{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T12:09:19Z","timestamp":1783166959530,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":160,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,17]],"date-time":"2020-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1584403200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Med. Hist."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This article examines female sterilisation practices in early twentieth-century Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It argues that the medical profession, particularly obstetricians and psychiatrists, used debates over the issue to solidify its moral and political standing during two political moments of Brazilian history: when the Brazilian government separated church and state in the 1890s and when Get\u00falio Vargas\u2019s authoritarian regime of the late 1930s renewed alliances with the Catholic church. Shifting notions of gender, race, and heredity further shaped these debates. In the late nineteenth century, a unified medical profession believed that female sterilisation caused psychiatric degeneration in women. By the 1930s, however, the arrival of eugenics caused a divergence amongst physicians. Psychiatrists began supporting eugenic sterilisation to prevent degeneration \u2013 both psychiatric and racial. Obstetricians, while arguing that sterilisation no longer caused mental disturbances in women, rejected it as a eugenic practice in regard to race. For obstetricians, the separation of sex from motherhood was more dangerous than any racial \u2018impurities\u2019, both phenotypical and psychiatric. At the same time, a revitalised Brazilian Catholic church rejected eugenics and sterilisation point blank, and its renewed ties with the Vargas regime blocked the medical implementation of any eugenic sterilisation laws. Brazilian women, nonetheless, continued to access the procedure, regardless of the surrounding legal and medical proscriptions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/mdh.2020.2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,17]],"date-time":"2020-03-17T12:50:26Z","timestamp":1584449426000},"page":"173-194","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The Degenerating Sex: Female Sterilisation, Medical Authority and Racial Purity in Catholic Brazil"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"64","author":[{"given":"Cassia","family":"Roth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0025727320000022_r63","unstructured":"\u2018O caso Abel Parente\u2019, Gazeta de Noticias, 1 December 1900, 1\u20132."},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r142","unstructured":"For the patients who died, see Octacilio Rolindo, \u2018Registo da clinica obstetrica de novembro 1923\u2019, Revista de Gynecologia e D\u2019Obstetricia, 17, 12 (1923), 515, patient 19488; Rolindo, op. cit. (note 138), 376\u20137, patient 20400; Rolindo, \u2018Registo da clinica obstetrica de dezembro 1924\u2019, Revista de Gynecologia e D\u2019Obstetricia, 19, 1 (1925), 21\u20132, patient 20011. For the patient who survived, see Rolindo, op. cit. (note 138), 381\u20132, patient 20476."},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r106","unstructured":"Borges, op. cit. (note 10), 240\u20131; Corr\u00eaa, op. cit. (note 20), 68."},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r139","unstructured":"Octacilio Rolindo, \u2018Registo da clinica obstetrica de setembro 1924\u2019, Revista de Gynecologia e D\u2019Obstetricia, 18, 10 (1924): 380\u20131, patient 20476."},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r138","unstructured":"Octacilio Rolindo, \u2018Registo da clinica obstetrica de junho 1924\u2019, Revista de Gynecologia e D\u2019Obstetricia, 18, 7 (1924), 262\u20133, patient 20172."},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r137","unstructured":"Hamilton Nogueira, \u2018Esterilisa\u00e7\u00e3o dos inaptos\u2019, A Ordem, 7, 32 (1932), 257."},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r141","unstructured":"Octacilio Rolindo, \u2018Registo da clinica obstetrica de abril 1925\u2019, Revista de Gynecologia e D\u2019Obstetricia, 19, 5 (1925), 184, patient 21231."},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r136","unstructured":"Ibid., 276\u20138."},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jhmas\/jrx018"},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r134","unstructured":"Dowbiggin, op. cit. (note 27), 23."},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r128","unstructured":"Borges, op. cit. (note 10), 253; Paulina L. Alberto, Terms of Inclusion: Black Intellectuals in Twentieth-Century Brazil (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2011), 178\u201381."