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Data were derived from a general population adolescent and young adult twin cohort. The final sample consisted of 202 monozygotic and 436 dizygotic twins and 319 twin pairs. The Short Eysenck Personality questionnaire was used to measure neuroticism. PRS<jats:sub>\n\t      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n\t    <\/jats:sub> was trained on the results from the Genetics of Personality Consortium (GPC) and United Kingdom Biobank (UKB) cohorts, yielding two different PRS<jats:sub>\n\t      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n\t    <\/jats:sub>. Multilevel mixed-effects models were used to analyze the main and interacting associations of PRS<jats:sub>\n\t      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n\t    <\/jats:sub>, childhood adversity, bullying, and parental bonding style with neuroticism. We found no evidence of gene\u2013environment correlation. PRS<jats:sub>\n\t      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n\t    <\/jats:sub> thresholds of .005 and .2 were chosen, based on GPC and UKB datasets, respectively. After correction for confounders, all the individual variables were associated with the expression of neuroticism: both PRS<jats:sub>\n\t      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n\t    <\/jats:sub> from GPC and UKB, childhood adversity, maternal bonding, paternal bonding, and bullying in primary school and secondary school. However, the results indicated no evidence for gene\u2013environment interaction in this cohort. These results suggest that genetic vulnerability on the one hand and negative life events (childhood adversity and bullying) and positive life events (optimal parental bonding) on the other represent noninteracting pathways to neuroticism.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/pen.2023.2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,4]],"date-time":"2023-08-04T08:00:16Z","timestamp":1691136016000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Gene\u2013environment interaction study on the polygenic risk score for neuroticism, childhood adversity, and parental bonding"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2472-4938","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Boris","family":"Klingenberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sinan","family":"Guloksuz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lotta-Katrin","family":"Pries","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ozan","family":"Cinar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Menne-Lothmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeroen","family":"Decoster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruud","family":"van Winkel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dina","family":"Collip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Delespaul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"De Hert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Derom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evert","family":"Thiery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nele","family":"Jacobs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marieke","family":"Wichers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bochao D.","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jurjen","family":"Luykx","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jim","family":"van Os","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bart P. 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