{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T16:34:59Z","timestamp":1785429299655,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776988800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014440","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PID2024-156353NB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2024-156353NB-I00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Med. Hist."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The closed method for the treatment of compound fractures of the limbs emerged and popularised during the interwar period. The historiography on this procedure sustains an essentially Anglo-Saxon narrative focusing on contributions by the American surgeon Winnett H. Orr during the First World War and the Spanish Josep Trueta during the Spanish Civil War and his exile in Britain. This paper aims to \u2018open\u2019 this story by reconstructing the early work of another Spanish surgeon: Manuel Bastos. Although originally an army medical officer, Bastos specialised in the treatment of limb fractures in a dual military-civilian context. On the one hand, during successive assignments to the Spanish Protectorate in Morocco, he familiarised with the management of gunshot wounds. On the other hand, he specialised in the treatment of tuberculosis humerus fractures in children at the\n                    <jats:italic>Instituto Rubio<\/jats:italic>\n                    in Madrid. The visit to Spain of the Argentinian surgeon Pedro Chutr\u00f3, who had acquired a great prestige in First World War Paris for his approach to fractures and osteomyelitis, and the escalation of the Moroccan campaigns to the so-called Rif War (1921\u201327) gave Bastos the opportunity, the idea, and the courage to develop a closed treatment of humerus fractures in soldiers. Chutr\u00f3\u2019s influence on Bastos persisted in the context of the Hispano-Americanist policy embraced in mid-twentieth-century Spain. Ultimately, this study questions the understanding of the closed method as a single, univocally traceable procedure, suggesting instead parallel versions emerging in different sites and transforming themselves and influencing each other as they circulated globally.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/mdh.2026.10060","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T05:09:31Z","timestamp":1777007371000},"page":"405-428","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["\u2018Opening\u2019 the closed method: military-civilian exchanges and transatlantic circulations in Manuel Bastos\u2019 early work on compound fractures (1909\u201324)"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"70","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0346-2038","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco Javier","family":"Martinez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/012a91z28","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Zaragoza"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Murillo-Arribas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/012a91z28","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Zaragoza"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03fyv3102","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Hospital Cl\u00ednico Universitario Lozano Blesa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"S002572732610060X_ref58","first-page":"6","volume-title":"General orders","year":"1920"},{"key":"S002572732610060X_ref6","volume-title":"Treatment of War Wounds and Fractures: With Special Reference to the Closed Method as Used in the War in Spain","author":"Trueta","year":"1940b"},{"key":"S002572732610060X_ref62","first-page":"55","article-title":"Medical conditions in South America","volume":"52","author":"Mayo","year":"1921","journal-title":"Bulletin of the Pan-American Union"},{"key":"S002572732610060X_ref69","first-page":"185","article-title":"El Cuerpo de Sanidad Militar en las campa\u00f1as de Marruecos","volume":"93","author":"Arcarazo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Revista de Historia Militar"},{"key":"S002572732610060X_ref39","volume-title":"Medicina y sociedad en la Espa\u00f1a de la segunda mitad del siglo XIX: una aproximaci\u00f3n a la obra de Federico Rubio y Gal\u00ed, (1827-1902)","author":"Carrillo-Martos","year":"2003"},{"key":"S002572732610060X_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1919.02610360021006"},{"key":"S002572732610060X_ref73","volume-title":"Medicine and Change: Historical and Sociological Studies on Medical Innovation","author":"L\u00f6wy","year":"1993"},{"key":"S002572732610060X_ref5","volume-title":"Treatment of War Wounds and Fractures: With Special Reference to the Closed Method as Used in the War in Spain","author":"Trueta","year":"1939b"},{"key":"S002572732610060X_ref35","first-page":"228","article-title":"La medicina militar espa\u00f1ola en el Rif","volume":"2","author":"Lazo","year":"1913","journal-title":"Los progresos de la cl\u00ednica"},{"key":"S002572732610060X_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511525292.004"},{"key":"S002572732610060X_ref14","volume-title":"War, Medicine and Modernity","author":"Cooter","year":"1998"},{"key":"S002572732610060X_ref25","first-page":"180","volume-title":"Libro homenaje al profesor doctor D. 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Suffering, Dying and Military Medicine on the Western Front, 1914-1918","author":"Van Bergen","year":"2009"},{"key":"S002572732610060X_ref11","volume-title":"La contribuci\u00f3 cientifica catalana a la medicina i cirurgia de guerra","author":"Cid","year":"1838"},{"key":"S002572732610060X_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400856312.28"},{"key":"S002572732610060X_ref42","first-page":"12","volume-title":"La pr\u00e1ctica del tratamiento de las fracturas de los miembros","author":"L\u00f3pez-Dur\u00e1n","year":"1915"},{"key":"S002572732610060X_ref1","first-page":"23","article-title":"The Treatment of Fractures","volume":"3","author":"Orr","year":"1921a","journal-title":"Journal of Orthopedic Surgery"},{"key":"S002572732610060X_ref68","first-page":"1067","article-title":"El doctor Chutr\u00f3","volume":"VII","author":"Riosalido","year":"1921","journal-title":"Revista Iberoamericana de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas"},{"key":"S002572732610060X_ref13","first-page":"91","article-title":"\u2018El m\u00e8tode Trueta\u2019, Quaderns de la Fundaci\u00f3 Dr","volume":"1","author":"Guardiola","year":"2011","journal-title":"Antoni Esteve"},{"key":"S002572732610060X_ref60","first-page":"147","article-title":"Pseudoarthrose de l\u2019humerus","volume":"XLIV","author":"Chutr\u00f3","year":"1918","journal-title":"Bulletin et M\u00e9moires de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de Chirurgie de Paris"},{"key":"S002572732610060X_ref24","first-page":"210","volume-title":"Sanidad Militar. 500 a\u00f1os al servicio de Espa\u00f1a","author":"Carroquino","year":"2015"},{"key":"S002572732610060X_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1918.26010010003009c"},{"key":"S002572732610060X_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.2051.968","article-title":"The War in South Africa","volume":"1","author":"Dent","year":"1900","journal-title":"The British Medical Journal"},{"key":"S002572732610060X_ref41","first-page":"288","article-title":"Tratamiento de las fracturas de la extremidad superior del h\u00famero","volume":"3","author":"L\u00f3pez-Dur\u00e1n","year":"1914","journal-title":"Los Progresos de la Cl\u00ednica"},{"key":"S002572732610060X_ref48","first-page":"131","article-title":"La pr\u00e1ctica del tratamiento de las fracturas abiertas del muslo","volume":"2","author":"Bastos","year":"1924","journal-title":"Los Progresos de la Cl\u00ednica"},{"key":"S002572732610060X_ref33","first-page":"112","volume-title":"Semana Tr\u00e1gica. 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