},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r126","unstructured":"Wegner and Souza, op. cit. (note 15), 273\u20134, 282\u20134."},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r123","unstructured":"Pacheco e Silva, op. cit. (note 117), 2."},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r96","unstructured":"Vanderlei Sebasti\u00e3o de Souza, \u2018Por uma na\u00e7\u00e3o eug\u00eanica: higiene, ra\u00e7a e identidade nacional no movimento eug\u00eanico brasileiro dos anos 1910 e 1920\u2019, Revista Brasileira de Hist\u00f3ria da Ci\u00eancia, 1, 2 (2008), 146\u201366."},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r122","unstructured":"Raul Leit\u00e3o da Cunha, \u2018Devem ser esterilizados os enfermos incur\u00e1veis?\u2019, O Globo, 5 January 1934, 1."},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r97","unstructured":"Wegner and Souza, op. cit. (note 15), 265."},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r131","unstructured":"Borges, op. cit. (note 10), 256; Stepan, op. cit. (note 13), 162\u20139."},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r4","unstructured":"See the reporting in Jornal do Brasil, O Paiz, Gazeta de Noticiasand Jornal do Commercio, particularly between February and April 1893."},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r117","unstructured":"Magalh\u00e3es, \u2018Acta da oitava [sic] reuni\u00e3o\u2019, in 1 Congresso Brasileiro de Eug\u00eania: actas e trabalhos, vol. 1 (Rio de Janeiro, 1929), 24. This paragraph is from Roth, op. cit. (note. 2), 51."},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r112","unstructured":"Souza, op. cit. (note 15); Stepan, op. cit. (note 13), 157\u201362."},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r84","unstructured":"\u2018Manifesta\u00e7\u00e3o Abel Parente\u2019, Gazeta de Noticias, 5 May 1901, 2."},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r42","unstructured":"\u2018A concep\u00e7\u00e3o\u2019, O Paiz, 30 May 1893, 1."},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r105","unstructured":"Caponi, op. cit. (note 15), 172; Wegner and Souza, op. cit. (note 15), 271."},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r125","unstructured":"Stepan, op. cit. (note 13), 111\u201312."},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r104","unstructured":"Caponi, op. cit. (note 15), 167; Souza, op. cit. (note 15), 96\u20137, 100\u20131; Wegner and Souza, op. cit. (note 15), 264, 268."},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r103","unstructured":"Marlom Silva Rolim and Magali Romero S\u00e1, \u2018A pol\u00edtica de difus\u00e3o do germanismo por interm\u00e9dio dos peri\u00f3dicos da Bayer: a Revista Terap\u00eauticae O Farmac\u00eautico Brasileiro\u2019, Hist\u00f3ria, Ci\u00eancias, Sa\u00fade \u2013 Manguinhos, 20, 1 (2013), 173\u20136."},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r98","unstructured":"Fernando Magalh\u00e3es, \u2018Maternidade consciente\u2019, A Ordem, 2, 3 (1929), 191."},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r94","unstructured":"Stepan, op. cit. (note 13), 73."},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r91","unstructured":"Stepan, op. cit. (note 13), 67\u201395."},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r90","unstructured":"Manoel Mendes Campos, Aborto criminoso (Rio de Janeiro: Commercio de Rodrigues, 1911); Archmimo Martins de Mattos, Aborto criminoso (Rio de Janeiro: Commercio de Rodrigues, 1923); Aristides Teixeira de Rezende, Considera\u00e7\u00f5es em torno do aborto (Rio de Janeiro: Graphicos Bloch, 1930); Mileto Rizzo, Considera\u00e7\u00f5es acerca do aborto criminoso (Rio de Janeiro: Metropole, 1926)."},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r6","unstructured":"See the reporting in Jornal do Brasil, Gazeta de Noticias, A Noticia, Correio de Manh\u00e3, Jornal do Commercio, and O Paiz, particularly between January and August 1901."},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727320000022_r89.1","unstructured":"See 'Dr. Baptista dos Santos, parteiro', O Paiz, 16 July 1902, 4"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727320000022_r89.2","unstructured":"'Dra. Parteira Maria Preciosa Pinto', Jornal do Brasil, 27 October 1907, 13."},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r87","unstructured":"\u2018A abandonada\u2019, Gazeta de Noticias, 9 April 1901, 1."