{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]],"date-time":"2025-05-13T21:49:59Z","timestamp":1747172999450,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,30]],"date-time":"2019-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572393600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,2]],"date-time":"2019-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1569974400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Acta Neuropsychiatr."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S092427081900036X_as1\"><jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cross-sectional data show elevated levels of circulating cytokines in psychiatric patients. The literature is divided concerning anti-inflammatory drugs\u2019 ability to relieve symptoms, questioning a causal link between inflammatory pathways and psychiatric conditions. We hypothesised that the development of circulating cytokine levels is related to mental distress, and that this relationship is affected by the use of anti-inflammatory drugs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S092427081900036X_as2\"><jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study was a longitudinal assessment of 12-week inpatient treatment at Modum Bad Psychiatric Center, Norway. Sera and self-reported Global Severity Index (GSI) scores, which measure psychological distress, were collected at admission (<jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub>), halfway (<jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>) and before discharge (<jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>). Other variables known to distort the neuroimmune interplay were included. These were age, gender, diagnosis of PTSD, antidepressants and anti-inflammatory drugs. A total of 128 patients (92 women and 36 men) were included, and 28 were using anti-inflammatory medication. Multilevel modelling was used for data analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S092427081900036X_as3\"><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Patients with higher levels of IL-1RA and MCP-1 had higher GSI scores (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>= 0.005 and<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>= 0.020). PTSD patients scored higher on GSI than non-PTSD patients (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>= 0.002). These relationships were mostly present among those not using anti-inflammatory drugs (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>= 99), with higher levels of IL-1RA and MCP-1 being related to higher GSI score (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>= 0.023 and 0.018, respectively). Again, PTSD patients showed higher GSI levels than non-PTSD patients (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>= 0.014).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S092427081900036X_as4\"><jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cytokine levels were associated with level of mental distress as measured by the GSI scores, but this relationship was not present among those using anti-inflammatory drugs. We found no association between cytokine levels and development of GSI score over time.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/neu.2019.36","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,2]],"date-time":"2019-10-02T10:33:15Z","timestamp":1570012395000},"page":"23-31","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Cytokine concentrations are related to level of mental distress in inpatients not using anti-inflammatory drugs"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1372-1870","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helge","family":"Toft","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lars","family":"Lien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sudan 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