{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T04:05:30Z","timestamp":1790309130683,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,20]],"date-time":"2021-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639958400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Acta Neuropsychiatr."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S0924270821000417_as1\"><jats:title>Objectives:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cholecystokinin is a neuropeptide with a role in the neurobiology of adaptive behaviour that is implicated in anxiety disorders, while the underlying mechanisms currently remain insufficiently explained. The rs2941026 variation in the cholecystokinin B receptor gene has previously been associated with trait anxiety. Our aim was to investigate associations between the CCK<jats:sub>B<\/jats:sub>receptor gene polymorphism rs2941026 with anxiety, personality, depressiveness and suicidality in a longitudinal study of late adolescence and early adulthood.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0924270821000417_as2\"><jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title><jats:p>We used reports on trait and state anxiety, depressiveness and suicidal thoughts, as well as Affective Neuroscience Personality Scales, from the two birth cohorts of the Estonian Children Personality, Behaviour and Health Study. We measured associations between the<jats:italic>CCKBR<\/jats:italic>gene rs2941026 and anxiety-related phenotypes both longitudinally and cross-sectionally at ages 15, 18, 25 and 33.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0924270821000417_as3\"><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Homozygosity for both alleles of the<jats:italic>CCKBR<\/jats:italic>rs2941026 was associated with higher trait and state anxiety in the longitudinal analysis. Cross-sectional comparisons were statistically significant at ages 18 and 25 for trait anxiety and at ages 25 and 33 for state anxiety. Higher depressiveness and suicidal thoughts were associated with the A\/A genotype at age 18. Additionally, homozygosity for the A-allele was related to higher FEAR and SADNESS in the Affective Neuroscience Personality Scales. The genotype effects were more apparent in females, who displayed higher levels of negative affect overall.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0924270821000417_as4\"><jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>CCKBR<\/jats:italic>genotype is persistently associated with negative affect in adolescence and young adulthood. The association of the<jats:italic>CCKBR<\/jats:italic>rs2941026 genotype with anxiety-related phenotypes is more pronounced in females.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/neu.2021.41","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,20]],"date-time":"2021-12-20T07:17:45Z","timestamp":1639984665000},"page":"201-211","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Cholecystokinin B receptor gene polymorphism (rs2941026) is associated with anxious personality and suicidal thoughts in a longitudinal study"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Aneth","family":"Lvovs","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denis","family":"Matrov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Triin","family":"Kurrikoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toomas","family":"Veidebaum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4484-2096","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaanus","family":"Harro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0924270821000417_ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2004.07.076"},{"key":"S0924270821000417_ref84","volume-title":"Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory: STAI (form Y)","author":"Spielberger","year":"1983"},{"key":"S0924270821000417_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2016.11.007"},{"key":"S0924270821000417_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2014.05.004"},{"key":"S0924270821000417_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1991.01810310021005"},{"key":"S0924270821000417_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1989.01810060031006"},{"key":"S0924270821000417_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2020.170330"},{"key":"S0924270821000417_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-7364-4-5-284"},{"key":"S0924270821000417_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2008.04.027"},{"key":"S0924270821000417_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004714-199512000-00007"},{"key":"S0924270821000417_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2007.09.035"},{"key":"S0924270821000417_ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195096736.001.0001","volume-title":"Affective Neuroscience: The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions","author":"Panksepp","year":"1998"},{"key":"S0924270821000417_ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2010.04.003"},{"key":"S0924270821000417_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(96)02819-3"},{"key":"S0924270821000417_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-018-0078-9"},{"key":"S0924270821000417_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2012.00016"},{"key":"S0924270821000417_ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/neu.2019.48"},{"key":"S0924270821000417_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2017.04.005"},{"key":"S0924270821000417_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-5846(92)90088-V"},{"key":"S0924270821000417_ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0041489"},{"key":"S0924270821000417_ref38","first-page":"62","article-title":"Anxiogenic-like action of caerulein, a CCK-8 receptor agonist, in the mouse: influence of acute and subchronic diazepam treatment","volume":"341","author":"Harro","year":"1990","journal-title":"Naunyn-Schmiedeberg\u2019s Archives of Pharmacology"},{"key":"S0924270821000417_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4002097"},{"key":"S0924270821000417_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(94)00190-E"},{"key":"S0924270821000417_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2019.109761"},{"key":"S0924270821000417_ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-002-1316-7"},{"key":"S0924270821000417_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2003.11.010"},{"key":"S0924270821000417_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/YPG.0b013e32833511a8"},{"key":"S0924270821000417_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1943-278X.1998.tb00622.x"},{"key":"S0924270821000417_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-4943(95)00635-X"},{"key":"S0924270821000417_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4000507"},{"key":"S0924270821000417_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01273363"},{"key":"S0924270821000417_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-3057(94)90445-6"},{"key":"S0924270821000417_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