{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T01:22:05Z","timestamp":1764552125697,"version":"3.46.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]],"date-time":"2025-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752796800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":17,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Med. Hist."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Cross-gender behaviour gradually entered the spheres of aetiology and diagnosis during the eighteenth century with reference to scattered instances of male cross-dressing. But well into the nineteenth century, \u201cgender identity\u201d (a mid-twentieth-century term) remained a poorly theorised instance of medicalisation. Late eighteenth-century concepts of \u201cdynamic hermaphroditism\u201d accounted for gender-nonconforming behaviours and aspirations, but could not account for the observed heterogeneity in disparities between sexed body and mind. Increasingly substantive contributions to aetiology were seen during the late 1870s and 1880s, particularly in response to Carl Westphal\u2019s convoluted, 1869 concept of \u201ccontrary sexual feeling\u201d (\n                    <jats:italic>contr\u00e4re Sexualempfindung<\/jats:italic>\n                    ). Richard von Krafft-Ebing\u2019s notion of\n                    <jats:italic>metamorphosis sexualis paranoica<\/jats:italic>\n                    provided one of the most authoritative approaches to the question of gender identification in \u201csexual inversion\u201d. The notion, which took the first seven German editions of his\n                    <jats:italic>Psychopathis sexualis<\/jats:italic>\n                    to achieve a definitive formulation, needs to be seen in light of Krafft-Ebing\u2019s earlier conceptions of sexual delusion, which straddled the realms of the experienced sexual body and sense of self. Moreover, Krafft-Ebing was not the first to outline a theory of non-cisgender identity, as demonstrated by the mid-1880s work of Th\u00e9odule-Armand Ribot and Rudolph Arndt, as well as various significantly earlier approaches to what had been considered the \u201cmonomania of sexual transformation\u201d.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/mdh.2025.10017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]],"date-time":"2025-07-18T08:56:02Z","timestamp":1752828962000},"page":"413-435","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The fixed idea of sex and the dawn of theoretical gender medicine"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"69","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6679-550X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diederik","family":"Janssen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Maastricht University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]]},"reference":[{"volume-title":"Zur Diskursgeschichte des Konzepts geschlechtlicher Identit\u00e4t","year":"2006","author":"Mehlmann","key":"S0025727325100173_ref9"},{"key":"S0025727325100173_ref17","first-page":"32","volume-title":"Psychologie und Mythologie","volume":"2","author":"Bastian","year":"1860"},{"key":"S0025727325100173_ref19","first-page":"324","volume-title":"Histoire des monstres depuis l\u2019antiquit\u00e9 jusqu\u2019\u00e0 nos jours","author":"Martin","year":"1880"},{"key":"S0025727325100173_ref41","first-page":"45","article-title":"\u00dcber die gerichts\u00e4rztliche Beurteilung perverser Geschlechtstriebe","volume":"34","author":"Gr\u00e4f","year":"1909","journal-title":"Archiv f\u00fcr Kriminal-Anthropologie und Kriminalistik"},{"key":"S0025727325100173_ref34","first-page":"52","article-title":"Die psychiatrischen Anschauungen La Mettrie\u2019s (1709\u20131751)","volume":"1","author":"Pick","journal-title":"Jahrb\u00fccher f\u00fcr Psychiatrie"},{"key":"S0025727325100173_ref16","first-page":"339","article-title":"The disease of the Scythians (morbus feminarum) and certain analogous conditions","volume":"1","author":"Hammond","year":"1882","journal-title":"Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0025727325100173_ref36","first-page":"433","volume-title":"Lehrbuch der Psychiatrie auf klinischer Grundlage f\u00fcr praktische \u00c4rzte und Studirende","author":"von Krafft-Ebing","year":"1888"},{"key":"S0025727325100173_ref37","first-page":"41","volume-title":"Die Sinnesdelirien: ein Versuch ihrer physio-psychologischen Begr\u00fcndung und klinischen Darstellung","author":"von Krafft-Ebing","year":"1864"},{"key":"S0025727325100173_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.112.489.779"},{"volume-title":"Les Alt\u00e9rations de la personnalit\u00e9","year":"1892","author":"Binet","key":"S0025727325100173_ref25"},{"key":"S0025727325100173_ref33","first-page":"53","volume-title":"Allgemeine Psychopathologie zur Einf\u00fchrung in das Studium der Geistesst\u00f6rungen","author":"Emminghaus","year":"1878"},{"key":"S0025727325100173_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5749\/j.ctv75d87g"},{"volume-title":"Gerichtlich-medicinische Untersuchungen \u00fcber das Skopzenthum in Russland, nebst historischen Notizen","year":"1876)","author":"Pelikan","key":"S0025727325100173_ref29"},{"key":"S0025727325100173_ref38","first-page":"143","article-title":"Bijdrage tot de casuistiek der Urningen","volume":"11","author":"Spaink","year":"1893","journal-title":"Psychiatrische Bladen"},{"key":"S0025727325100173_ref3","first-page":"35","volume-title":"Verqueere Wissenschaft?","author":"Mehlmann","year":"1998"},{"key":"S0025727325100173_ref11","first-page":"113","volume-title":"Die Deutsche Klinik am Eingang des 20. 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