},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r2","unstructured":"Jurandir Freire Costa, Ordem m\u00e9dica e norma familiar, 2nd edn (Rio de Janeiro: Edi\u00e7\u00f5es Graal, 1983); Ana Paula Vosne Martins, Vis\u00f5es do feminino: a medicina da mulher nos s\u00e9culos XIX e XX (Rio de Janeiro: Editora Fiocruz, 2004); Okezi T. Otovo, Progressive Mothers, Better Babies: Race, Public Health, and the State in Brazil, 1850\u20131945 (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2016); Fab\u00edola Rohden, Uma ci\u00eancia da diferen\u00e7a: sexo e g\u00eanero na medicina da mulher, 2nd edn (Rio de Janeiro: Editora Fiocruz, 2009); Cassia Roth, A Miscarriage of Justice: Women\u2019s Reproductive Lives and the Law in Early Twentieth-Century Brazil (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2020); Luiz Lima Vailati, A morte menina: inf\u00e2ncia e morte infantil no Brasil dos oitocentos (Rio de Janeiro e S\u00e3o Paulo) (S\u00e3o Paulo: Alameda, 2010)."},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r79","unstructured":"Castro, op. cit. (note 45), 69."},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r120","unstructured":"Pacheco e Silva, op. cit. (note 117), 2."},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r111","unstructured":"Souza, op. cit. (note 15). For example, Edgard Roquette-Pinto, \u2018Devem ser esterilizados os enfermos incur\u00e1veis?\u2019, O Globo, 2 January 1934, 1."},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r78","unstructured":"Stepan, op. cit. (note 13), 111."},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727320000022_r99.1","unstructured":"See Luiz Gonzaga Vianna Barbosa, Malthus no Brasil (Rio de Janeiro: Papelaria Sol, 1911), 54-62"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727320000022_r99.2","unstructured":"Jo\u00e3o Costa, A restric\u00e7\u00e3o da natalidade (Rio de Janeiro, 1913), 29."},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727320000022_r75.1","unstructured":"'O caso Abel Parente', Gazeta de Noticias, 7 August 1901, 2"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727320000022_r75.2","unstructured":"'O caso Abel Parente', Gazeta de Noticias, 8 August 1901, 1"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727320000022_r75.3","unstructured":"'Julga-se hoje', Gazeta de Noticias, 30 October 1901, 1"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727320000022_r75.4","unstructured":"'O caso Abel Parente', Gazeta de Noticias, 31 October 1901, 2."},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r74","unstructured":"Jo\u00e3o Vieira de Araujo, O Codigo Penal interpretado, vol. 2 (Rio de Janeiro: Imprensa Nacional, 1902), 40\u201354."},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r114","unstructured":"On the proposal, see Alberto Farani, \u2018Acta da setima reuni\u00e3o\u2019, in 1 Congresso Brasileiro de Eug\u00eania: actas e trabalhos, vol. 1 (Rio de Janeiro, 1929), 38."},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r73","unstructured":"On the \u2018modern woman\u2019, see Martha de Abreu Esteves, Meninas perdidas: os populares e o cotidiano do amor no Rio de Janeiro da Belle \u00c9poque (Rio de Janeiro: Paz e Terra, 1989); Besse, op. cit. (note 17); Sueann Caulfield, In Defense of Honor: Sexual Morality, Modernity, and Nation in Early-Twentieth Century Brazil (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2000)."},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r19","unstructured":"Jos\u00e9 Murilo de Carvalho, Os bestializados: o Rio de Janeiro e a Rep\u00fablica que n\u00e3o foi, 3rd edn (S\u00e3o Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2004)."},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r119","unstructured":"Edgar Roquette-Pinto, op. cit. (note 111), 1; Augusto Paulino, \u2018Devem ser esterilizados os enfermos incur\u00e1veis?\u2019, O Globo, 15 January 1934, 1."},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r70","unstructured":"See Martins, op. cit. (note 2); Londa Schiebinger, Nature\u2019s Body: Gender and the Making of Modern Science (Rutgers, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2004)."},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r67","unstructured":"\u2018O caso Abel Parente\u2019, Gazeta de Noticias, 1 December 1900, 1\u20132."},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727320000022_r15.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sandra Caponi, 'Degeneraci\u00f3n y eugenesia en la historia de la siquiatr\u00eda brasile\u00f1a: Renato Kehl y los heredo-degenerados', Hist\u00f3ria, Ci\u00eancias, Sa\u00fade- Manguinhos, 25, Supl. (2018), 159-78","DOI":"10.1590\/s0104-59702018000300010"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727320000022_r15.