{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T20:28:18Z","timestamp":1770236898265,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,24]],"date-time":"2020-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600905600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Acta Neuropsychiatr."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S0924270820000320_as1\"><jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title><jats:p>We sought to assess the effectiveness of clozapine augmentation with Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) (C+ECT) in patients with clozapine-resistant schizophrenia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0924270820000320_as2\"><jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title><jats:p>We conducted a retrospective review of electronic health records to identify patients treated with C+ECT. We determined the response to C+ECT and the rate of rehospitalisation over the year following treatment with C+ECT.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0924270820000320_as3\"><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Forty-two patients were treated with C+ECT over a 10-year period. The mean age of the patients at initiation of ECT was 46.3 (SD = 8.2) years (range 27\u201362 years). The mean number of ECTs given was 10.6 (SD = 5.3) (range 3\u201325) with the majority receiving twice weekly ECT. Seventy-six per cent of patients (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 32) showed a Clinical Global Impression-Improvement (CGI-I) score of \u22643 (at least minimally improved) following C+ECT. The mean number of ECT treatments was 10.6 (SD = 5.3) (range 3\u201325) with the majority receiving twice weekly ECT. Sixty-four per cent of patients experienced no adverse events. Response to C+ECT was not associated with gender, age, duration of illness or duration of clozapine treatment. Seventy-five per cent of responders remained out of hospital over the course of 1-year follow-up, while 70% of those with no response to C+ECT were not admitted to hospital. Three patients received maintenance ECT, one of whom was rehospitalised.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0924270820000320_as4\"><jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study lends support to emerging evidence for the effectiveness of C+ECT in clozapine-resistant schizophrenia. These results are consistent with the results of a meta-analysis and the only randomised controlled trial (RCT) of this intervention. Further RCTs are required before this treatment can be confidently recommended.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/neu.2020.32","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,24]],"date-time":"2020-09-24T04:43:56Z","timestamp":1600922636000},"page":"31-36","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Augmentation of clozapine with ECT: a retrospective case analysis"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3038-0625","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John","family":"Lally","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Breese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mugtaba","family":"Osman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cai","family":"Hua Sim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hitesh","family":"Shetty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amir","family":"Krivoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James H.","family":"MacCabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0924270820000320_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2016.01.024"},{"key":"S0924270820000320_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-9-51"},{"key":"S0924270820000320_ref5","volume-title":"ECDEU Assessment Manual for Psychopharmacology","author":"Guy","year":"1976"},{"key":"S0924270820000320_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-010-0173-3"},{"key":"S0924270820000320_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbr004"},{"key":"S0924270820000320_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-017-0411-6"},{"key":"S0924270820000320_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2014.13060787"},{"key":"S0924270820000320_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/18.3.515"},{"key":"S0924270820000320_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2019.02.008"},{"key":"S0924270820000320_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-004-0517-y"},{"key":"S0924270820000320_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291716002014"},{"key":"S0924270820000320_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2017.01.042"},{"key":"S0924270820000320_ref17","first-page":"CD011847","article-title":"Electroconvulsive therapy for treatment-resistant schizophrenia","author":"Sinclair","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"key":"S0924270820000320_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.09m05785yel"},{"key":"S0924270820000320_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0156510"},{"key":"S0924270820000320_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1185\/03007999709113338"},{"key":"S0924270820000320_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.03.033"},{"key":"S0924270820000320_ref13","article-title":"Impacts of electroconvulsive therapy on 1-year outcomes in patients with schizophrenia: A controlled, population-based mirror-image study","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Schizophrenia Bulletin"},{"key":"S0924270820000320_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/ipm.2018.47"},{"key":"S0924270820000320_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/neu.2018.32"},{"key":"S0924270820000320_ref21","first-page":"CD000076","article-title":"Electroconvulsive therapy for schizophrenia","author":"Tharyan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"key":"S0924270820000320_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/YCT.0000000000000588"},{"key":"S0924270820000320_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/ldv017"},{"key":"S0924270820000320_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4306\/pi.2017.14.1.58"}],"container-title":["Acta Neuropsychiatrica"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0924270820000320","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,29]],"date-time":"2021-01-29T07:01:43Z","timestamp":1611903703000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0924270820000320\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,24]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S0924270820000320"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/neu.2020.32","relation":{},"ISSN":["0924-2708","1601-5215"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0924-2708","type":"print"},{"value":"1601-5215","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"\u00a9 Scandinavian College of Neuropsychopharmacology 2020","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}}]}}