{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T15:40:36Z","timestamp":1768318836859,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,9]],"date-time":"2019-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1567987200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Med. Hist."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper aims to critically appraise the incorporation of opium poppy into medical practice in Song-dynasty China. By analysing materia medica and formularies, along with non-medical sources from the Song period, this study sheds light on the role of Chinese Buddhist monasteries in the process of incorporation of foreign plants into Chinese medicine. It argues that Buddhist monasteries played a significant role in the evolution of the use of opium poppy in Song dynasty medicine. This is because the consumption practices in Buddhist monasteries inspired substantial changes in the medical application of the flower during the Southern Song dynasty. While, at the beginning of Song dynasty, court scholars incorporated opium poppy into official materia medica in order to treat disorders such as<jats:italic>huangdan<\/jats:italic>\u00a0<jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" mime-subtype=\"gif\" mimetype=\"image\" xlink:type=\"simple\" xlink:href=\"S0025727319000450_eqnU1\"\/>and<jats:italic>xiaoke<\/jats:italic><jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" mime-subtype=\"gif\" mimetype=\"image\" xlink:type=\"simple\" xlink:href=\"S0025727319000450_eqnU2\"\/>,\u00a0as well as cinnabar poisoning, this study of the later Song medical treatises shows how opium poppy was repurposed to treat symptoms such as diarrhoea, coughing and spasms. Such a shift in the medical use of the poppy occurred after Chinese literati and doctors became acquainted with the role of the flower in the diet and medical practices of Buddhist monks across China. Therefore, the case study of the medical application of opium poppy during the Song dynasty provides us with insights into how the spread of certain practices in Buddhist monasteries might have contributed to the change in both professional medical practices and daily-life healthcare in local communities in that period.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/mdh.2019.45","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,9]],"date-time":"2019-09-09T08:42:24Z","timestamp":1568018544000},"page":"475-493","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["A Gift from the Buddhist Monastery: The Role of Buddhist Medical Practices in the Assimilation of the Opium Poppy in Chinese Medicine during the Song Dynasty (960\u20131279)"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"63","author":[{"given":"Jose A.","family":"Canton-Alvarez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0025727319000450_r74","unstructured":"Chen Ziming ,\u00a0Furen daquan liangfang\u00a0(Beijing: Renmin weisheng chubanshe, 1992), 182\u20134, 260, 264\u20137, 554."},{"key":"S0025727319000450_r71","unstructured":"Liu Fang ,\u00a0\u2018Youyou xinshu \u2019, in Cao, op. cit.,\u00a0(note 62), vols. 13\u201317, 2820\u20131, 3101\u20133, 4143\u20134, 4260, 4297, 4322\u20133, 4445, 4453\u20134, 4463\u20134."},{"key":"S0025727319000450_r72","unstructured":"He Daren ,\u00a0Xiao\u2019er weisheng zongwei lunfang\u00a0(Shanghai: Shanghai kexue jishu chubanshe, 1959), 38\u20139, 130, 133\u20134, 141, 145, 147\u20138. \u2018Chanbao zhufang \u2019, in Qiu Peiran (ed.), Zhonguo yixue dacheng xubian\u00a0,\u00a0vol. 9 (Shanghai: Yuelu sushe, 1992), 32. Yang, op. cit. (note 68), 371."},{"key":"S0025727319000450_r80","unstructured":"Chen Han ,\u00a0\u2018Baoqing bencao zhezhong \u2019, in Zheng Jisheng (ed.), Nansong zhenxi bencao sanzhong\u00a0 (Beijing: Renmin weisheng chubanshe, 2007), 614."