{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T09:02:08Z","timestamp":1765357328131,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":111,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,2]],"date-time":"2023-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677715200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Acta Neuropsychiatr."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Coronavirus disease, one of the most disastrous epidemics, has caused a worldwide crisis, and the containment measures applied to decelerate the progression of the pandemic can increase the risk of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Identifying vulnerable groups in this area can lead us to better resource expenditure, and therefore, this systematic review aims to make a comparison between males and females to determine which of the two groups was most affected by the COVID-19 pandemic regarding OCD. Also, a meta-analysis was designed to investigate the prevalence of OCD during the COVID-19 pandemic. A comprehensive search was conducted among three databases (Medline, Scopus, Web of Science) until August 2021 which resulted in 197 articles, and 24 articles met our inclusion criteria. Overall, more than half of the articles stated the role of gender in OCD during the COVID-19 pandemic. Several articles emphasized the role of the female gender, and some others the role of the male gender. The meta-analysis revealed a 41.2% overall prevalence of OCD during the COVID pandemic and 47.1% and 39.1% OCD prevalence for female and male genders respectively. However, the difference between the two genders was not statistically significant. Generally, it seems that females are at greater risk of OCD during the COVID-19 pandemic. In the following groups, the female gender may have acted as a risk factor: under-18 years students, hospital staff, and the studies in the Middle East. In none of the categories, male gender was clearly identified as a risk factor.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/neu.2023.15","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,2]],"date-time":"2023-03-02T09:24:07Z","timestamp":1677749047000},"page":"270-291","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The COVID-19 pandemic and obsessive-compulsive disorder: a systematic review of comparisons between males and females"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9371-5379","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erfan","family":"Jalalifar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amirreza","family":"Arad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohsen","family":"Rastkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rasa","family":"Beheshti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0924270823000157_ref1","unstructured":"Statement on the Second Meeting of the International Health Regulations (2005) Emergency Committee Regarding the Outbreak of Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV). Available at https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\/item\/30-01-2020-statement-on-the-second-meeting-of-the-international-health-regulations-(2005)-emergency-committee-regarding-the-outbreak-of-novel-coronavirus-(2019-ncov)."},{"key":"S0924270823000157_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0257840"},{"key":"S0924270823000157_ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2020.12.045"},{"key":"S0924270823000157_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2021.03.046"},{"key":"S0924270823000157_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s41983-021-00280-w"},{"key":"S0924270823000157_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19052966"},{"key":"S0924270823000157_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/21915"},{"key":"S0924270823000157_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2020.152174"},{"key":"S0924270823000157_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2271-3"},{"key":"S0924270823000157_ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0020764020927051"},{"key":"S0924270823000157_ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g2183"},{"key":"S0924270823000157_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3906\/sag-2004-146"},{"key":"S0924270823000157_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18115649"},{"key":"S0924270823000157_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2020.152198"},{"key":"S0924270823000157_ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.08.001"},{"key":"S0924270823000157_ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2012-202480"},{"key":"S0924270823000157_ref104","first-page":"5","article-title":"The cross national epidemiology of obsessive compulsive disorder. The Cross National Collaborative Group","volume":"55","author":"Weissman","year":"1994","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0924270823000157_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2011.12.007"},{"key":"S0924270823000157_ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000507639"},{"key":"S0924270823000157_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2014.10.015"},{"key":"S0924270823000157_ref15","first-page":"1563","article-title":"Relationship of obsessive-compulsive disorders with religion and psychosocial attitude among local medical college students of Karachi: An epidemiological study","volume":"70","author":"Asghar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Pakistan Medical Association"},{"key":"S0924270823000157_ref6","article-title":"The role of stress in the pathogenesis and maintenance of obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"2","author":"Adams","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chronic Stress (Thousand Oaks)"},{"key":"S0924270823000157_ref12","first-page":"e12978","article-title":"Depression and obsessive-compulsive disorders amid the COVID-19 pandemic in Saudi Arabia","volume":"13","author":"AlHusseini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"S0924270823000157_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000923"},{"key":"S0924270823000157_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2020.104371"},{"key":"S0924270823000157_ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2021.03.064"},{"key":"S0924270823000157_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.731348"},{"key":"S0924270823000157_ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30090-0"},{"key":"S0924270823000157_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gpsych-2019-100180"},{"key":"S0924270823000157_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2016.115"},{"key":"S0924270823000157_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1007.030703"},{"key":"S0924270823000157_ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-17367-2"},{"key":"S0924270823000157_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/156913302100418592"},{"key":"S0924270823000157_ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-020-10248-0"},{"key":"S0924270823000157_ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18041910"},{"key":"S0924270823000157_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.15313"},{"key":"S0924270823000157_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/taaa192"},{"key":"S0924270823000157_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.24457.1"},{"key":"S0924270823000157_ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268807009156"},{"key":"S0924270823000157_ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2008.94"},{"key":"S0924270823000157_ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s43045-021-00086-9"},{"key":"S0924270823000157_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08039488.2021.1912823"},{"key":"S0924270823000157_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13651501.2021.1879159"},{"key":"S0924270823000157_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2009.03.001"},{"key":"S0924270823000157_ref55","first-page":"1","article-title":"COVID-19 and its modes of transmission","author":"Karia","year":"2020","journal-title":"SN Comprehensive Clinical Medicine"},{"key":"S0924270823000157_ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.07.037"},{"key":"S0924270823000157_ref79","first-page":"87","article-title":"Outbreaks-of