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vanderlei Sebasti\u00e3o de Souza, 'A eugenia brasileira e suas conex\u00f5es internacionais: uma an\u00e1lise a partir das controv\u00e9rsias entre Renato Kehl e Edgard Roquette-Pinto, 1920-1930', Hist\u00f3ria, Ci\u00eancias, Sa\u00fade - Manguinhos, 23, Supl. (2016), 93-110","DOI":"10.1590\/s0104-59702016000500006"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727320000022_r15.3","unstructured":"Robert Wegner and Vanderlei Sebasti\u00e3o de Souza, 'Eugenia \"negativa\", psiquiatria e catolicismo: embates em torno da esteriliza\u00e7\u00e3o eug\u00eanica no Brasil', Hist\u00f3ria, Ci\u00eancias, Sa\u00fade - Manguinhos, 20, 1 (2013), 263-88."},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Micol Seigel, Uneven Encounters: Making Race and Nation in Brazil and the United States (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2009), 195.","DOI":"10.1215\/9780822392170"},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r66","unstructured":"In 1906, 54 per cent of the city\u2019s female population was illiterate. Republica dos Estados Unidos do Brazil, Recenseamento do Rio de Janeiro (Districto Federal) (Rio de Janeiro: Officina da Estatistica, 1907), 108\u20139. On public education, see Jerry D\u00e1vila, Diploma of Whiteness: Race and Social Policy in Brazil, 1917\u201345 (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2003)."},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r69","unstructured":"\u2018Caso Abel Parente\u2019, Gazeta de Noticias, 10 February 1901, 2."},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r116","unstructured":"Ibid., 20."},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r82","unstructured":"\u2018O caso Abel Parente\u2019, Gazeta de Noticias, 1 December 1900, 1\u20132."},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r60","unstructured":"The information on these physicians comes from the National Academy of Medicine (ANM) website, accessed 10 April 2019, www.anm.org.br\/index.asp."},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r13","unstructured":"Otovo, op. cit. (note 7), 721\u20132 n57; Nancy Leys Stepan, The Hour of Eugenics: Race, Gender, and Nation in Latin America (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1991), 67\u201376."},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r8","unstructured":"Lilia Moritz Schwarcz, O espet\u00e1culo das ra\u00e7as: cientistas, institui\u00e7\u00f5es, e quest\u00e3o racial no Brasil, 1870\u20131930 (S\u00e3o Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 1993); Thomas E. Skidmore, Black into White: Race and Nationality in Brazilian Thought, rev. edn (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1993)."},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r132","unstructured":"Stepan, op. cit. (note 13), 126."},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r25","unstructured":"See advertisements in Gazeta de Noticias: 7 September 1890, 2; 12 October 1890, 2; 26 October 1890, 2; 17 November 1890, 2; 21 December 1890, 2; 16 August 1891, 2; Jornal do Commercio: 1 June 1890, 2; 31 August 1890, 2; 23 November 1890, 2; 30 November 1890, 1."},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r22","unstructured":"Stepan, op. cit. (note 13), 41\u20132."},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r56","unstructured":"Abel Parente, \u2018A minha descoberta de prevenir para sempre a concep\u00e7\u00e3o\u2019, Gazeta de Noticias, 20 January 1893, 2."},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r55","unstructured":"Borges, op. cit. (note 10), 235."},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0738248015000255"},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(1893)216[c2:CIIIAW]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022216X00004636"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727320000022_r26.1","unstructured":"For the treatment, see 'O caso Abel Parente na Academia de Medicina', Gazeta de Noticias, 1 December 1900, 1-2"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727320000022_r26.2","unstructured":"'Caso Abel Parente', Gazeta de Noticias, 10 February 1901, 2"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727320000022_r26.3","unstructured":"'O caso Abel Parente', Gazeta de Noticias, 14 February 1901, 2. See also Rohden, op. cit. (note 2), 206."},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r92","unstructured":"Daniel J. Kevles, In the Name of Eugenics: Genetics and the Uses of Human Heredity, New Preface (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1995)."},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r54","unstructured":"Borges, op. cit. (note 10), 236\u20137; Otovo, op. cit. (note 7)."