{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T19:50:42Z","timestamp":1790711442917,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764892800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":65,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Med. Hist."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Following the decisions of the scientific session \u2018For the further flourishing of Pavlov\u2019s doctrine\u2019 of the Academy of Sciences and the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR in 1950, important reforms were introduced under political control in the USSR and the Eastern Bloc countries. Research plans of science institutions and medical university curricula were changed according to these decisions. Scientists and university professors were forced to adopt courses in Pavlovian doctrine. The reforms affected the work of hospitals and sanatoriums, whose staff was instructed to reform the everyday practice. Regarding the clinical work, the session had two main consequences: the introduction of the so-called\n                    <jats:italic>Curative-Protective Hospital Regime<\/jats:italic>\n                    and the introduction of sleep therapy for the treatment of psychiatric diseases, hypertension, ulcers, rheumatism, and other diseases. As a widespread therapeutic method, it was established in the 1950s in the USSR and in the countries of the Eastern Bloc as a general reform of health politics. Political (Soviet influence), ideological (dialectical materialism), theoretical (Pavlovian teaching), and practical medical considerations intersected in the implementation of the therapeutic methods which made patients objects of this treatment. This study explores the process of dissemination and establishment of sleep therapy in Bulgarian hospital practice based on the hospital documentation of the Pediatrics Clinic at the Medical Academy and the Clinic of Cardiac Diseases in Sofia in 1952\u20131953.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/mdh.2025.10043","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T06:45:37Z","timestamp":1764917137000},"page":"573-591","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Soviet export of sleep therapy to the Eastern Bloc countries after the Pavlovian session in 1950"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"69","author":[{"given":"Kristina","family":"Popova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01x8hew03","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Institute of Ethnology and Folklore Studies with Ethnographic Museum"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0025727325100434_ref30","first-page":"11","article-title":"Rol\u2019 tsentral\u2019nykh mekhanizmov v razvitii gipertonicheskoy bolezni","volume":"10","author":"Kaminskiy","year":"1951","journal-title":"Klinicheskaya Meditsina"},{"key":"S0025727325100434_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0957154X9300401604"},{"key":"S0025727325100434_ref51","first-page":"64","article-title":"O tseles\u2019obraznosti naznacheniya broma pri terapii snom","volume":"9","author":"Andreyev","year":"1953","journal-title":"Klinicheskaya Meditsina"},{"key":"S0025727325100434_ref35","first-page":"43","article-title":"Nevrologicheskaya kharakteristina nachal\u2019nykh faz gipertonicheskoy bolezni","volume":"9","author":"Aleksandrova","year":"1953","journal-title":"Klinicheskaya Meditsina"},{"key":"S0025727325100434_ref34","first-page":"8","article-title":"Vliyaniye farmakologicheskikh i toksikologicheskikh veshchestv na uslovno-reflektornuyu deyatel\u2019nost","volume":"2","author":"Samoylova","year":"1952","journal-title":"Zhurnal vysshey nervnoy deyatel\u2019nosti"},{"key":"S0025727325100434_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kes278"},{"key":"S0025727325100434_ref12","first-page":"75","volume-title":"Pavlov\u2019s Physiology Factory. Experiment, Interpretation, Laboratory Enterprise","author":"Todes","year":"2002"},{"key":"S0025727325100434_ref28","first-page":"26","article-title":"Patogenez gipertonicheskoy bolezni","volume":"9","author":"Myasnikov","year":"1951","journal-title":"Klinicheskaya Meditsina"},{"key":"S0025727325100434_ref63","first-page":"3","article-title":"Uchenieto na Ivan Petrovich Pavlov za Visshata nervna