{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]],"date-time":"2025-05-13T21:49:07Z","timestamp":1747172947812,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,18]],"date-time":"2024-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710720000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":77,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Med. Hist."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Australia\u2019s approach to its biosecurity and borders has always been two-pronged \u2013 quarantine first, vaccination second. This article asks what this combination looked like in practice by exploring two neglected smallpox vaccination campaigns directed towards Indigenous peoples in the early twentieth century. We argue these were important campaigns because they were the first two pre-emptive, rather than reactionary, vaccination programs directed towards First Nations people. Second, both episodes occurred in Australia\u2019s northern coastline, where the porous maritime geography and proximity to Southeast Asia posed a point of vulnerability for Australian health officials. While smallpox was never endemic, (though epidemic), in Australia, it was endemic at various times and places across Southeast Asia. This shifting spectre of smallpox along the northern coastline was made even more acute for state and federal health officials because of the existing polyethnic relationships, communities, and economies. By vaccinating Indigenous peoples in this smallpox geography, they were envisioned and embedded into a \u2018hygienic\u2019 border for the protection of white Australia, entwining the two-prongs as one approach. In this article, we place public health into a recent scholarship that has \u2018turned the map upside down\u2019 to re-spatialise Australia\u2019s history and geography to the north and its global connections, while demonstrating how particular coastlines and their connections were drawn into a national imaginary through a health lens.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/mdh.2023.39","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,18]],"date-time":"2024-03-18T07:11:52Z","timestamp":1710745912000},"page":"22-41","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Smallpox Geographies: vaccination, borders and Indigenous peoples in Australia\u2019s coastal north"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"68","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4360-7107","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chi Chi","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alison","family":"Bashford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"S002572732300039X_ref11","first-page":"931","article-title":"Vaccination","volume":"2","author":"Alleyne","year":"1878","journal-title":"NSW Legislative Council Journal"},{"key":"S002572732300039X_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1478-0542.2006.00301.x","article-title":"Turing the map upside down","volume":"4","author":"Ganter","year":"2006","journal-title":"History Compass"},{"key":"S002572732300039X_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1080\/014198700329042","article-title":"\u201cIs White Australia possible?\u201d: Race, colonialism and tropical medicine in the early twentieth century","volume":"23","author":"Bashford","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ethnic and Racial Studies"},{"key":"S002572732300039X_ref14","first-page":"111","article-title":"Smallpox in Launceston, 1887 and 1903","volume":"23","author":"Roe","year":"1976","journal-title":"Paper and Proceedings: Tasmanian Historical Research Association"},{"volume-title":"Times of Crisis: Epidemics in Sydney, 1788\u20131900","year":"1985","author":"Curson","key":"S002572732300039X_ref12"},{"key":"S002572732300039X_ref10","first-page":"830","article-title":"Vaccination","volume":"1","author":"Campbell","year":"1867","journal-title":"NSW Legislative Council Journal"},{"key":"S002572732300039X_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1093\/jhmas\/jri023","article-title":"A world apart: Geography, Australian quarantine, and the mother country","volume":"60","author":"Maglen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences"},{"key":"S002572732300039X_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1111\/hic3.12337","article-title":"Colonialism and other afflications: Rethinking Native American health history","volume":"14","author":"Archer","year":"2016","journal-title":"History Compass"},{"key":"S002572732300039X_ref2","first-page":"388","article-title":"Quarantine and the imaging of the Australian nation","volume":"2","author":"Bashford","year":"1998","journal-title":"Health"},{"key":"S002572732300039X_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1093\/shm\/hkq047","article-title":"\u201dImmunisation is as popular as a death adder\u201d: The Bundaberg tragedy and the politics of medical science in interwar Australia","volume":"24","author":"Hobbins","journal-title":"Social History of Medicine"},{"key":"S002572732300039X_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1080\/1323238X.2021.1996529","article-title":"Can we still call Australia home? The right to return and the legality of Australia\u2019s COVID-19 travel restrictions","volume":"27","author":"Jefferies","year":"2021","journal-title":"Australian Journal of Human Rights"},{"volume-title":"Cherokee Medicine, Colonial Germs: An Indigenous Nation\u2019s Fight against Smallpox, 1518\u20131824","year":"2015","author":"Kelton","key":"S002572732300039X_ref8"},{"volume-title":"The Cultivation of Whiteness: Science, Health, and Racial Identity in Australia","year":"2002","author":"Anderson","key":"S002572732300039X_ref5"},{"key":"S002572732300039X_ref17","first-page":"4","article-title":"Compulsory vaccination and conscientious or philosophical exemptions: Past, present and future","volume":"367","author":"Salmon","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"S002572732300039X_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1080\/09581599908402942","article-title":"Epidemic and governmentality: Smallpox in Sydney, 1881","volume":"9","author":"Bashford","year":"1999","journal-title":"Critical Public Health"},{"key":"S002572732300039X_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.2307\/40111374","article-title":"Diphtheria, immunisation and the Bundaberg tragedy: A study of public health in Australia","volume":"2","author":"Hooker","journal-title":"Health and History"},{"key":"S002572732300039X_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1080\/03086534.2017.1332136","article-title":"\u2018Union Jack or Yellow Jack?\u2019 Smallpox, sailors, settlers and sovereignty","volume":"45","author":"Hobbins","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth Studies"}],"container-title":["Medical History"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S002572732300039X","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,18]],"date-time":"2024-04-18T05:44:44Z","timestamp":1713419084000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S002572732300039X\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S002572732300039X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/mdh.2023.39","relation":{},"ISSN":["0025-7273","2048-8343"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0025-7273"},{"type":"electronic","value":"2048-8343"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"\u00a9 The Author(s), 2024. Published by Cambridge University Press","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}