{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T07:12:10Z","timestamp":1792221130982,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762214400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Acta Neuropsychiatr."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0924270825100422_as1\">\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Motor functional neurological disorder (FND) is a common illness associated with significant functional impairment. There are no effective pharmacotherapies, and despite the early promise of physiotherapy studies, many suffer disabling symptoms in the long term. There is a theoretical rationale for combining psychedelics with physiotherapy; however, the potential benefit of this approach and optimal treatment model remains unexplored. Here, we present the protocol for the first study investigating the tolerability, feasibility, and potential efficacy of two distinct treatment regimens of psilocybin-assisted physiotherapy for refractory motor FND: a moderate dose that incorporates movement tasks during the acute drug effects versus a standard dose alone.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0924270825100422_as2\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Twenty-four participants with refractory motor FND will be randomised in a 1:1 ratio to either (1) psilocybin 15 mg, with movement tasks conducted during the acute drug effects, or (2) psilocybin 25 mg alone. All participants will receive two sessions of FND-specific physiotherapy pre-dosing, six sessions of physiotherapy post-dosing, and undergo follow-up visits one week and four weeks following their final physiotherapy session. A battery of outcome measures will be completed as scheduled, assessing tolerability, feasibility, motor FND symptom severity, psychiatric and physical symptoms, quality of life, treatment expectations, intensity of the acute drug effects, personality, motor function, force-matching performance, resting-state and task-based brain imaging, and subjective experiences of the study treatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0924270825100422_as3\">\n                    <jats:title>Discussion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings will assist the design of an adequately powered randomised controlled trial in this cohort. The findings may also inform the feasibility of psychedelic treatment in related functional and neuropsychiatric disorders.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/neu.2025.10042","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T10:59:41Z","timestamp":1762253981000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Psilocybin-assisted physiotherapy for refractory motor functional neurological disorder: protocol for a randomised dose-comparison pilot study"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7983-4280","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiranth","family":"Bhagavan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01ej9dk98","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Melbourne"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Bryson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Florey Institute of Neuroscience & Mental Health"},{"name":"Melbourne Health"},{"name":"Eastern Health"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivia","family":"Carter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Melbourne"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Glenn","family":"Nielsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St George\u2019s University of London"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Berlowitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Breathing and Sleep"},{"name":"University of Melbourne"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Issak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Melbourne"},{"name":"Epworth Healthcare"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabine","family":"Braat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Melbourne"},{"name":"University of Melbourne"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophie","family":"Zaloumis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Melbourne"},{"name":"University of Melbourne"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zachary","family":"Attard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Breathing and Sleep"},{"name":"University of Melbourne"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dina","family":"Eleftheriadis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01ej9dk98","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Melbourne"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgina","family":"Oliver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01ej9dk98","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Melbourne"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deanne","family":"Mayne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FND Hope International"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Greg","family":"Roebuck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Melbourne"},{"name":"Deakin University and Barwon Health"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Rucker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King\u2019s College London"},{"name":"Bethlem Royal Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Butler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King\u2019s College London"},{"name":"Bethlem Royal Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Kanaan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01ej9dk98","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Melbourne"},{"name":"Florey Institute of Neuroscience & Mental Health"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0924270825100422_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881120959614"},{"key":"S0924270825100422_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2018.05.006"},{"key":"S0924270825100422_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.o64"},{"key":"S0924270825100422_ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.13141"},{"key":"S0924270825100422_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006842-200203000-00008"},{"key":"S0924270825100422_ref37","first-page":"e686","article-title":"Increased incidence of functional (psychogenic) movement disorders in children and adults amid the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study","volume":"11","author":"Hull","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurology: Clinical Practice"},{"key":"S0924270825100422_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(24)00135-2"},{"key":"S0924270825100422_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2014-309255"},{"key":"S0924270825100422_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106239"},{"key":"S0924270825100422_ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2024.2346233"},{"key":"S0924270825100422_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aws129"},{"key":"S0924270825100422_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7525-6-63"},{"key":"S0924270825100422_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2013-305321"},{"key":"S0924270825100422_ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/02698811251368360"},{"key":"S0924270825100422_ref79","volume-title":"SF-36 health survey: manual and interpretation guide","author":"Ware","year":"1993"},{"key":"S0924270825100422_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.10.029"},{"key":"S0924270825100422_ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/02698811211026454"},{"key":"S0924270825100422_ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/pspp0000096"},{"key":"S0924270825100422_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-019-0333-3"},{"key":"S0924270825100422_ref82","unstructured":"Wilde, A (2023) The current research on psychedelic therapy for chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), Available at: https:\/\/www.psychedelicpassage.com\/the-current-research-on-psychedelic-therapy-for-chronic-fatigue-syndrome-cfs\/."