{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T20:15:59Z","timestamp":1778703359580,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,15]],"date-time":"2020-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1602720000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Acta Neuropsychiatr."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S0924270820000356_as1\"><jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Hair cortisol concentration (HCC) can be used to periodically assess hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013adrenal (HPA) axis function, and appears correlated with prolonged exposure to stress.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0924270820000356_as2\"><jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Serial assessment (at Baseline, Week 6 and Week 12) of participants (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>= 35) with anxiety disorders by psychopathological rating scales, with assays of HCC and levels of peripheral anti- and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Patients underwent antidepressant treatment for an initial 6 weeks, followed by cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor-2 (COX-2) inhibitor (celecoxib) augmentation or \u2018treatment as usual\u2019 for a further 6 weeks.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0924270820000356_as3\"><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p>At Baseline (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>= 35), HCC was elevated in patients with single-episode but not recurrent-episode anxiety disorders, mean IL-12p70 levels were low, and mean TNF-\u03b1 levels were elevated. Following 6 weeks of antidepressant treatment (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>= 33), mean HCC was within the normal range but mean IL-2 level was low. Celecoxib augmentation (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>= 18) was associated with a reduction in anxiety symptoms and normalisation of mean IL-2 levels.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0924270820000356_as4\"><jats:title>Limitations:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Small sample size. Not all participants were assessed at all time points.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0924270820000356_as5\"><jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Serial assessment of HCC is practicable in patients with anxiety disorders. 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