{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T12:46:41Z","timestamp":1790513201635,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,28]],"date-time":"2020-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601251200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Acta Neuropsychiatr."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>We assessed the frequency, duration, and degree of unpleasantness of olfactory hallucinations in Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD). Informants of 31 AD patients were invited to rate the frequency, duration, and degree of unpleasantness of olfactory, auditory, and visual hallucinations. Analysis demonstrated little occurrence of olfactory hallucinations compared with auditory or visual hallucinations. Results also demonstrated that olfactory hallucinations span from a few seconds to one minute, a duration that was similar to that of auditory and visual hallucinations. Olfactory hallucinations were rated as unpleasant compared with auditory or visual hallucinations. Finally, olfactory hallucinations were significantly correlated with depression. Our findings demonstrate little occurrence of olfactory hallucinations but that when they occur, they are experienced as relatively unpleasant in AD patients. Our findings also demonstrate a relationship between olfactory hallucinations and psychiatric characteristics (i.e., depression) in AD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/neu.2020.33","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,28]],"date-time":"2020-09-28T08:32:30Z","timestamp":1601281950000},"page":"37-42","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Olfactory hallucinations in Alzheimer\u2019s disease"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7635-7557","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamad","family":"El Haj","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Lar\u00f8i","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0924270820000332_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.62.10.1601"},{"key":"S0924270820000332_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-015-2441-5"},{"key":"S0924270820000332_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/87565648709540361"},{"key":"S0924270820000332_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13546805.2015.1121139"},{"key":"S0924270820000332_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00019442-200002000-00004"},{"key":"S0924270820000332_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.69.2.172"},{"key":"S0924270820000332_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2017.02.021"},{"key":"S0924270820000332_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13546805.2015.1023392"},{"key":"S0924270820000332_ref18","first-page":"351","article-title":"Anosmia secondary to acute rhinitis: clinical signs and course in a series of 118 patients","volume":"116","author":"Faulcon","year":"1999","journal-title":"Annales Fran\u00e7aises d\u2019Oto-Rhino-Laryngologie Cervicofac"},{"key":"S0924270820000332_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511761676"},{"key":"S0924270820000332_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x"},{"key":"S0924270820000332_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0013739"},{"key":"S0924270820000332_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1177\/089198878800100104","article-title":"The nature of psychotic symptoms in senile dementia of the Alzheimer type","volume":"1","author":"Rubin","year":"1988","journal-title":"Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology"},{"key":"S0924270820000332_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2010.05.012"},{"key":"S0924270820000332_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(75)90026-6"},{"key":"S0924270820000332_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.161.4.598"},{"key":"S0924270820000332_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2015.07.001"},{"key":"S0924270820000332_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.53.7.1480"},{"key":"S0924270820000332_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2016.02.002"},{"key":"S0924270820000332_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0920-9964(94)90030-2"},{"key":"S0924270820000332_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00019442-200511000-00009"},{"key":"S0924270820000332_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.psy.44.5.388"},{"key":"S0924270820000332_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-9964(02)00358-4"},{"key":"S0924270820000332_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.448"},{"key":"S0924270820000332_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2011.06.014"},{"key":"S0924270820000332_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-009-1001-0"},{"key":"S0924270820000332_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.152.9.1349","article-title":"The Behavior Rating Scale for Dementia of the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. The Behavioral Pathology Committee of the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"152","author":"Tariot","year":"1995","journal-title":"The American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0924270820000332_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2010.07.032"},{"key":"S0924270820000332_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291797005552"},{"key":"S0924270820000332_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2014.06.016","article-title":"Olfactory markers of depression and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"45","author":"Marine","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"key":"S0924270820000332_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8721.ep10768783"},{"key":"S0924270820000332_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1996.tb02942.x"},{"key":"S0924270820000332_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-014-0900-z"},{"key":"S0924270820000332_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199507000-00006"},{"key":"S0924270820000332_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2004.12.008"},{"key":"S0924270820000332_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7044.116.2.286"},{"key":"S0924270820000332_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2008.57"},{"key":"S0924270820000332_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.69.2.167"},{"key":"S0924270820000332_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.156.7.1039","article-title":"Psychiatric morbidity in dementia with Lewy bodies: a prospective clinical and neuropathological comparative study with Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"156","author":"Ballard","year":"1999","journal-title":"The American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0924270820000332_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.15.3.340"},{"key":"S0924270820000332_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13546800600753120"},{"key":"S0924270820000332_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2011.03.005"},{"key":"S0924270820000332_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JGP.0b013e3181953b9a"},{"key":"S0924270820000332_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.112.118307"},{"key":"S0924270820000332_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2007.08.001"},{"key":"S0924270820000332_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.52.1.59"},{"key":"S0924270820000332_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2005.08.001"},{"key":"S0924270820000332_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1991.01870170065015"},{"key":"S0924270820000332_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-6748.77625"},{"key":"S0924270820000332_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2007.10.017"},{"key":"S0924270820000332_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2006.01.007"}],"container-title":["Acta Neuropsychiatrica"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0924270820000332","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,20]],"date-time":"2022-11-20T19:09:34Z","timestamp":1668971374000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0924270820000332\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,28]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S0924270820000332"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/neu.2020.33","relation":{},"ISSN":["0924-2708","1601-5215"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0924-2708","type":"print"},{"value":"1601-5215","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"\u00a9 Scandinavian College of Neuropsychopharmacology 2020","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}}]}}