rieux."},{"key":"S0025727319000437_r115","unstructured":"At that time, the CSMa was almost exclusively in Africa."},{"key":"S0025727319000437_r82","unstructured":"Archives of the Institut M\u00e9rieux, box D11, D11_8, 10_10\/12\/69."},{"key":"S0025727319000437_r79","unstructured":"Archives of the Institut M\u00e9rieux, box D11, D11_8, 8_04\/12\/69."},{"key":"S0025727319000437_r33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/135.9.735"},{"key":"S0025727319000437_r6","first-page":"162","article-title":"Bases de la prophylaxie antim\u00e9ningococcique","volume":"28","author":"Faucon","year":"1968","journal-title":"M\u00e9decine Tropicale"},{"key":"S0025727319000437_r104","unstructured":"Archives of the Institut M\u00e9rieux, box D11, D11_15, 1_18\/05\/71."},{"key":"S0025727319000437_r106","unstructured":"Archives of the IMTSSA, op. cit. (note 102)."},{"key":"S0025727319000437_r80","unstructured":"Archives of the Institut M\u00e9rieux, box D11, D11_8, 9_08\/12\/69."},{"key":"S0025727319000437_r119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0906357"},{"key":"S0025727319000437_r122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31069-3"},{"key":"S0025727319000437_r109","unstructured":"Archives of the WHO, op. cit. (note 62)."},{"key":"S0025727319000437_r123","unstructured":"Blume, op. cit. (note 15), 203."},{"key":"S0025727319000437_r90","unstructured":"Archives of the Institut M\u00e9rieux, box D11, D11_12, 9_19\/08\/70."},{"key":"S0025727319000437_r92","unstructured":"Archives of the Institut M\u00e9rieux, box D11, D11_13, 12_12\/01\/71."},{"key":"S0025727319000437_r121","unstructured":"Blume, op. cit. (note 15), 30\u20133."},{"key":"S0025727319000437_r103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0399-077X(84)80102-X"}],"container-title":["Medical History"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0025727319000437","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,19]],"date-time":"2021-01-19T07:01:33Z","timestamp":1611039693000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0025727319000437\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,9]]},"references-count":135,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S0025727319000437"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/mdh.2019.43","relation":{},"ISSN":["0025-7273","2048-8343"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0025-7273","type":"print"},{"value":"2048-8343","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"\u00a9 The Author 2019. Published by Cambridge University Press.\u00a0","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}}]}}