{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T13:18:06Z","timestamp":1785417486738,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776988800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":113,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Acta Neuropsychiatr."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0924270826100817_as1\">\n                    <jats:title>Introduction:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Estimating the prevalence of use of substances such as heroin remains a challenge. The aim of this study is to identify the scientific publications in Spain that have used surveys to investigate heroin use, to describe their methodology and to contrast the formulation of the questions with users\u2019 input on key aspects associated with use.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0924270826100817_as2\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A scoping review was conducted until November 2024 in MEDLINE (Ovid), EMBASE and Web of Science. The review included questionnaire-based research studies assessing heroin use in Spain. Information on study, population, data collection and consumption characteristics was compiled from each included study. In addition, in-depth interviews were conducted with Spanish heroin current users and ex-users.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0924270826100817_as3\">\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Twenty-nine questionnaire-based research studies assessing heroin use in Spain were identified; none of them were specifically oriented to estimate and characterise heroin use at the population level. Most of the studies focused on specific population groups, mainly drug users, students, or inmates. The majority addressed lifetime, past-year, and past-month use, although users found the past 3 or 6 months more relevant. Few studies explored other use characteristics; however, interviews with heroin ex-users highlighted the importance of factors like route of administration and age of first use.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0924270826100817_as4\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The studies identified in this review vary in terms of target population, geographic scope, reference time frame, and data collection methods. Moreover, questionnaires rarely address additional characteristics of use that are considered relevant by former users. This review identifies areas for improvement to guide future studies and refine methodological approaches.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/neu.2026.10081","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T07:50:54Z","timestamp":1777017054000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Heroin assessment in Spanish population-based studies: a scoping review"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-4347-162X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Teijeiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/030eybx10","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Universidade de Santiago de Compostela"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Garc\u00eda-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/030eybx10","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Universidade de Santiago de Compostela"},{"name":"Preventive Medicine Service, Complejo Hospitalario de A Coru\u00f1a"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela"},{"name":"CIBERESP"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2008-5913","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nerea","family":"Mourino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/030eybx10","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Universidade de Santiago de Compostela"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01qckj285","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of A Coru\u00f1a, University College of Nursing"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Correia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/030eybx10","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Universidade de Santiago de Compostela"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carla","family":"Guerra-Tort","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/030eybx10","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Universidade de Santiago de Compostela"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Candal-Pedreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/030eybx10","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Universidade de Santiago de Compostela"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela"},{"name":"CIBERESP"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guadalupe","family":"Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/030eybx10","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Universidade de Santiago de Compostela"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Rey-Brandariz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/030eybx10","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Universidade de Santiago de Compostela"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela"},{"name":"CIBERESP"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M\u00f3nica","family":"P\u00e9rez-R\u00edos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/030eybx10","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Universidade de Santiago de Compostela"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela"},{"name":"CIBERESP"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0924270826100817_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JAN.0000000000000274"},{"key":"S0924270826100817_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0022-3859.143989"},{"key":"S0924270826100817_ref19","unstructured":"European Union Drugs Agency (2009) An overview of the general populations survey (GPS) key indicator. Lisbon: European Union Drug Agency. Available at https:\/\/www.euda.europa.eu\/publications\/methods\/gps-overview_en (accessed December 2025)."},{"key":"S0924270826100817_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1575-0973(06)75108-X"},{"key":"S0924270826100817_ref39","unstructured":"National Institute on Drug Abuse (2021) Panorama general."},{"key":"S0924270826100817_ref51","first-page":"277","article-title":"Drug and alcohol use in Spain consumption habits, attitudes and opinions","volume":"111","author":"Royo-Bordonada","year":"1997","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"S0924270826100817_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00952990.2017.1312423"},{"key":"S0924270826100817_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-044829"},{"key":"S0924270826100817_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0740-5472(97)00319-X"},{"key":"S0924270826100817_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2023.05.080"},{"key":"S0924270826100817_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.med.2019.09.003"},{"key":"S0924270826100817_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20882\/adicciones.1421"},{"key":"S0924270826100817_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71"},{"key":"S0924270826100817_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2018.04.021"},{"key":"S0924270826100817_ref18","unstructured":"European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (2021b) Opioids: Health and social responses introduction."