},{"key":"S0025727319000450_r77","unstructured":"Liu, op. cit. (note 70), 100."},{"key":"S0025727319000450_r78","unstructured":"Wang Qiu ,\u00a0\u2018Shizhai baiyi xuanfang \u2019, in Qiu Peiran (ed.), Zhongguo yixue dacheng sanbian\u00a0,\u00a0vol. 4 (Changsha: Yuelu shushe, 1994), 557\u20138."},{"key":"S0025727319000450_r73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Charlotte Furth, A Flourishing Yin: Gender in China\u2019s Medical History: 960\u20131665 (Berkeley: University California Press, 1999), 70.","DOI":"10.1525\/9780520918870"},{"key":"S0025727319000450_r67","unstructured":"Yan Yonghe ,\u00a0\u2018Yanshi jisheng fang \u2019, in Cao, op. cit. (note 62), 88\u20139."},{"key":"S0025727319000450_r81","unstructured":"Xiao Yongzhi and Zheng Jinsheng dated the publication of this extension to Taiping huimin heji jufangin the late twelfth century. Xiao Yongzhi and Zheng Jinsheng ,\u00a0\u2018Yingyin shouming \u2019, in Chen, op. cit. (note 36), 3\u20134."},{"key":"S0025727319000450_r68","unstructured":"Chen Yan ,\u00a0Sanyin jiyi bingzheng fanglun\u00a0(Beijing: Renmin weisheng chubanshe, 1963), 96, 162\u20133, 172\u20133, 267. Wang Zhizhong ,\u00a0Zhenjiu shengjing\u00a0 (Beijing: Zhongguo Shudian, 1987), juan 3, 38b\u201339b. Zhang Gao ,\u00a0\u2018Yi shuo \u2019, in Qiu Peiran (ed.), Zhonguo yixue dacheng sanbian\u00a0,\u00a0vol. 12 (Shanghai: Yuelu sushe, 1994), 109\u201310. Yang Shiying ,\u00a0\u2018Renzhai zhizhi \u2019, in op.cit . (note 20), vol. 744, 33."},{"key":"S0025727319000450_r63","unstructured":"Hong Zun ,\u00a0\u2018Hongshi jiyan fang \u2019, in Songren yifang sanzhong\u00a0(Shanghai: Shangwu yinshuguan chuban, 1955), 69\u201370."},{"key":"S0025727319000450_r53","unstructured":"Ren Qun ,\u00a0Zhou Zizhi nianpu\u00a0(Xi\u2019an: Shijie tushu chuban Xi\u2019an youxian gongsi, 2014),1\u20134. Tao Jing-Shen, \u2018The move to the south and the reign of Kao-tsung (1127\u20131162)\u2019, in Twitchett &. Smith, op. cit. (note 23), 697\u2013703."},{"key":"S0025727319000450_r60","unstructured":"Wang Kuang ,\u00a0Quansheng zhimi fang\u00a0(Beijing: Renmin weisheng chubanshe, 1986), 44, 73."},{"key":"S0025727319000450_r55","unstructured":"Ibid.,\u00a0150."},{"key":"S0025727319000450_r51","unstructured":"Fan Chengda ,\u00a0\u2018Shihu jusi shiji \u2019, in op. cit. (note 20), vol. 1159, 613. This poem was written most probably in the period between Cao\u2019s retirement from public office at Mt Tiantai in 1142 and before his return to the court in 1169. Julia K. Murray, Mirror of Morality: Chinese Narrative Illustration and Confucian Ideology (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2007), 83."},{"key":"S0025727319000450_r38","unstructured":"Su Shi and \u2018Dongpo Quanji \u2019 in op. cit. (note 20),\u00a0vol. 1107, 235. Ironically, the poem itself would eventually prevent Su from visiting the temple again. Months later, it was used in a defamatory way by his enemies at the court to accuse him of receiving with joy the news of Emperor Shenzhong\u2019s death. After being summoned to the court, he was sentenced to exile in Yingzhou ,\u00a0Anhui province: Ronald C. Egan, Word, Image, and Deed in the Life of Su Shi (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center, 1994), 102\u20133."},{"key":"S0025727319000450_r29","unstructured":"Needham et al., op. cit. (note 10), 78\u201384."},{"key":"S0025727319000450_r22","unstructured":"Jacques Gernet, Buddhism in Chinese Society: An Economic History from the Fifth to the Tenth Centuries (New York: Columbia University Press, 1995), 217\u201328. Kenneth K.S. Ch\u2019en, The Chinese Transformation of Buddhism (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1973), 291\u2013301."