Ebola virus disease in the West African sub-region","volume":"43","author":"Osungbade","year":"2014","journal-title":"African Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences"},{"key":"S0924270823000157_ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0305-750X(98)00156-9"},{"volume-title":"Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder","year":"2021","author":"Brock","key":"S0924270823000157_ref19"},{"key":"S0924270823000157_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2020.102341"},{"key":"S0924270823000157_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2020.04.077"},{"key":"S0924270823000157_ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01170"},{"key":"S0924270823000157_ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0000000000000498"},{"key":"S0924270823000157_ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.16725"},{"key":"S0924270823000157_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0737-1209.2005.220504.x"},{"key":"S0924270823000157_ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2015.07.009"},{"key":"S0924270823000157_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18115792"},{"key":"S0924270823000157_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/15248380211038690"},{"key":"S0924270823000157_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2020.05.044"},{"key":"S0924270823000157_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00737-016-0626-4"},{"key":"S0924270823000157_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp2002125"},{"key":"S0924270823000157_ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.05.048"},{"key":"S0924270823000157_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2015.11.011"},{"key":"S0924270823000157_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17196986"},{"key":"S0924270823000157_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.19r13085"},{"key":"S0924270823000157_ref50","first-page":"Cd006207","article-title":"Physical interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses","volume":"2011","author":"Jefferson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"key":"S0924270823000157_ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.20525"},{"key":"S0924270823000157_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-5446-1"},{"key":"S0924270823000157_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v68n1114"},{"key":"S0924270823000157_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24869\/psyd.2020.482"},{"key":"S0924270823000157_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.140561"},{"key":"S0924270823000157_ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-4-2"},{"key":"S0924270823000157_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15537\/smj.2021.42.7.20210181"},{"key":"S0924270823000157_ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0236688"},{"key":"S0924270823000157_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.32394\/pe.75.05","article-title":"Investigating the effect of quarantine caused by COVID-19 on Mental Health and Social Trust","volume":"75","author":"Dehkordi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Przeglad Epidemiologiczny"},{"key":"S0924270823000157_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.13107"},{"key":"S0924270823000157_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S1516-44462011000400014"},{"key":"S0924270823000157_ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315639505"},{"key":"S0924270823000157_ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/dmp.2012.2"},{"key":"S0924270823000157_ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s41133-021-00050-6"},{"key":"S0924270823000157_ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HRP.0000000000000274"},{"key":"S0924270823000157_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2016.57"},{"key":"S0924270823000157_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/24312"},{"key":"S0924270823000157_ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2010.09.006"},{"key":"S0924270823000157_ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-010-9491-z"},{"key":"S0924270823000157_ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocrd.2017.07.001"},{"key":"S0924270823000157_ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18356\/9789210012232"},{"key":"S0924270823000157_ref2","unstructured":"World Bank Open Data. Available at https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/."},{"key":"S0924270823000157_ref3","unstructured":"World Health Organization. WHO Director-General\u2019s Opening Remarks at the Media Briefing on COVID-19-11 March 2020. Available at https:\/\/www.who.int\/director-general\/speeches\/detail\/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---11-march-2020."},{"key":"S0924270823000157_ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-151-4-200908180-00135"},{"volume-title":"Global Employment Trends for Women, 2004","year":"2004","author":"Elder","key":"S0924270823000157_ref31"},{"key":"S0924270823000157_ref72","article-title":"Relationship between spouse abuse, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and predictors of domestic violence in women visiting comprehensive urban health service centers in Birjand","volume":"4","author":"Bibi Narjes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Health Technology Assessment in Action"},{"key":"S0924270823000157_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2020.151913"},{"key":"S0924270823000157_ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.594167"},{"key":"S0924270823000157_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s41470-020-00077-x"},{"key":"S0924270823000157_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2018.11.013"},{"key":"S0924270823000157_ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijso.2020.08.017"},{"key":"S0924270823000157_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2020.1562"},{"key":"S0924270823000157_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5545.204438"},{"key":"S0924270823000157_ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-10540-2"},{"key":"S0924270823000157_ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.09m05651blu"},{"key":"S0924270823000157_ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30628-0"},{"key":"S0924270823000157_ref82","first-page":"100","article-title":"Risk for pathological contamination fears at coronavirus time: Proposal of early intervention and prevention strategies","volume":"17","author":"Pozza","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clinical Neuropsychiatry"},{"key":"S0924270823000157_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30460-8"},{"key":"S0924270823000157_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.113213"},{"key":"S0924270823000157_ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-012-0507-8"},{"key":"S0924270823000157_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2009.06.006"},{"volume-title":"Human Development Index (HDI)","year":"2014","author":"Roser","key":"S0924270823000157_ref91"},{"key":"S0924270823000157_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1988.01800360042006"},{"key":"S0924270823000157_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp1402176"},{"key":"S0924270823000157_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/ern.10.46"}],"container-title":["Acta Neuropsychiatrica"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0924270823000157","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,15]],"date-time":"2024-10-15T15:13:54Z","timestamp":1729005234000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0924270823000157\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,2]]},"references-count":111,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S0924270823000157"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/neu.2023.15","relation":{},"ISSN":["0924-2708","1601-5215"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0924-2708"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1601-5215"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"\u00a9 The Author(s), 2023. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Scandinavian College of Neuropsychopharmacology","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}}]}}