},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727320000022_r118.1","unstructured":"Renato Kehl, 'Devem ser esterilizados os enfermos incur\u00e1veis?', O Globo, 3 January 1934, 1"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727320000022_r118.2","unstructured":"Ant\u00f4nio Carlos Pacheco e Silva, 'Devem ser esterilizados os enfermos incur\u00e1veis?', O Globo, 13 January 1934, 2."},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r5","unstructured":"Rohden, Uma ci\u00eancia da diferen\u00e7a, 184\u20136."},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r100","unstructured":"Alipio Azevedo, Das physchoses puerperaes e suas rela\u00e7\u00f5es com os processos auto-toxios (Rio de Janeiro: Pap. Confian\u00e7a, 1919); Aderval da Fran\u00e7a Gomes, Psychoses puerperaes (Rio de Janeiro: Papelaria Mello, 1927); Henrique Post, Psychoses do post partum (Rio de Janeiro: Typographia Coelho, 1925)."},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r113","unstructured":"Parts of the following discussion are based on Roth, op. cit. (note 2), 17\u201319, 49\u201352."},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r64","unstructured":"The salary comes from Museu da Justi\u00e7a, Rio de Janeiro (hereafter MJ), RG.13244 Cx.1403 (1903)."},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r143","unstructured":"Arquivo Nacional, Rio de Janeiro (hereafter AN), 6Z.0.PCR.20528 (1937)."},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r101","unstructured":"On the resurgence of Catholic intellectual activism, see Sergio Miceli, Intelectuais \u00e0 brasileira (S\u00e3o Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2001), 127\u201331."},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r133","unstructured":"Kehl, op. cit. (note 117), 1. See also Wegner and Souza, op. cit. (note 15), 277."},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r95","unstructured":"Besse, op. cit. (note 17); Maria Martha de Luna Freire, Mulheres, m\u00e3es e m\u00e9dicos: discurso maternalista no Brasil (Rio de Janeiro: Editora Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Get\u00falio Vargas, 2009); Ana Paula Vosne Martins, \u2018\u201cVamos criar seu filho\u201d: os m\u00e9dicos puericultores e a pedagogia materna no s\u00e9culo XX\u2019, Hist\u00f3ria, Ci\u00eancias, Sa\u00fade \u2013 Manguinhos, 15, 1 (2008), 135\u201354; Otovo, op. cit. (note 2)."},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727320000022_r86.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"On gender and the criminal justice system, see Sueann Caulfield, 'Getting into Trouble: Dishonest Women, Modern Girls, and Women-Men in the Conceptual Language of \"Vida Policial\", 1925-1927', Signs, 19, 1 (1993), 146-76","DOI":"10.1086\/494865"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727320000022_r86.2","unstructured":"Cassia Roth, 'Policing Pregnancy: Reproduction, Poverty, and the Law in Early Twentieth-Century Rio de Janeiro', Journal of Women's History, 29, 4 (2017), 85-108."},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r59","unstructured":"\u2018Denuncia grave\u2019, Gazeta de Noticias, 25 November 1900, 2."},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r1","unstructured":"On church\u2013state relations, see Mala Htun, Sex and the State: Abortion, Divorce and the Family Under Latin American Dictatorships and Democracies (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 30\u20136."},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r21","unstructured":"Article 72, \u00a73\u20137, Constitui\u00e7\u00e3o da Republica dos Estados Unidos do Brazil acompanhada das leis organicas publicadas desde 15 de Novembro de 1889 (Rio de Janeiro: Imprensa Nacional, 1891), 25. On positivists\u2019 influence, see Jos\u00e9 Murilo de Carvalho, A forma\u00e7\u00e3o das almas: o imagin\u00e1rio da Rep\u00fablica no Brasil, 2nd edn (S\u00e3o Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2017), 127\u201340."},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r58","unstructured":"Castro, op. cit. (note 45), 67."},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r12","unstructured":"Martins, op. cit. (note 2), 110\u201311."},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r36","unstructured":"Furquim Werneck in Werneck, op. cit. (note 32), 2."},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r61","unstructured":"\u2018O caso Abel Parente\u2019, Gazeta de Noticias, 1 December 1900, 1\u20132."