},{"key":"S0025727319000450_r21","unstructured":"Shi Menglan ,\u00a0Quanshi gongci\u00a0(Beijing: Dacong wenyi chubanshe, 1999), 306."},{"key":"S0025727319000450_r36","unstructured":"Chen Cheng et al., Taiping huimin heji jufang\u00a0(Beijing: Renmin weisheng chubanshe, 1985)."},{"key":"S0025727319000450_r27","unstructured":"Between the Tang and Song, gruel became one of the main elements in Buddhist dietetics in medieval China. Chen Yuan-peng and Kang Le ,\u00a0\u2018Cong \u201cbiqiu shizhou\u201d dao xiezhou yangshen \u2019, in Conference on Religion and Medicine and the Second Meeting of the Asian Society for the History of Medicine\u00a0 (Taipei, 2004). 37\u201349."},{"key":"S0025727319000450_r57","unstructured":"Li Mixun ,\u00a0\u2018Yunxi ji \u2019, in ibid.,\u00a0vol. 1130, 733. Hong Shi ,\u00a0\u2018Panzhou wenji \u2019, in ibid. ,\u00a0vol. 1158, 304."},{"key":"S0025727319000450_r45","unstructured":"Su Zhe ,\u00a0Luancheng ji\u00a0(Shanghai: Shanghai guji chubanshe, 1987), 316\u201317. These early contacts with Buddhist monasteries triggered in Su Zhe a keen interest in Chan Buddhism. He would later become one of the most important commentators of this branch of Buddhism during the Song Dynasty. Halperin, op. cit. (note 12), 65\u201371."},{"key":"S0025727319000450_r13","unstructured":"Incidentally, some of these latter applications are cross-culturally found and can be demonstrated to have a physiological basis. Richard Seymour and David E. Smith, The Physician\u2019s Guide to Psychoactive Drugs (New York: Routledge, 2011): 4\u20135. Enno Freye and Joseph V. Levy, Opioids in Medicine: A Comprehensive Review on the Mode of Action and the Use of Analgesics in Different Clinical Pain States (The Netherlands: Springer, 2008), passim."},{"key":"S0025727319000450_r11","unstructured":"Shang Zhijiun ,\u00a0Lin Ganliang and Zheng Jinsheng (eds): Lidai zhongyao wenxian jinghua\u00a0 (Beijing: Kexue jishu wenxian chuabnshe, 1989), 44\u201357. Paul Unschuld, Medicine in China: A History of Ideas (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985), 167. Paul U. Unschuld. Medicine in China: A History of Pharmaceutics (Berkeley: University California Press, 1986), 53\u201383."},{"key":"S0025727319000450_r10","unstructured":"Cai Chongbang, \u2018Medical and healthcare practices\u2019, in Zhu Ruixin et al. (eds), A Social History of Middle Period China: The Song, Liao, Western Xia and Jin Dynasties (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016), 497\u2013502. Nathan Sivin, Health Care in Eleventh-Century China (Heidelberg: Springer, 2015), 141\u20136. Asaf Goldsmith, The Evolution of Chinese Medicine: Song Dynasty, 960\u20131200 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009), 57\u20138. Joseph Needham, Lu Gwei-djen and Nathan Sivin, Science and Civilisation in China, Vol. 6: Biology and Biological Technology, Part VI: Medicine (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 57. Chi-chiang Huang, \u2018Elite and clergy in northern Sung Hang-chou\u2019, in Peter N. Gregory and Daniel E. Gets Jr (eds), Buddhism in the Sung (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1999), 326. Wolfram Eberhard, A History of China (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977), 216\u201319."},{"key":"S0025727319000450_r26","unstructured":"Cheng Minsheng ,\u00a0\u2018Songdai de yingsu\u00a0,\u00a0in Guoji shehui kexue zazhi\u00a0,\u00a02016, no. 3, 205."},{"key":"S0025727319000450_r34","unstructured":"Su, op. cit. (note 19), 609\u201310."},{"key":"S0025727319000450_r64","unstructured":"Zhang Tuo ,\u00a0Jifeng puji fang\u00a0(Shanghai: Shaghai kexue jishu chubanshe, 1987), 93, 160, 163, 165, 175\u20137, 263."