deynost","volume":"1","author":"Paskov","year":"1951","journal-title":"Izvestiya na Meditsinskite Instituti"},{"key":"S0025727325100434_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5040\/9781350271296"},{"key":"S0025727325100434_ref14","first-page":"735","volume-title":"A Russian Life in Science","author":"Todes","year":"2014"},{"key":"S0025727325100434_ref32","first-page":"16","article-title":"K. voprosu o nevrozakh v klinike vnutrennykh bolezney","volume":"1","author":"Istamanova","year":"1952","journal-title":"Klinicheskaya Meditsina"},{"key":"S0025727325100434_ref54","volume-title":"Osnovnoto v uchenieto na I. P. Pavlov v svetlinata na dialekticheskiya materializam","author":"Pavlov","year":"1956"},{"key":"S0025727325100434_ref27","volume-title":"Gipertonicheskaya bolezn\u2019","author":"Lang","year":"1950"},{"key":"S0025727325100434_ref62","first-page":"12","article-title":"Yazvenata bolest v svetlinata na Pavlovoto uchenie","volume":"4","author":"Raynov","year":"1952","journal-title":"Sreden Meditsinski Rabotnik"},{"key":"S0025727325100434_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5749\/minnesota\/9780816674749.001.0001"},{"key":"S0025727325100434_ref3","volume-title":"The Politics of Sleep. Governing (Un)consciousness in the Late Modern Age","author":"Williams","year":"2011"},{"key":"S0025727325100434_ref36","first-page":"12","article-title":"Kortiko-vistseral\u2019nyye vzaimootnosheniya v norme i patologii","volume":"9","author":"Bykov","year":"1951","journal-title":"Klinicheskaya Meditsina"},{"key":"S0025727325100434_ref37","first-page":"18","article-title":"Sedativnyye sredstva pri yazvennoy bolezni","volume":"7","author":"Mayanskaya","year":"1951","journal-title":"Klinicheskaya Meditsina"},{"key":"S0025727325100434_ref69","first-page":"211","volume-title":"Auf der Suche nach einer anderen Medicine. Psychosomatik im 20. Jahrhundert","author":"Balz","year":"2019"},{"key":"S0025727325100434_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S002572730000017X"},{"key":"S0025727325100434_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400843756-009"},{"key":"S0025727325100434_ref49","first-page":"66","article-title":"Elektroyentsefalograficheskiye issledovaniya pri gipertonicheskoy bolezni","volume":"5","author":"Subotnik","year":"1953","journal-title":"Klinicheskaya Meditsina"},{"key":"S0025727325100434_ref40","first-page":"3","article-title":"Lecheniye infektsioznoy khorei dlitelnym snom","volume":"4","author":"Gimmelfarb","year":"1950","journal-title":"Voprosy pediatrii i okhrany materinstva i detstva"},{"key":"S0025727325100434_ref59","first-page":"177","volume-title":"Izgrazhdane na osnovite na socialisticheskoto zdraveopazvane v Bulgaria","author":"Golemanova","year":"1987"},{"key":"S0025727325100434_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/ahr\/106.2.343"},{"key":"S0025727325100434_ref41","first-page":"30","article-title":"O nekotorykh prakticheskikh vyvodakh iz ucheniya Iv. P. Pavlova i yego shkoly","volume":"5","author":"Syrnev","year":"1950","journal-title":"Voprosy pediatrii i okhrany materinstva i detstva"},{"key":"S0025727325100434_ref65","first-page":"3","article-title":"Nauchnite sesii na meditsinskite vuzove prez 1953 g. mart \u2013 april 1953","volume":"6","author":"Petkov","journal-title":"Savremenna Meditsina"},{"key":"S0025727325100434_ref29","first-page":"33","article-title":"Osobenosti sosudistykh reaktsii u bol\u2019nykh gipertonicheskoy bolezn\u2019yu","volume":"9","author":"Yaroshevskiy","year":"1951","journal-title":"Klinicheskaya Meditsina"},{"key":"S0025727325100434_ref38","first-page":"53","article-title":"Opyt lecheniya snom bol\u2019nykh yazvenoybolzn\u2019yu v usloviyakh rayonnoy bol\u2019nitsy","volume":"11","author":"Chaykova","year":"1951","journal-title":"Klinicheskaya meditsina"},{"key":"S0025727325100434_ref11","first-page":"61","article-title":"The History of the Activity of the \u201cPavlovian Council\u201d and Its Negative Impact on the Development of Scien\u0441e in 50s of the 20th Century","volume":"2","author":"Klymenko","year":"2023","journal-title":"Likars\u2019ka Sprava"},{"key":"S0025727325100434_ref33","first-page":"16","article-title":"Lecheniye bol\u2019nykh nevrozami v svete fiziologicheskogo ucheniya Ivana Petrovicha