},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r17","unstructured":"Susan K. Besse, Restructuring Patriarchy: The Modernization of Gender Inequality in Brazil, 1914\u20131940 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996); Otovo, op. cit. (note 2)."},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r53","unstructured":"Corr\u00eaa, op. cit. (note 20); Schwarcz, op. cit. (note 8), 207\u201315; Skidmore, op. cit. (note 8), 57\u201364."},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r30","unstructured":"Martins, op. cit. (note 2), 185\u20137; Rohden, op. cit. (note 2), 184."},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r31","unstructured":"\u2018Ao Sr. Chefe de policia\u2019, Gazeta de Noticias, 15 August 1892, 2; \u2018Inquerito\u2019, Jornal do Commercio, 5 February 1893, 2; Gazeta de Noticias, 5 February 1893, 1; \u2018Sociedade de Hygiene do Brasil\u2019, Gazeta de Noticias, 19 February 1893, 2. See also Mendes and Vieira, op. cit. (note 18), 130; Rohden, op. cit. (note 2), 177."},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r68","unstructured":"Martins, op. cit. (note 2), 187."},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r16","unstructured":"Stepan, op. cit. (note 13), 126\u20137."},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r20","unstructured":"Borges, op. cit. (note 10); Mariza Corr\u00eaa, As ilus\u00f5es da liberdade: a Escola Nina Rodrigues e a antropologia no Brasil, 3rd edn (Rio de Janeiro: Editora Fiocruz, 2013), 12\u201313, 30\u20135; Todd A. Diacon, Stringing Together a Nation: C\u00e2ndido Mariano da Silva Rondon and the Construction of Modern Brazil, 1906\u201330 (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2004), 80\u20132."},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r35","unstructured":"O Paiz, 10 February 1893, 1 (emphasis mine)."},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r23","unstructured":"Stepan, op. cit. (note 13), 46\u20137. On physicians as politicians, see Maria Renilda Nery Barreto, \u2018Dar \u00e0 luz no Rio de Janeiro da belle \u00e9poque: o nascimento das maternidades (1870\u20131920)\u2019, in Gisele Sanglard et\u00a0al.\u00a0 (eds), Filantropos da na\u00e7\u00e3o: sociedade, sa\u00fade e assist\u00eancia no Brasil e em Portugal (Rio de Janeiro: Editora Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Get\u00falio Vargas, 2015), 185\u2013201; Otovo, op. cit. (note 7)."},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r38","unstructured":"\u2018A febre amarela\u2019, O Paiz, 24 January 1896, 1; \u2018A febre amarela\u2019, O Paiz, 25 January 1896, 1; \u2018A Academia Nacional de Medicina e o serum-caldas\u2019, O Paiz, 23 April 1898, 2; \u2018A quest\u00e3o da febre amarela\u2019, O Paiz, 27 November 1898, 2; \u2018A febre amarela\u2019, O Paiz, 11 February 1899, 2; \u2018A febre amarela\u2019, O Paiz, 20 February 1899, 2; O Paiz, 22 February 1899, 2."},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r110","unstructured":"Neves Filho, op. cit. (note 107)."},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r46","unstructured":"Ibid., 32."},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r34","unstructured":"Werneck, op. cit. (note 32), 4\u201333."},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r121","unstructured":"Paulino, op. cit. (note 118), 1."},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r51","unstructured":"Schwarcz, op. cit. (note 8), 18, 34\u20136, 58\u201360; Skidmore, op. cit. (note 8), 48\u201369."},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r144","unstructured":"AN, CT, Cx.1830 N.1386 (1937)."},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ian Robert Dowbiggin, The Sterilization Movement and Global Fertility in the Twentieth Century (New York: Oxford University Press, 2008), 22\u20133.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195188585.001.0001"},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r109","unstructured":"Souza, op. cit. (note 15), 98."},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727320000022_r32.1","unstructured":"'Esterilidade da mulher,' O Paiz,16 February 1893, 1"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727320000022_r32.2","unstructured":"Hugo F. Werneck, 'Processo secreto de esterilisa\u00e7\u00e3o da mulher: documentos para sua historia', Revista de Gynecologia e D'Obstetricia do Rio de Janeiro, 2 (August-December 1908), 1."},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r65","unstructured":"For familial linkages, see \u2018Denuncia Grave,\u2019 Gazeta de Noticias, 25 November 1900, 2. The address was Rua Bar\u00e3o de Mesquita, n 108, \u2018O caso Abel Parente\u2019, Gazeta de Noticias, 8 August 1901, 1. See Republica dos Estados Unidos do Brazil, Recenseamento do Rio de Janeiro em 1906. Estatistica predial e domiciliaria (annexo) (Rio de Janeiro: Officina da Estatistica, 1908), 70\u20131."