},{"key":"S0025727319000450_r16","unstructured":"Wang Hongbin ,\u00a0\u2018Yingsu zhuanru Zhongguo ji qi zai gudai de yiyao jiazhi xilun ,\u00a0in Guangdong shehui kexue\u00a0,\u00a02009, no. 5, 100.."},{"key":"S0025727319000450_r17","unstructured":"The work of Chen Ming on the transmission of medical practices from India to China shows how opium poppy was not a part of such imports. Chen, op. cit. (note 9), passim . Xue, op. cit. (note 9), 544\u201354. Similarly, opium poppy is not mentioned in the pharmacological manuscripts found at Dunhuang. Catherine Despeux, \u2018Le recettes m\u00e9dicamenteuses de Dunhuang\u2019, in Despeux, op.cit. (note 7), vol. 1, 333\u2013631."},{"key":"S0025727319000450_r5","unstructured":"Ibid., vol. 7, 403."},{"key":"S0025727319000450_r32","unstructured":"Wang Huaiyin ,\u00a0Taiping shenhui fang\u00a0,\u00a0vol. 9 (Taipei: Xinwenfeng chuban gongsi, 1980), 5071\u20132."},{"key":"S0025727319000450_r7","unstructured":"Ibid., vol. 5, 307\u20138."},{"key":"S0025727319000450_r48","unstructured":"Li Fu (s.f.): \u00abYushui ji \u00bb,\u00a0in op. cit. (note 20), vol. 1121, 104."},{"key":"S0025727319000450_r35","unstructured":"Kou Zongshi ,\u00a0Bencao Yanyi\u00a0(Beijing: Renmin weisheng chubanshe, 1990), 152."},{"key":"S0025727319000450_r4","unstructured":"Ibid., vol. 3, 10."},{"key":"S0025727319000450_r3","unstructured":"Ibid.,\u00a0vol. 5, 37."},{"key":"S0025727319000450_r31","unstructured":"Lu Duoxun et al., Kaibao bencao\u00a0(Hefei: Anhui kexue jishu chubanshe, 1998), 411."},{"key":"S0025727319000450_r25","unstructured":"Su, op. cit. (note 19), 610. Su did not compile any other recipe from Nantang shiyi fang in Bencao Tujing ,\u00a0which leads me to think that he considered this recipe as the only valuable or innovative recipe in the whole formulary. This supports the idea that, at least for Song-dynasty physicians, the consumption of opium poppy for medical purposes was perhaps the only worthwhile medical innovation of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period."},{"key":"S0025727319000450_r58","unstructured":"Wu Zeli ,\u00a0\u2018Beihu ji \u2019, in ibid.,\u00a0vol. 1122, 435. Wu composed most of the poems compiled in Beihu ji between 1106 and 1114. During that period Wu was the governor of Runzhou and Xuyi county ,\u00a0both in Jiangsu province. Yue Guiming , Siku jiben bieji shiyi\u00a0 (Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1983), 593."},{"key":"S0025727319000450_r54","unstructured":"Zhou Zizhi ,\u00a0\u2018Taicang timi ji \u2019, op. cit. (note 20), vol. 1141, 198\u20139."},{"key":"S0025727319000450_r18","unstructured":"Shang Zhijun (ed.), Bencao shiyi jishi\u00a0 (Hefei: Anhui kexue jishu chubanshe, 2002), 317. According to the quote found in Bencao shiyi ,\u00a0in the entry about sour dates ,\u00a0Song lived in the outskirts of what is nowadays Hua County in Henan province: ibid. ,\u00a0379."},{"key":"S0025727319000450_r23","unstructured":"Naomi Standen, \u2018The five dynasties\u2019, in Denis Twitchett and Paul J. Smith (eds), The Cambridge History of China, vol. 5. Part One: The Sung Dynasty and Its Precursors, 907\u20131279 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009), 99\u2013100."},{"key":"S0025727319000450_r59","unstructured":"Zhan Fu ,\u00a0in op. cit. (note 20), vol. 1165, 390."},{"key":"S0025727319000450_r42","unstructured":"Zheng Yongxiao (ed.), Huang Tingjian quanji jixiao biannian\u00a0,\u00a0vol. 1 (Nanchang: Jiangxi renmin chubanshe, 2011), 230. There is further evidence of Huang\u2019s visit to Liu\u2019s cottage in a poem, written in 1102, during his exile to Yizhou (now in Guangxi). In it, Huang praises the poem that Ouyang Xiu (1007\u201372) had carved on the walls of the cottage to commemorate Liu\u2019s retirement from public office: ibid. ,\u00a0231. He had been recently appointed governor of Taihe in Jiangxi province: Lutz Bieg, \u2018Huang T\u2019ing-chien\u2019, in Franke, op.cit. (note 1), 454\u201361."