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Relative to RHAs, RLA rats exhibit enhanced threat sensitivity, anxiety, fear and vulnerability to stress, a passive coping style and increased sensitivity to frustration. Thus, RLA rats\u2019 phenotypic profile falls well within the \u201cinternalizing\u201d behavior spectrum. Compared with RLAs and other rat strains\/stocks, RHAs present increased impulsivity and reward sensitivity, deficits in social behavior and attentional\/cognitive processes, novelty-induced hyper-locomotion and vulnerability to psychostimulant sensitization and drug addiction. Thus, RHA rats\u2019 phenotypes are consistent with a \u201cdisinhibiting externalizing\u201d profile. Many neurobiological\/molecular traits differentiate both rat lines\/strains. For example, relative to RLA rats, RHAs exhibit decreased function of the prefrontal cortex (PFC), hippocampus and amygdala, increased functional tone of the mesolimbic dopamine system, a deficit of central metabotropic glutamate-2 (mGlu2) receptors, increased density of serotonin 5-HT2A receptors in the PFC, impairment of GABAergic transmission in the PFC, alterations of several synaptic markers and increased density of pyramidal immature dendr\u00edtic spines in the PFC. These characteristics suggest an immature brain of RHA rats and are reminiscent of schizophrenia features like hypofrontality and disruption of the excitation\/inhibition cortical balance. We review evidence supporting RLA rats as a valid model of anxiety\/fear, stress and frustration vulnerability, whereas RHA rats represent a promising translational model of neurodevelopmental alterations related to impulsivity, schizophrenia-relevant features and comorbidity with drug addiction vulnerability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/pen.2023.7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,4]],"date-time":"2023-10-04T02:48:01Z","timestamp":1696387681000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Contribution of the Roman rat lines\/strains to personality neuroscience: neurobehavioral modeling of internalizing\/externalizing 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