Pavlova","volume":"2","author":"Davidenkov","year":"1953","journal-title":"Klinicheskaya Meditsina"},{"key":"S0025727325100434_ref46","first-page":"52","article-title":"Klinicheskoye znacheniye podkrepleniya uslovnogo refleksa na insulin i lyuminal malymi dozami bezuslovnogo razdrazhatelya","volume":"5","author":"Nikulin","year":"1953","journal-title":"Klinicheskaya Meditsina"},{"key":"S0025727325100434_ref48","first-page":"60","article-title":"Osnovnoy obmen pri gipertonicheskoy bolezni i yego izmeneniya pod vliyaniyem terapii okhranitel\u2019nom tormozheniyem","volume":"5","author":"Zhivotova","year":"1953","journal-title":"Klinicheskaya Meditsina"},{"key":"S0025727325100434_ref23","first-page":"76","article-title":"Opyt organizacii lecheniya uslovnoreflektornyim snom v u nevrologichesko otdelenii gospitaliya","volume":"5","author":"Sanikidze","year":"1956","journal-title":"Azerbaijanskij medicinskij zhurnal"},{"key":"S0025727325100434_ref55","volume-title":"Pavlovski sbornik","volume":"2","author":"Kristanov","year":"1953"},{"key":"S0025727325100434_ref20","first-page":"81","article-title":"The \u201cCurative-Protective Hospital Regime\u201d: A Concept in the Medical and Nursing Practice of the USSR during the 1950s","volume":"2","author":"Popova","year":"2020","journal-title":"European Journal for Nursing History and Ethics"},{"key":"S0025727325100434_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/9781137291523"},{"key":"S0025727325100434_ref22","first-page":"77","article-title":"Primeneniye bromidov pri nekotoryih zabolevaniya vnutrennih organov","volume":"2","author":"Efendiyev","year":"1955","journal-title":"Azerbaijanskij medicinskij zhurnal"},{"key":"S0025727325100434_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.37708\/bf.swu.v30i3.5"},{"key":"S0025727325100434_ref64","first-page":"352","article-title":"Pavlovskata sesiya v Balgariya prez 1951 g.","volume":"4\u20135","author":"Makedonski","year":"1951","journal-title":"Izvestiya na Meditsinskite Instituti"},{"key":"S0025727325100434_ref44","first-page":"74","article-title":"Nekotoryye dannyye o dinamike lechebnogo sna","volume":"4","author":"Andreyev","year":"1954","journal-title":"Klinicheskdya Meditsina"},{"key":"S0025727325100434_ref52","first-page":"67","article-title":"Nervno-vegetativnyye sdvigi pri lecheniyem snom bol\u2019nykh gipertonicheskoy bolezn\u2019yu","volume":"9","author":"Fishcher","year":"1953","journal-title":"Klinicheskaya Meditsina"},{"key":"S0025727325100434_ref58","first-page":"142","volume-title":"Stalinism. New Directions","author":"Kojevnikov","year":"2000"},{"key":"S0025727325100434_ref68","first-page":"30","article-title":"The Emergence of a New Concept of Effectiveness: Documentation Systems and Psycho-pharmaceuticals in East and West Germany, 1955\u20131985","volume":"48","author":"Balz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmaceutical Historian"},{"key":"S0025727325100434_ref56","first-page":"3","article-title":"Savetskata meditsina","volume":"6\u20138","author":"Mitsov","year":"1949","journal-title":"Lekarski Pregled"},{"key":"S0025727325100434_ref9","first-page":"260","volume-title":"Stalinist Science","author":"Krementsov","year":"1997"},{"key":"S0025727325100434_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/9780520911703"},{"key":"S0025727325100434_ref47","first-page":"56","article-title":"Ob izmeneniyakh dvigatel\u2019noy funktsii zheludka u bol\u2019nykh yazvennoy bolezn\u2019yu pod vliyaniyem bromistogo natriya","volume":"5","author":"Parkhomenko","year":"1953","journal-title":"Klinicheskaya Meditsina"},{"key":"S0025727325100434_ref25","first-page":"7","article-title":"Znachenie Pavlovskih metodov dlya farmakologii","volume":"7","author":"Anichkov","year":"1951","journal-title":"Klinicheskaya Meditsina"},{"key":"S0025727325100434_ref5","first-page":"7","article-title":"\u2018Leep, Knowledge, Technology","volume":"48","author":"Ahlheim","year":"2023","journal-title":"An Introduction\u2019, Historical Social Research"},{"key":"S0025727325100434_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0957154X9600702508"},{"key":"S0025727325100434_ref24","first-page":"565","article-title":"Firstling of the Soviet Scientific and Practical Medicine \u2013 100 Year Anniversary of the Journal \u201cClinical