},{"key":"S0025727319000450_r30","unstructured":"Salguero has shown how the reconciliation of Indian and Chinese medicine was one of the most important tasks of Chinese translators of Buddhist medical texts since the sixth century. Salguero, op. cit. (note 9), 96\u2013120. Chinese herbal medicine was one of the few elements of the local medicine which, according to authors like Zhiyi and other commentators, could be assimilated into Buddhist medical practice without risking a transgression of religious orthodoxy: ibid. ,\u00a0102\u20135."},{"key":"S0025727319000450_r24","unstructured":"This work seems to have followed the developing interest in dietetics during the Tang dynasty, when this field became an important element in Chinese medical thought. Ute Engelhardt, \u2018Dietetics in Tang China and the first extant works of materia medica\u2019,\u00a0in Elisabeth Hsu (ed.), Innovation in Chinese Medicine (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), 173\u201391."},{"key":"S0025727319000450_r79","unstructured":"Wang Jixian et al., Shaoxing bencao xiaozhu\u00a0(Beijing Zhongyi guji chubanshe, 2007), 309."},{"key":"S0025727319000450_r43","unstructured":"Huang Tingjian and Shi Rong ,\u00a0\u2018Shanggu waiji shizhu \u2019, in op. cit. (note 20), vol. 1114, 362."},{"key":"S0025727319000450_r14","unstructured":"M\u01d0n\u00e1ng hu\u0101was the earliest name for the flower in the Chinese language. Peng Dingqiu et al., \u2019Yuding quan Tang shi ,\u00a0in Jingying chizao tang siku quanshu guiyao\u00a0,\u00a0vol. 431 (Taipei: Taiwan shijie shuju, 1988), 624."},{"key":"S0025727319000450_r66","unstructured":"Wang Shuo ,\u00a0Yijian Fang\u00a0(Beijing: Renmin Weisheng Chubanshe, 1995), 25, 32\u20133."},{"key":"S0025727319000450_r56","unstructured":"Xie Ke ,\u00a0\u2018Zhi You Ji \u2019, in ibid.,\u00a0vol. 1122, 583."},{"key":"S0025727319000450_r40","unstructured":"Su, op. cit. (note 38), 348."},{"key":"S0025727319000450_r49","unstructured":"Ibid.,\u00a01\u20132. Lu Xinyuan ,\u00a0Songshi yi\u00a0 (Taipei: Wenhai chubanshe, 1967), 373\u20136."},{"key":"S0025727319000450_r33","unstructured":"Su, op. cit. (note 19), 1\u20134. Unschuld, A History of Pharmaceuptics ,\u00a0op. cit. (note 11), 64\u20138."},{"key":"S0025727319000450_r52","unstructured":"Cao Xun ,\u00a0\u2018Songyin Ji \u2019, in op. cit. (note 20), vol. 1129, 368."},{"key":"S0025727319000450_r82","unstructured":"Ibid.,\u00a0146\u20137, 152\u20133, 232\u20133, 237, 239, 241\u20133."},{"key":"S0025727319000450_r37","unstructured":"Evidence of the Buddhist nature of the temple is found in a poem, which was arguably carved on the walls of the temple by Su Shi himself. It was compiled in the early nineteenth century by Shen Qinhan (1775\u20131831). Shen Qinhan ,\u00a0Youxue tang shigao\u00a0,\u00a0juan 10, 27b. Scans of the copy of this compilation, held at the University of Zhejiang, available at the Chinese Text Project: http:\/\/ctext.org\/library.pl?if=gb&res=4133 ."},{"key":"S0025727319000450_r46","unstructured":"Su, ibid.,\u00a01519\u201320."},{"key":"S0025727319000450_r9","unstructured":"C. Pierce Salguero, Translating Buddhist Medicine in Medieval China (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014). Chen Ming ,\u00a0Zhongguo yiliao yu wailai wenhua\u00a0 \u00a0(Beijing: Beijing daxue chubanshe, 2013), 364\u2013404. Catherine Despeux (ed.), M\u00e9decine, religion, et soci\u00e9t\u00e9 dans la Chine m\u00e9di\u00e9vale: \u00c9tude de manuscrits chinois de Dunhuang et de Turfan, 2 vols (Paris: Coll\u00e8ge de France, Institut des Hautes \u00c9tudes Chinoises, 2010). Chen Ming ,\u00a0Yindu fanwen yidian \u2018yili jinghua\u2019 yanjiu\u00a0 (Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 2002). Chen Ming ,\u00a0\u2018Yindu fanwen yidian \u201cyaoli jinghua\u201d yi qi Dunhuang Yutianwen xieben ,\u00a0in Dunhuang yanjiu\u00a0,\u00a02000, no. 3, 115\u201327. Xue Gongchen (ed.), Ru dao fo yu zhongyiyao xue\u00a0 (Beijing: Zhongguo shudian, 2002), 500\u2013685. Ma Boying et al., Zhongwai yixue wenhua jiaoliu shi \u00a0 (Shanghai: Shanghai Renmin Chubanshe, 1993), 113\u201355."