},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r115","unstructured":"Fernando Magalh\u00e3es, \u2018Acta da segunda reuni\u00e3o\u2019, in 1 Congresso Brasileiro de Eug\u00eania: actas e trabalhos, vol. 1 (Rio de Janeiro, 1929), 20."},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r33","unstructured":"See the following coverage: O Paiz,10 February 1893, 1; \u2018A esterilidade\u2019, O Paiz, 22 February 1893, 1; \u2018A esterilidade\u2019, O Paiz, 24 February 1893, 2; O Paiz, 10 March 1893, 2; \u2018Esterilidade\u2019, O Paiz, 22 March 1893, 1; O Paiz, 25 April 1893, 1; \u2018A concep\u00e7\u00e3o\u2019, O Paiz, 30 May 1893, 1."},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r37","unstructured":"See the heated debate between Parente and Carlos Teixeira in O Brazil-Medicoover uterine cancer and hysterectomies in 1888, and \u2018Quest\u00e3o de honra\u2019, O Paiz, 1 November 1908, 2."},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r62","unstructured":"I was unable to find the police investigation and trial in the archives, which perhaps includes more of Brito\u2019s identifying information."},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r107","unstructured":"Manoel Tavares Neves Filho, Da esterilisa\u00e7\u00e3o de anormaes como factor eugenico (Rio de Janeiro: Pap. Confian\u00e7a, 1921), 50."},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727320000022_r39.1","unstructured":"'A vida forense', O Paiz,27 April 1900, 2"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727320000022_r39.2","unstructured":"'A vida forense', O Paiz, 29 July 1900, 2."},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r140","unstructured":"Ibid., 256, patient 20068."},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r40","unstructured":"Sociedade de Medicina e Cirurgia, \u2018Sess\u00e3o em 1 de outubro de 1889\u2019, O Brazil-Medico, 4, 4 (1890), 30."},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r52","unstructured":"Borges, op. cit. (note 10); Caponi, op. cit. (note 15)."},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r45","unstructured":"Francisco de Castro, O invento Abel Parente no ponto de vista do direito criminal, da moral publica e da medicina clinica (Rio de Janeiro: Laemmert & Co., 1893), 82 n1."},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r47","unstructured":"Castro, op. cit. (note 45), 62, 66."},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r44","unstructured":"Francisco de Castro, in Werneck, op. cit. (note 32), 4."},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r48","unstructured":"Rutledge M. Dennis, \u2018Social Darwinisim, Scientific Racism, and the Metaphysics of Race\u2019, The Journal of Negro Education, 64, 3 (1995), 243\u201352."},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r130","unstructured":"Corr\u00eaa, op. cit. (note 20), 203\u20134; Schwarcz, op. cit. (note 8), 172, 248."},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r76","unstructured":"\u2018Invento Abel Parente\u2019, O Apostolo, 15 February 1893, 2."},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r50","unstructured":"Borges, op. cit. (note 10)."},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r49","unstructured":"Corr\u00eaa, op. cit. (note 20); Schwarcz, op. cit. (note 8); Skidmore, op. cit. (note 8)."},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r85","unstructured":"\u2018O caso Abel Parente\u2019, Gazeta de Noticias, 8 August 1901, 1."},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r14","unstructured":"Roth, op. cit. (note 2)."},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r88","unstructured":"Martins, op. cit. (note 2), 186; Rohden, op. cit. (note 2), 204\u201314."},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r57","unstructured":"\u2018O invento do Dr Abel Parente\u2019, O Paiz, 31 December 1900, 2."},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r18","unstructured":"Jos\u00e9 Leopoldo Ferreira Antunes, Medicina, leis e moral: pensamento m\u00e9dico e comportamento no Brasil (1870\u20131930) (S\u00e3o Paulo: Editora UNESP, 1998), 52\u20138; Martins, op. cit. (note 2), 184\u20138; Leonardo Mendes and Renata Ferreira Vieira, \u2018O \u201ccaso Abel Parente,\u201d os homens de letras e a dissemina\u00e7\u00e3o do saber cient\u00edfico nos prim\u00f3rdios da Rep\u00fablica\u2019, Revista Maracanan, 13 (December 2015), 127\u201345; Rohden, op. cit. (note 2), 173\u2013220; Marinete dos Santos Silva, \u2018Reprodu\u00e7\u00e3o, sexualidade e poder: as lutas e disputas em torno do aborto e da contracep\u00e7\u00e3o no Rio de Janeiro, 1890\u20131930\u2019, Hist\u00f3ria, Ci\u00eancias, Sa\u00fade \u2013 Manguinhos, 19, 4 (2012), 1241\u201354."