{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T00:27:51Z","timestamp":1759883271887,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751414400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":182,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Acta Neuropsychiatr."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S0924270825100264_as1\">\n\t    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>The COVID-19 pandemic and associated restrictive measures affected the mental health and well-being of individuals globally. We assessed non-modifiable and modifiable factors associated with the change in well-being and mental health from before to during the COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S0924270825100264_as2\">\n\t    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>A cross-sectional online survey was conducted from 26 April, 2020, to 22 April, 2021. Paired samples <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>-tests were conducted to assess change in well-being (measured on The World Health Organization-Five Well-Being Index (WHO-5)) and mental health (a validated composite psychopathology p-score). Sociodemographic, environmental, clinical, and behavioural factors associated with change in outcomes were examined.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S0924270825100264_as3\">\n\t    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>The sample comprised of 1866 adults (<jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic> age = 44.26 \u00b1 17.36 years, female = 78.9%). Results indicated a significant decrease in well-being (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001) and increase in <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>-score (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001) from before to during the pandemic. Having a prior mental health condition was associated with a worsening well-being score, while being female was associated with a worsening p-score. Being of Black African descent was associated with improved p-score and higher socio-economic status (SES) was associated with improved well-being. Factors associated with worsening of both well-being and the p-score included adulthood adversity, financial loss since COVID-19, and placing greater importance on direct contact\/interactions and substance use as coping strategies. Higher education level and endorsing studying\/learning something new as a very important coping strategy were associated with improved well-being and p-score.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S0924270825100264_as4\">\n\t    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>Findings inform the need for targeted interventions to reduce and prevent adverse well-being and mental health outcomes during a pandemic, especially among vulnerable groups.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/neu.2025.10026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T02:38:54Z","timestamp":1751423934000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Risk and protective factors associated with change in well-being and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5633-0795","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ayesha","family":"Assim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Stellenbosch University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Solmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Ottawa"},{"name":"The Ottawa Hospital"},{"name":"University of Ottawa"},{"name":"Charit\u00e9 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christoph U.","family":"Correll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Charit\u00e9 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin"},{"name":"The Zucker Hillside Hospital"},{"name":"Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra\/Northwell"},{"name":"German Center for Mental Health"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Trevor","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Greenwich"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9s","family":"Estrad\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King\u2019s College London"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Georgina","family":"Spies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stellenbosch University"},{"name":"Stellenbosch University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Soraya","family":"Seedat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stellenbosch University"},{"name":"Stellenbosch University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0924270825100264_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.112934"},{"key":"S0924270825100264_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-018401"},{"key":"S0924270825100264_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbs068"},{"key":"S0924270825100264_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wsif.2018.03.006"},{"key":"S0924270825100264_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.2020.212"},{"key":"S0924270825100264_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.22059"},{"key":"S0924270825100264_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.06.027"},{"key":"S0924270825100264_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.27549"},{"key":"S0924270825100264_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09603123.2020.1802409"},{"key":"S0924270825100264_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcbs.2020.07.010"},{"key":"S0924270825100264_ref79","first-page":"1","article-title":"Mice: multivariate imputation by chained equations","volume":"45","author":"Van Buuren","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Software"},{"key":"S0924270825100264_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.607246"},{"key":"S0924270825100264_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0247705"},{"key":"S0924270825100264_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2021.109150"},{"key":"S0924270825100264_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2150132720953682"},{"key":"S0924270825100264_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-020-01318-7"},{"key":"S0924270825100264_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-13-182"},{"key":"S0924270825100264_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(20)30366-1"},{"key":"S0924270825100264_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12992-020-00624-w"},{"key":"S0924270825100264_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22533"},{"key":"S0924270825100264_ref73","unstructured":"Statistics South Africa (2020) Statistical release P0211: Quarterly Labour Force Survey. 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