},{"key":"S0025727319000450_r19","unstructured":"This reference in Bencao tujingcan be found in the account about the \u2018beautiful spring herb\u2019 ,\u00a0which Li Shizhen (1518\u201393) identified as the opium poppy in Bencao gangmu\u00a0 [Systematic Materia Medica]. This was a local name for the flower around Henan province at the time. Su Song ,\u00a0Bencao tujing\u00a0 (Hefei: Anhui kexue jishu chubanshe, 1994), 615\u201316. Li Shizhen ,\u00a0Bencao gangmu\u00a0 (Beijing: Renmin weisheng chubanshe, 1975), 960\u20131."},{"key":"S0025727319000450_r15","unstructured":"Wang Bin et al., \u2018Peiwenzhai yongwu shixuan ,\u00a0in ibid.,\u00a0vol. 455, 294. Zhang Gu\u00a0,\u00a0Zhang Chengji Wenji\u00a0 (Shanghai: Shanghai guji chubanshe, 2013), 98."},{"key":"S0025727319000450_r39","unstructured":"Contemporary sources, such as Su Song\u2019s Bencao tujing,\u00a0account for the medical use of betony to treat this kind of diarrhoea. Su, op. cit. (note 19), 581. This leads me to argue that the Buddhist monks in Yixing drank decoctions with both plants in order to avoid diarrhoea. During the Southern Song, opium poppy would be widely applied to treat this disorder."},{"key":"S0025727319000450_r44","unstructured":"Fang Shao ,\u00a0Bozhai bian (Beijing: Zhonghua shuju 1991), 109."},{"key":"S0025727319000450_r76","unstructured":"Liu, op. cit. (note 71), 4129\u201330, 4260, 4297, 4463\u20134."},{"key":"S0025727319000450_r47","unstructured":"This interest may have been result of the difficulties of the period, as local communities in eleventh-century Northern China faced cyclical famines due to bad weather, failing crops, war and the mismanagement of state grain reserves: Michael McGrath, \u2018The reigns of Jen-tsung (1022\u201363) and Ying-tsung (1063\u201367)\u2019, in Twitchett & Smith, op. cit. (note 23), 291\u20132, 299, 307; Paul Jakov Smith, \u2018Shen-tsung\u2019s Reign and the New Policies of Wang An-shih, 1067\u201385\u2019, ibid. ,\u00a0418."},{"key":"S0025727319000450_r6","unstructured":"Ibid., vol. 4, 38."},{"key":"S0025727319000450_r20","unstructured":"Tao Gu \u2018Qingyi l\u00fc\u00a0,\u00a0in Yinjing Wenyuange Siku Quanshu\u00a0,\u00a0vol. 1047 (Taipei: Taiwan Shangwu Yinshuguan, 1986), 921\u20132."},{"key":"S0025727319000450_r65","unstructured":"Liu Wansu ,\u00a0\u2018Huangdi suwen xianming lunfang \u2019, in Liu Shouzhen (ed.), Hejian yi ji\u00a0 (Beijing: Renmin weisheng chubanshe, 1998), 235, 281\u20132, 286\u20137, 294."},{"key":"S0025727319000450_r62","unstructured":"Xu Shuwei ,\u00a0\u2018Leizheng puji benshi fang suji \u2019, in Cao Hongxin (ed.), Haiwai huigui zhongyi guji shanben jicui\u00a0,\u00a0vol. 19 (Beijing: Zhongguo guji chubanshe, 2005), 108\u201311, 114\u201315, 139\u201340. Zhibin Zhang and Paul Unschuld, Dictionary of the Ben Cao Gang Mu, Volume 1: Chinese Historical Illness Terminology (Oakland: University of California Press, 2015), 312, 315."},{"key":"S0025727319000450_r69","unstructured":"Liu Wansu op. cit. (note 65), 284\u20135."},{"key":"S0025727319000450_r70","unstructured":"Yang Tan ,\u00a0Yang shi jiacang fang\u00a0(Beijing: Renmin weisheng chubanshe, 1988), 163\u20134. Wu Yankui ,\u00a0\u2018Chuanxin Shiyong fang \u2019, in op. cit . (note 20), vol. 741, 759\u201360. Liu Xinfu ,\u00a0\u2018Huoren shizheng fang houji \u2019, in Li Kexia ,\u00a0Li Yuqing (eds), Huoren shizheng fang houji. Qianjin baoyao\u00a0. (Shanghai: Shanghai kexue jishu chubanshe, 2003), 107."