Medicine\u201d","volume":"98","author":"Simonenko","year":"2020","journal-title":"Klinicheskaya Meditsina"},{"key":"S0025727325100434_ref31","first-page":"51","article-title":"Kombinirovannyy sposob primeneneiya snotvornykh preparatov pri lecheniye gipertonicheskoy bolezni","volume":"9","author":"Lileyeva","year":"1951","journal-title":"Klinicheskaya Meditsina"},{"key":"S0025727325100434_ref61","first-page":"109","article-title":"\u2018Review of K","volume":"10","author":"Stoykov","year":"1951","journal-title":"Chilov\u2019s article\u2019, Savremenna Meditsina"},{"key":"S0025727325100434_ref42","volume-title":"Bolezni podzheludochnoy zhelezy","author":"Leporskij","year":"1951"},{"key":"S0025727325100434_ref45","first-page":"18","article-title":"Opyt primeneniya lekarstvennogo sna pri ostroy nedostatochnosti venechnogo krovoobrashcheniya","volume":"1","author":"Chernogorov","year":"1952","journal-title":"Klinicheskaya Meditsina"},{"key":"S0025727325100434_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.6012.763"},{"key":"S0025727325100434_ref43","first-page":"12","article-title":"Materialisticheskiye osnovy Pavlovskoy fiziologii","volume":"3","author":"Shlyakhman","journal-title":"Klinicheskaya meditsina"},{"key":"S0025727325100434_ref53","first-page":"18","article-title":"Znacheniye individual\u2019nykh osobenostey vysshey nervnoy deyatel\u2019nosti bol\u2019nogo pri vybore metoda lecheniya snom","volume":"10","author":"Zhgun","year":"1953","journal-title":"Klinicheskaya Meditsina"},{"key":"S0025727325100434_ref17","first-page":"37","volume-title":"Pavlova v teoreticheskoy i prakticheskiy meditsine","author":"Usiyevich","year":"1953"},{"key":"S0025727325100434_ref2","volume-title":"Sleep and Society: Sociological Ventures into the (Un)known","author":"Williams","year":"2005"},{"key":"S0025727325100434_ref26","volume-title":"Farmakologiya nervnoy systemy","author":"Zakusov","year":"1953"},{"key":"S0025727325100434_ref18","first-page":"3","article-title":"Medikamentoznyy son po Ivana P. Pavlovu i novokainovaya blokada nervov kak metody patologicheskoy terapii","volume":"4","author":"Vishnevskiy","year":"1951","journal-title":"Klinicheskaya Meditsina"},{"key":"S0025727325100434_ref39","first-page":"3","article-title":"O Pavlovskikh ideyakh v pediatrii","volume":"5","author":"Volovik","year":"1950","journal-title":"Voprosy pediatrii i okhrany materinstva i detstva"},{"key":"S0025727325100434_ref50","first-page":"90","article-title":"Vliyaniye dlitel\u2019nogo prerivystogo medikamentoznogo sna na bol\u2019nykh gipertonicheskoy bolezn\u2019yu \/po dannym elektrokardiografii\/","volume":"6","author":"Sidorovich","year":"1953","journal-title":"Klinicheskaya Meditsina"},{"key":"S0025727325100434_ref60","first-page":"99","article-title":"Review of \u201cMeditsinska terminologiya i klinichen rechnik\u201d by Shipkovenski, Galabov, Rachev","volume":"5\u20136","author":"Atanasov","year":"1950","journal-title":"Savremenna Meditsina"},{"key":"S0025727325100434_ref57","first-page":"144","article-title":"Postizheniya na pediatriyata v SSSR","volume":"6\u20138","author":"Rachev","year":"1949","journal-title":"Lekarski Pregled"},{"key":"S0025727325100434_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3138\/9781442627789"}],"container-title":["Medical History"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0025727325100434","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T10:22:05Z","timestamp":1769163725000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0025727325100434\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S0025727325100434"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/mdh.2025.10043","relation":{},"ISSN":["0025-7273","2048-8343"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0025-7273","type":"print"},{"value":"2048-8343","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"\u00a9 The Author(s), 2025. Published by Cambridge University Press","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike licence (http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the same Creative Commons licence is used to distribute the re-used or adapted article and the original article is properly cited. The written permission of Cambridge University Press must be obtained prior to any commercial use.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}