1099800417692878"},{"key":"S0924270821000417_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00168707"},{"key":"S0924270821000417_ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2004.10.001"},{"key":"S0924270821000417_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.10058"},{"key":"S0924270821000417_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2012.09.004"},{"key":"S0924270821000417_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7091-0579-5_17"},{"key":"S0924270821000417_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2020.101928"},{"key":"S0924270821000417_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2005.02.006"},{"key":"S0924270821000417_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-5846(01)00212-3"},{"key":"S0924270821000417_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.134.4.382"},{"key":"S0924270821000417_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00610"},{"key":"S0924270821000417_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2009.05.003"},{"key":"S0924270821000417_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncir.2018.00106"},{"key":"S0924270821000417_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00041444-200503000-00004"},{"key":"S0924270821000417_ref12","first-page":"91","article-title":"Dose ranging study of the effects of cholecystokinin in healthy volunteers","volume":"16","author":"Bradwejn","year":"1991","journal-title":"Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience"},{"key":"S0924270821000417_ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/psyc.2011.74.1.5"},{"key":"S0924270821000417_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.npep.2007.08.001"},{"key":"S0924270821000417_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-019-0387-3"},{"key":"S0924270821000417_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12031-015-0694-3"},{"key":"S0924270821000417_ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2021.100309"},{"key":"S0924270821000417_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00038-018-1196-1"},{"key":"S0924270821000417_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2016.174"},{"key":"S0924270821000417_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(91)90330-O"},{"key":"S0924270821000417_ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2003.11.072"},{"key":"S0924270821000417_ref71","first-page":"627","volume-title":"Textbook of Biological Psychiatry","author":"Panksepp","year":"2004"},{"key":"S0924270821000417_ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1787-13.2014"},{"key":"S0924270821000417_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0505407103"},{"key":"S0924270821000417_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2014.225"},{"key":"S0924270821000417_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291799001452"},{"key":"S0924270821000417_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.npep.2021.102127"},{"key":"S0924270821000417_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15294145.2003.10773410"},{"key":"S0924270821000417_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.21-01-00262.2001"},{"key":"S0924270821000417_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-6147(93)90020-K"},{"key":"S0924270821000417_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2019.19030256"},{"key":"S0924270821000417_ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/09540261.2010.492391"},{"key":"S0924270821000417_ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkq1080"},{"key":"S0924270821000417_ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2018.10.003"},{"key":"S0924270821000417_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-006-0334-x"},{"key":"S0924270821000417_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.02.009"},{"key":"S0924270821000417_ref25","first-page":"663","article-title":"Aging and panicogenic response to cholecystokinin tetrapeptide: an examination of the cholecystokinin system","volume":"27","author":"Flint","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"S0924270821000417_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2015.02.050"},{"key":"S0924270821000417_ref79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.4103\/2277-9175.161577","article-title":"Effects of repeated treatment with cholecystokinin sulfated octapeptide on passive avoidance memory under chronic restraint stress in male rats","volume":"4","author":"Sadeghi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Advanced Biomedical Research"},{"key":"S0924270821000417_ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.256.5058.830"},{"key":"S0924270821000417_ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2013.61"},{"key":"S0924270821000417_ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2020.104974"},{"key":"S0924270821000417_ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2013.07.006"},{"key":"S0924270821000417_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0924-977X(92)90037-9"},{"key":"S0924270821000417_ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8628(19980508)81:3<228::AID-AJMG5>3.0.CO;2-S"},{"key":"S0924270821000417_ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/da.21919"},{"key":"S0924270821000417_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd4075"},{"key":"S0924270821000417_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12576-020-00771-0"},{"key":"S0924270821000417_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/070674379003500115"},{"key":"S0924270821000417_ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/ENEURO.0220-19.2019"},{"key":"S0924270821000417_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-4328(90)90121-T"},{"key":"S0924270821000417_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.22513"},{"key":"S0924270821000417_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.20.11043"},{"key":"S0924270821000417_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mai.2001.114798"},{"key":"S0924270821000417_ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(99)00090-6"},{"key":"S0924270821000417_ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-62699-0"}],"container-title":["Acta Neuropsychiatrica"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0924270821000417","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,14]],"date-time":"2023-11-14T14:07:45Z","timestamp":1699970865000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0924270821000417\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,20]]},"references-count":91,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S0924270821000417"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/neu.2021.41","relation":{},"ISSN":["0924-2708","1601-5215"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0924-2708","type":"print"},{"value":"1601-5215","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"\u00a9 The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Scandinavian College of Neuropsychopharmacology","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}}]}}