},{"key":"S0025727319000450_r1","unstructured":"D.R. Jonker, \u2018Lu Yu\u2019, in Herbert Franke (ed.), Sung Biographies (Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1976), 691\u2013704."},{"key":"S0025727319000450_r61","unstructured":"Xu Shuwei ,\u00a0Puji benshi fang\u00a0(Shanghai: Shanghai kexue jishu chubanshe, 1978), 56."},{"key":"S0025727319000450_r50","unstructured":"Peng Wanglong and Xiao Ruifeng (eds), Xihu wenxue shi: tang song quan\u00a0: (Hangzhou: Zhejiang daxue chubanshe, 2013), 224\u20135."},{"key":"S0025727319000450_r12","unstructured":"Mark Halperin, Out of the Cloister: Literati Perspectives on Buddhism in Sung China, 960\u20131279 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center, 2006). Frederick W. Mote, Imperial China 900\u20131800 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2003), 370\u20134."},{"key":"S0025727319000450_r41","unstructured":"Wu Tengxiao ,\u00a0\u2018Su Shi shidai de yingsu zhitong yaoyong \u2019, in Tao Guangzheng and Liu Changhua (eds), Yilun jijin\u00a0 (Beijing: Zhonghua zhongyiyao xuehui yishi wenxian fenhui), 421\u20134. Su visited the monastery for the first time in 1094, during his travel to Huizhou . L\u00fc Liangdi ,\u00a0\u2018Su Dongpo yu Nanhua shi \u2019, in Qiujiang xiang zhengxie weiyuanhui (eds), Qujiang wenshi ziliao xuanji, di 11 ji\u00a0 11 (Qujiang, 1987), 63\u201374."},{"key":"S0025727319000450_r75","unstructured":"Liu, op. cit. (note 71), 3103, 4143\u20134, 4453\u20134. Wu, op. cit. (note 70), 759\u201364, 797\u20138."},{"key":"S0025727319000450_r2","unstructured":"Qian Zhonglian\u00a0and Ma Yazhong\u00a0 (eds), Lu You quanji jiaozhu\u00a0,\u00a0vol. 3 (Hangzhou: Zhejiang jiaoyu chubanshe, 2011), 188\u20139. All translations in this article are those of the author."},{"key":"S0025727319000450_r28","unstructured":"The only mentions of opium poppy in a Buddhist formulary appeared too late during the Song dynasty to be helpful in the case described here. There are three recipes compiled in Lingnan weisheng fang\u00a0[Formulae for Life Preservation from Lingnan] by late-thirteenth-century Buddhist missionary Ji Hong (?). Ji wrote this formulary after his experience of treating patients with malaria in Lingnan region, incorporating in the process an earlier treatise, now lost, entitled Zhang lun [Treatise on Malaria], written by two early twelfth-century Southern Song scholars: Li Qiu (?) and Zhang Zhiyuan (?). However, it is impossible to know whether these recipes belonged originally to Zhang lun or were added later by Ji Hong. Ji Hong ,\u00a0Lingnan weisheng fang (Beijing: Zhongyi guji chubanshe, 1983), 118\u201324."},{"key":"S0025727319000450_r8","unstructured":"For the sake of brevity, I use the term \u2018Buddhist\u2019 referring to its Chinese branches and not to Indian Buddhism."}],"container-title":["Medical History"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0025727319000450","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,23]],"date-time":"2024-07-23T04:04:36Z","timestamp":1721707476000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0025727319000450\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,9]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S0025727319000450"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/mdh.2019.45","relation":{},"ISSN":["0025-7273","2048-8343"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0025-7273","type":"print"},{"value":"2048-8343","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"\u00a9 The Author 2019. Published by Cambridge University Press.\u00a0","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}}]}}