},{"key":"S0924270826100817_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofab251"},{"key":"S0924270826100817_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0213-9111(98)76479-9"},{"key":"S0924270826100817_ref47","unstructured":"Plan Nacional sobre Drogas (2024) Encuesta sobre alcohol y otras drogas en Espa\u00f1a, EDADES. Bienal."},{"key":"S0924270826100817_ref12","first-page":"94","article-title":"Sida. Evoluci\u00f3n de los objetivos del Plan de Salud de Catalu\u00f1a para el a\u00f1o 2000","volume":"121","author":"Casanova Barbar\u00e0","year":"2003","journal-title":"Medicina Cl\u00ednica"},{"key":"S0924270826100817_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19116387"},{"key":"S0924270826100817_ref17","unstructured":"European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (2021a) Opioids: Health and social responses."},{"key":"S0924270826100817_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2019.6235"},{"key":"S0924270826100817_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0213-9111(04)72035-X"},{"key":"S0924270826100817_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.133.5.859"},{"key":"S0924270826100817_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0213-9111(98)76482-9"},{"key":"S0924270826100817_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2019.106246"},{"key":"S0924270826100817_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15332640.2016.1255579"},{"key":"S0924270826100817_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2565(00)70661-8"},{"key":"S0924270826100817_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0211252"},{"key":"S0924270826100817_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.12560"},{"key":"S0924270826100817_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/sjp.2019.58"},{"key":"S0924270826100817_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4045\/tidsskr.21.0249"},{"key":"S0924270826100817_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18176\/resp.00013"},{"key":"S0924270826100817_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1157\/13093723"},{"key":"S0924270826100817_ref44","first-page":"88","article-title":"The characteristics of opiate users seen in an emergency service","volume":"13","author":"Perez Gonzalez","year":"1999","journal-title":"Gaceta Sanitaria"},{"key":"S0924270826100817_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-019-0320-8"},{"key":"S0924270826100817_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2023.107751"},{"key":"S0924270826100817_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/709752"},{"key":"S0924270826100817_ref13","first-page":"371","article-title":"La informaci\u00f3n sobre el uso indebido de drogas ilegales y sus problemas asociados","volume":"65","author":"De La Fuente Hoz","year":"1991","journal-title":"Revista de Sanidad e Higiene P\u00fablica"},{"key":"S0924270826100817_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2466\/PR0.106.1.297-313"},{"key":"S0924270826100817_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pch\/pxy129"},{"key":"S0924270826100817_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/0034-7167-2019-0236"},{"key":"S0924270826100817_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2023.111043"},{"key":"S0924270826100817_ref46","unstructured":"Plan Nacional sobre Drogas (2025) Encuesta sobre uso de drogas en ense\u00f1anzas secundarias, ESTUDES. Bienal. https:\/\/pnsd.sanidad.gob.es\/: Plan Nacional sobre Drogas."},{"key":"S0924270826100817_ref23","first-page":"151","article-title":"Prenatal exposure to drugs of abuse using meconium analysis in a low socioeconomic population in Barcelona","volume":"70","author":"Garcia-Algar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anales de Pediatr\u00eda"},{"key":"S0924270826100817_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2010.12.043"},{"key":"S0924270826100817_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000079835"},{"key":"S0924270826100817_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10826084.2015.1108339"},{"key":"S0924270826100817_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2009.179531"},{"key":"S0924270826100817_ref55","first-page":"60","article-title":"Consumo de drogas. Evaluaci\u00f3n de los objetivos del Plan de Salud de Catalu\u00f1a para el a\u00f1o 2000","volume":"121","author":"Suelves","year":"2003","journal-title":"Medicina Cl\u00ednica (Barcelona)"},{"key":"S0924270826100817_ref6","first-page":"19","article-title":"Diferencias en los efectos subjetivos de la drogas en pacientes con primer brote psic\u00f3tico. Resultados preliminares","volume":"33","author":"Busquets","year":"2005","journal-title":"Actas Espa\u00f1olas de Psiquiatr\u00eda"},{"key":"S0924270826100817_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/aeap.2016.28.5.417"},{"key":"S0924270826100817_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0093854816656895"},{"key":"S0924270826100817_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/14773708211028471"},{"key":"S0924270826100817_ref41","unstructured":"Organizaci\u00f3n de las Naciones Unidas (2003) Estimaci\u00f3n de la prevalencia \u2014 M\u00e9todos indirectos para estimar la magnitud del problema de las drogas. M\u00f3dulo 2-GAP Programa Mundial de Evaluaci\u00f3n Del Uso Indebido de Drogas, 103."},{"key":"S0924270826100817_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0213-9111(96)71899-X"},{"key":"S0924270826100817_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-020-00429-5"},{"key":"S0924270826100817_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.13160"},{"key":"S0924270826100817_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2021.1944598"},{"key":"S0924270826100817_ref1","first-page":"e4648","article-title":"Women drug-users in outpatient treatment: A qualitative study from a gender and community mental health perspective","volume":"20","author":"Aguila-Morales","year":"2024","journal-title":"Salud Colectiva"},{"key":"S0924270826100817_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3928\/02793695-20160518-05"},{"key":"S0924270826100817_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2004.03.012"},{"key":"S0924270826100817_ref33","first-page":"43","article-title":"Opioid misuse in the 30 days prior to entering Agonist Opioid Treatment infour European Countries. A pilot study","volume":"18","author":"Maremmani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Heroin Addiction and Related Clinical Problems"},{"key":"S0924270826100817_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.333"}],"container-title":["Acta Neuropsychiatrica"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0924270826100817","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T07:10:54Z","timestamp":1784272254000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0924270826100817\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":64,"alternative-id":["S0924270826100817"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/neu.2026.10081","relation":{},"ISSN":["0924-2708","1601-5215"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0924-2708","type":"print"},{"value":"1601-5215","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"assertion":[{"value":"\u00a9 The Author(s), 2026. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Scandinavian College of Neuropsychopharmacology","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}],"article-number":"e43"}}