{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T18:25:11Z","timestamp":1768587911466,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,30]],"date-time":"2023-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675036800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Acta Neuropsychiatr."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S0924270823000054_as1\"><jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Although yoga shows some promise as an intervention for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), little is known about how yoga reduces PTSD symptoms. The current study hypothesised that aspects of interoceptive awareness would mediate the effect of a yoga intervention on PTSD symptoms.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0924270823000054_as2\"><jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title><jats:p>We used data from our recently completed randomised controlled trial of a 16-week holistic yoga programme for veterans and civilians diagnosed with PTSD (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 141) that offered weekly 90-minute sessions. We conducted a mediation analysis using interoceptive awareness and other variables that were associated with PTSD symptom reduction at mid-treatment and treatment end.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0924270823000054_as3\"><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Although measures of anxiety, interoceptive awareness, and spirituality were identified in individual mediator models, they were no longer found to be significant mediators when examined jointly in multiple mediator models. When examining the multiple mediator models, the strongest mediator of the yoga intervention on PTSD symptoms was mental well-being at mid-treatment and stigma at the treatment end. The total effect of yoga on CAPS and PCL at the treatment end mediated by stigma was 37.1% (\u20131.81\/\u20134.88) and 33.6% (\u20131.91\/\u20135.68), respectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0924270823000054_as14\"><jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Investigation of mental well-being and mental illness stigma as potential mediators is warranted in future studies of yoga as a treatment for PTSD as they may prove to be important foci for yoga interventions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/neu.2023.5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,30]],"date-time":"2023-01-30T01:28:00Z","timestamp":1675042080000},"page":"232-240","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Mediators of improved PTSD symptoms in veterans and civilians following a yoga program"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1485-124X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Louanne W.","family":"Davis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arlene A.","family":"Schmid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joanne K.","family":"Daggy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ziyi","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0924270823000054_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-007-0276-3"},{"key":"S0924270823000054_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctcp.2010.09.007"},{"key":"S0924270823000054_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0005614"},{"key":"S0924270823000054_ref19","first-page":"37","article-title":"Yoga for improving sleep quality and quality of life for older adults","volume":"20","author":"Halpern","year":"2014","journal-title":"Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine"},{"key":"S0924270823000054_ref6","first-page":"619","article-title":"Attitudes toward mental illness - 35 states, District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico","volume":"59","year":"2010","journal-title":"Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report"},{"key":"S0924270823000054_ref7","volume-title":"Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences","author":"Cohen","year":"1988"},{"key":"S0924270823000054_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/ser0000191"},{"key":"S0924270823000054_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S42418"},{"key":"S0924270823000054_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.21881"},{"key":"S0924270823000054_ref51","volume-title":"Full catastrophe living: Using the wisdom of your body and mind to face stress, pain, and illness","author":"Kabat-Zinn","year":"1990"},{"key":"S0924270823000054_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2012.06.003"},{"key":"S0924270823000054_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1207\/S15324796ABM2401_06","article-title":"Measuring spiritual well-being in people with cancer: the functional assessment of chronic illness therapy \u2013 spiritual well-being scale (FACIT-Sp)","volume":"24","author":"Peterson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Annals of Behavioral Medicine"},{"key":"S0924270823000054_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12671-021-01736-z"},{"key":"S0924270823000054_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.8370"},{"key":"S0924270823000054_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/prj0000377"},{"key":"S0924270823000054_ref42","first-page":"3","article-title":"What is yoga therapy? An IAYT definition","volume":"3","author":"Taylor","year":"2007","journal-title":"Yoga Therapy in Practice"},{"key":"S0924270823000054_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3928\/00485713-20090728-05"},{"key":"S0924270823000054_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000000121"},{"key":"S0924270823000054_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.201300307"},{"key":"S0924270823000054_ref2","volume-title":"Beck Depression Inventory-II","author":"Beck","year":"1996"},{"key":"S0924270823000054_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctcp.2018.03.002"},{"key":"S0924270823000054_ref38","volume-title":"Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory","author":"Spielberger","year":"1983"},{"key":"S0924270823000054_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.7522"},{"key":"S0924270823000054_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40519-020-00950-3"},{"key":"S0924270823000054_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/ijoy.IJOY_106_20"},{"key":"S0924270823000054_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2007.01882.x"},{"key":"S0924270823000054_ref5","first-page":"1","article-title":"Effects of yoga on depressive symptoms in people with mental disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"0","author":"Brinsley","year":"2020","journal-title":"British Journal of Sports Medicine"},{"key":"S0924270823000054_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0048230"},{"key":"S0924270823000054_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.12r08225"},{"key":"S0924270823000054_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/tra0000564"},{"key":"S0924270823000054_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10705511.2016.1274657"},{"key":"S0924270823000054_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5708\/EJMH.11.2016.1-2.7"},{"key":"S0924270823000054_ref39","volume-title":"MOS Sleep Scale: A Manual for Use and Scoring, Version 1.0","author":"Spritzer","year":"2003"},{"key":"S0924270823000054_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0031034"},{"key":"S0924270823000054_ref49","unstructured":"Weathers, FW , Blake, DD , Schnurr, PP , Kaloupek, DG , Mark, BP and Keane, TM (2013) The Clinician-Administered PTSD scale for DSM-5 (CAPS-5). Interview available from the National Center for PTSD. Available at www.ptsd.va.gov (accessed February 2023)."},{"key":"S0924270823000054_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejtd.2018.10.003"},{"key":"S0924270823000054_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/acm.2016.0334"},{"key":"S0924270823000054_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.22059"},{"key":"S0924270823000054_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12671-019-01225-4"},{"key":"S0924270823000054_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2005.03.009"},{"key":"S0924270823000054_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0031474"},{"key":"S0924270823000054_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.695939"},{"key":"S0924270823000054_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0027082"},{"key":"S0924270823000054_ref1","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","year":"2013"},{"key":"S0924270823000054_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-198807000-00007"},{"key":"S0924270823000054_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2009.07.003"},{"key":"S0924270823000054_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17761\/ijyt.22.1.v71h07m12412k218"},{"key":"S0924270823000054_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000486"},{"key":"S0924270823000054_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.702"},{"key":"S0924270823000054_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1099800417739152"},{"key":"S0924270823000054_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.286.5.584"},{"key":"S0924270823000054_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.1997.00075.x"}],"container-title":["Acta Neuropsychiatrica"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0924270823000054","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,29]],"date-time":"2024-02-29T04:12:25Z","timestamp":1709179945000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0924270823000054\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,30]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S0924270823000054"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/neu.2023.5","relation":{},"ISSN":["0924-2708","1601-5215"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0924-2708","type":"print"},{"value":"1601-5215","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"\u00a9 US Department of Veterans Affairs, 2023","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is a work of the US Government and is not subject to copyright protection within the United States. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Scandinavian College of Neuropsychopharmacology","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}}]}}