},{"key":"S0924270825100422_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2021.102623"},{"key":"S0924270825100422_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000446660"},{"key":"S0924270825100422_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2021.06.001"},{"key":"S0924270825100422_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2024.2546"},{"key":"S0924270825100422_ref55","first-page":"500","article-title":"Microdosing psychedelics: current evidence from controlled studies","volume":"9","author":"Murphy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging"},{"key":"S0924270825100422_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(21)00422-1"},{"key":"S0924270825100422_ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.5960"},{"key":"S0924270825100422_ref38","first-page":"1","article-title":"Integrated addendum to ICH E6 (R1): guideline for good clinical practice E6 (R2)","volume":"2","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Council for Harmonisation, Geneva"},{"key":"S0924270825100422_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.710004"},{"key":"S0924270825100422_ref57","volume-title":"Trial materials","author":"Nielsen","year":"2024"},{"key":"S0924270825100422_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.prcp.20240047"},{"key":"S0924270825100422_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.13249"},{"key":"S0924270825100422_ref16","first-page":"316","article-title":"REBUS and the anarchic brain: toward a unified model of the brain action of psychedelics","volume":"71","author":"Carhart-Harris","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharmacological Reviews, American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental"},{"key":"S0924270825100422_ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881110382466"},{"key":"S0924270825100422_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2019.1593561"},{"key":"S0924270825100422_ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2949"},{"key":"S0924270825100422_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2022.2079108"},{"key":"S0924270825100422_ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2015.10.009"},{"key":"S0924270825100422_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2018.05.022"},{"key":"S0924270825100422_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2019.1683260"},{"key":"S0924270825100422_ref12","first-page":"28","article-title":"The clinical global impressions scale: applying a research tool in clinical practice","volume":"4","author":"Busner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychiatry (Edgmont)"},{"key":"S0924270825100422_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-01744-z"},{"key":"S0924270825100422_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebr.2021.100489"},{"key":"S0924270825100422_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881108093587"},{"key":"S0924270825100422_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2016-314408"},{"key":"S0924270825100422_ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamahealthforum.2024.3630"},{"key":"S0924270825100422_ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaf093"},{"key":"S0924270825100422_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2008.08.010"},{"key":"S0924270825100422_ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1740774512465064"},{"key":"S0924270825100422_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-023-02360-0"},{"key":"S0924270825100422_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/rapm-2020-101273"},{"key":"S0924270825100422_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-022-01363-y"},{"key":"S0924270825100422_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-1246"},{"key":"S0924270825100422_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lmot.2017.05.001"},{"key":"S0924270825100422_ref75","first-page":"1092","article-title":"A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7","volume":"166","author":"Spitzer","year":"2006","journal-title":"American Medical Association"},{"key":"S0924270825100422_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2024.e00322"},{"key":"S0924270825100422_ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968307305353"},{"key":"S0924270825100422_ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awq068"},{"key":"S0924270825100422_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2787"},{"key":"S0924270825100422_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.12475"},{"key":"S0924270825100422_ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci15020117"},{"key":"S0924270825100422_ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcbs.2019.12.004"},{"key":"S0924270825100422_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2013.09.018"},{"key":"S0924270825100422_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06204-3"},{"key":"S0924270825100422_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852920001789"},{"key":"S0924270825100422_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-023-01648-7"},{"key":"S0924270825100422_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.15018"},{"key":"S0924270825100422_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.1040217"},{"key":"S0924270825100422_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g1687"},{"key":"S0924270825100422_ref27","volume-title":"Patient-focused drug development guidance public workshop: methods to identify what is important to patients and select, develop or modify fit-for-purpose clinical outcomes assessments","year":"2018"},{"key":"S0924270825100422_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2005.10.006"},{"key":"S0924270825100422_ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.25304"},{"key":"S0924270825100422_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2045125320912125"},{"key":"S0924270825100422_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2016.00269"},{"key":"S0924270825100422_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x"},{"key":"S0924270825100422_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyx011"},{"key":"S0924270825100422_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2021.2022817"},{"key":"S0924270825100422_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5014\/ajot.39.6.386"},{"key":"S0924270825100422_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.63.1.83"},{"key":"S0924270825100422_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.22543.1"},{"key":"S0924270825100422_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2022.104706"},{"key":"S0924270825100422_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/02698811221116926"},{"key":"S0924270825100422_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2011.10.011"},{"key":"S0924270825100422_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.1020505"},{"key":"S0924270825100422_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awu237"},{"key":"S0924270825100422_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3999(00)00167-7"},{"key":"S0924270825100422_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291713001074"}],"container-title":["Acta Neuropsychiatrica"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0924270825100422","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T04:13:08Z","timestamp":1768277588000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0924270825100422\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]]},"references-count":87,"alternative-id":["S0924270825100422"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/neu.2025.10042","relation":{},"ISSN":["0924-2708","1601-5215"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0924-2708","type":"print"},{"value":"1601-5215","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"\u00a9 The Author(s), 2025. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Scandinavian College of Neuropsychopharmacology","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}],"article-number":"e3"}}