},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r72","unstructured":"See Jos\u00e9 de Paula Camara, Do aborto criminoso (Rio de Janeiro: Typographia Montenegro, 1898), 11\u201312."},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r9","unstructured":"Otovo, op. cit. (note 7), 722."},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727320000022_r83.1","unstructured":"'Acha-se exposto', O Paiz, 6 January 1892, 2"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727320000022_r83.2","unstructured":"'Gratid\u00e3o', O Paiz, 10 March 1893, 3."},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727320000022_r71.1","unstructured":"See 'A abandonada', Gazeta de Noticias, 9 April 1901, 1"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727320000022_r71.2","unstructured":"Bulh\u00f5es Carvalho, 'O invento Abel Parente', Revista do Instituto da Ordem dos Advogados Brazileiros14 (June 1893), 190. See also Martins, op. cit. (note 2), 185."},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r93","unstructured":"Borges, op. cit. (note 10), 251; Souza, op. cit. (note 15); Stepan, op. cit. (note 13), 95\u2013100; Wegner and Souza, op. cit. (note 15)."},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727320000022_r3.1","unstructured":"Abel Parente, 'A minha descoberta de prevenir para sempre a concep\u00e7\u00e3o', Gazeta de Noticias, 20 January 1893, 2"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S0025727320000022_r3.2","unstructured":"Abel Parente, 'A minha descoberta de prevenir para sempre a concep\u00e7\u00e3o', Jornal do Commercio, 7 February 1893, 3."},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r11","unstructured":"Borges, op. cit. (note 10); Otovo, op. cit. (note 7); Julyan G. Peard, Race, Place, and Medicine: The Idea of the Tropics in Nineteenth-Century Brazilian Medicine (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1999)."},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r41","unstructured":"Mendes and Vieira, op. cit. (note 18), 128\u20139."},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r80","unstructured":"\u2018Denuncia grave\u2019, Gazeta de Noticias, 25 November 1900, 2."},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r28","unstructured":"Ibid., 21\u20133."},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r43","unstructured":"\u2018Academia Nacional de Medicina\u2019, O Paiz, 27 April 1893, 2\u20133."},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r81","unstructured":"\u2018O caso Abel Parente\u2019, Gazeta de Noticias, 8 August 1901, 1."},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r24","unstructured":"See Fernando Magalh\u00e3es, Li\u00e7\u00f5es de clinica obstetrica, 2nd edn (Rio de Janeiro: Livraria Castilho, 1922), 426."},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r108","unstructured":"Manoel Ligi\u00e9ro, Algumas considera\u00e7\u00f5es sobre o n\u00e9o-malthusianismo como factor eugenico (Rio de Janeiro: Typ. Yankee, 1930), 49."},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r102","unstructured":"On degeneration, see Borges, op. cit. (note 10), 255\u20136; Caponi, op. cit. (note 15), 162\u20133, 167\u20138, 175. On negative Mendelian eugenics, see Souza, op. cit. (note 15)."},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r29","unstructured":"On training, see Martins, op. cit. (note 2), 142\u201351; Rohden, op. cit. (note 2), 71\u201381."},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r124","unstructured":"Miceli, op. cit. (note 101), 129\u201331."},{"key":"S0025727320000022_r129","unstructured":"Alberto, Ibid.; Seigel, op. cit. (note 126), 128\u201335, 195."}],"container-title":["Medical History"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0025727320000022","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,2]],"date-time":"2024-08-02T08:56:05Z","timestamp":1722588965000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0025727320000022\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,17]]},"references-count":160,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S0025727320000022"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/mdh.2020.2","relation":{},"ISSN":["0025-7273","2048-8343"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0025-7273","type":"print"},{"value":"2048-8343","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"\u00a9 The Author(s), 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}}]}}