{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T11:27:49Z","timestamp":1790767669413,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,17]],"date-time":"2024-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729123200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Acta Neuropsychiatr."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S0924270824000346_as1\">\n\t    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>This study aimed to investigate changes in mRNA expression of the kynurenine pathway (KP) enzymes <jats:italic>tryptophan 2, 3-dioxygenase<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>TDO<\/jats:italic>), <jats:italic>indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase 1<\/jats:italic> and 2 (<jats:italic>IDO1<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>IDO2<\/jats:italic>), <jats:italic>kynurenine aminotransferase 1<\/jats:italic> and 2 (<jats:italic>KAT1, KAT2<\/jats:italic>), <jats:italic>kynurenine monooxygenase<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>KMO<\/jats:italic>) and <jats:italic>kynureninase<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>KYNU<\/jats:italic>) in medicated patients with depression (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 74) compared to age- and sex-matched healthy controls (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 55) and in patients with depression after electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). Associations with mood score (24-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, HAM-D24), plasma KP metabolites and selected glucocorticoid and inflammatory immune markers known to regulate KP enzyme expression were also explored.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S0924270824000346_as2\">\n\t    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>HAM-D24 was used to evaluate depression severity. Whole blood mRNA expression was assessed using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S0924270824000346_as3\">\n\t    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p><jats:italic>KAT1, KYNU<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>IDO2<\/jats:italic> were significantly reduced in patient samples compared to control samples, though results did not survive statistical adjustment for covariates or multiple comparisons. ECT did not alter KP enzyme mRNA expression. Changes in <jats:italic>IDO1<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>KMO<\/jats:italic> and change in HAM-D24 score post-ECT were negatively correlated in subgroups of patients with unipolar depression (<jats:italic>IDO1<\/jats:italic> only), psychotic depression and ECT responders and remitters. Further exploratory correlative analyses revealed altered association patterns between KP enzyme expression, KP metabolites, <jats:italic>NR3C1<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>IL-6<\/jats:italic> in depressed patients pre- and post-ECT.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S0924270824000346_as4\">\n\t    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>Further studies are warranted to determine if KP measures have sufficient sensitivity, specificity and predictive value to be integrated into stress and immune associated biomarker panels to aid patient stratification at diagnosis and in predicting treatment response to antidepressant therapy.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/neu.2024.34","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,17]],"date-time":"2024-10-17T12:03:47Z","timestamp":1729166627000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Gene expression of kynurenine pathway 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