{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T06:09:35Z","timestamp":1773900575722,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,3]],"date-time":"2016-05-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1462233600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Acta Neuropsychiatr."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"S0924270816000223_abs1\" sec-type=\"general\"><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is one of the most efficient treatments for severe major depression, but some patients suffer from retrograde memory loss after treatment. Electroconvulsive seizures (ECS), an animal model of ECT, have repeatedly been shown to increase hippocampal neurogenesis, and multiple ECS treatments cause retrograde amnesia in hippocampus-dependent memory tasks. Since recent studies propose that addition of newborn hippocampal neurons might degrade existing memories, we investigated whether the memory impairment after multiple ECS treatments is a cumulative effect of repeated treatments, or if it is the result of a delayed effect after a single ECS.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0924270816000223_abs2\" sec-type=\"methods\"><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We used the hippocampus-dependent memory task Morris water maze (MWM) to evaluate spatial memory. Rats were exposed to an 8-day training paradigm before receiving either a single ECS or sham treatment and tested in the MWM 24 h, 72 h, or 7 days after this treatment, or multiple (four) ECS or sham treatments and tested 7 days after the first treatment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0924270816000223_abs3\" sec-type=\"results\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A single ECS treatment was not sufficient to cause retrograde amnesia whereas multiple ECS treatments strongly disrupted spatial memory in the MWM.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0924270816000223_abs4\" sec-type=\"conclusion\"><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The retrograde amnesia after multiple ECS is a cumulative effect of repeated treatments rather than a delayed effect after a single ECS.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/neu.2016.22","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,3]],"date-time":"2016-05-03T10:44:12Z","timestamp":1462272252000},"page":"17-26","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Spatial memory impairment in Morris water maze after electroconvulsive seizures"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Maria","family":"Svensson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thord","family":"Hallin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonas","family":"Broms","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joakim","family":"Ekstrand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anders","family":"Tingstr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0924270816000223_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2011.04.027"},{"key":"S0924270816000223_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dneu.20986"},{"key":"S0924270816000223_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00124509-200203000-00010"},{"key":"S0924270816000223_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2009.06.007"},{"key":"S0924270816000223_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2012.01.046"},{"key":"S0924270816000223_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0270(84)90007-4"},{"key":"S0924270816000223_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(87)90144-2"},{"key":"S0924270816000223_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-013-1612-z"},{"key":"S0924270816000223_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7044.106.2.274"},{"key":"S0924270816000223_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0017600"},{"key":"S0924270816000223_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3362-09.2009"},{"key":"S0924270816000223_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.22337"},{"key":"S0924270816000223_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2004.10.009"},{"key":"S0924270816000223_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0033524"},{"key":"S0924270816000223_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1083328"},{"key":"S0924270816000223_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(99)00230-9"},{"key":"S0924270816000223_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.22441"},{"key":"S0924270816000223_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2005.09.007"},{"key":"S0924270816000223_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00124509-200403000-00004"},{"key":"S0924270816000223_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.22573"},{"key":"S0924270816000223_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(00)00367-0"},{"key":"S0924270816000223_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2013.05.034"},{"key":"S0924270816000223_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1248903"},{"key":"S0924270816000223_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2015.05.011"},{"key":"S0924270816000223_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2011.02.026"},{"key":"S0924270816000223_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(98)00289-9"},{"key":"S0924270816000223_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9384(86)90317-3"},{"key":"S0924270816000223_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1173215"},{"key":"S0924270816000223_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00124509-200606000-00005"},{"key":"S0924270816000223_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2009.11.018"},{"key":"S0924270816000223_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2010.06.009"},{"key":"S0924270816000223_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9104","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.20-24-09104.2000","article-title":"Chronic antidepressant treatment increases neurogenesis in adult rat hippocampus","volume":"20","author":"Malberg","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"S0924270816000223_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/neuro.07.004.2009"},{"key":"S0924270816000223_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.142.6.692","article-title":"Factors affecting amnesia, seizure duration, and efficacy in ECT","volume":"142","author":"Miller","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0924270816000223_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.22013"},{"key":"S0924270816000223_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3609"},{"key":"S0924270816000223_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00124509-200103000-00006"},{"key":"S0924270816000223_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(18)30271-5","article-title":"Stimulus intensity, seizure threshold, and seizure duration: impact on the efficacy and safety of electroconvulsive therapy","volume":"14","author":"Sackeim","year":"1991","journal-title":"Psychiatr Clin North Am"},{"key":"S0924270816000223_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2014.05.012"},{"key":"S0924270816000223_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.15.1.27"},{"key":"S0924270816000223_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2008.12.007"},{"key":"S0924270816000223_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0078778"},{"key":"S0924270816000223_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09817"},{"key":"S0924270816000223_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/070674371105600104"},{"key":"S0924270816000223_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)00228-6"},{"key":"S0924270816000223_ref2","volume-title":"Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with major depressive disorder","year":"2010"},{"key":"S0924270816000223_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.57.6.581"},{"key":"S0924270816000223_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.160.3827.554"},{"key":"S0924270816000223_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-006-6025-7"},{"key":"S0924270816000223_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2013.05.002"},{"key":"S0924270816000223_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/exnr.2000.7458"},{"key":"S0924270816000223_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00124509-200212000-00006"},{"key":"S0924270816000223_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5493-11.2012"}],"container-title":["Acta Neuropsychiatrica"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0924270816000223","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,18]],"date-time":"2019-04-18T03:33:15Z","timestamp":1555558395000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0924270816000223\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,3]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S0924270816000223"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/neu.2016.22","relation":{},"ISSN":["0924-2708","1601-5215"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0924-2708","type":"print"},{"value":"1601-5215","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"\u00a9 Scandinavian College of Neuropsychopharmacology 2016\u00a0","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}}]}}