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We hypothesized that the 2020 election might have been traumatic for some voters, producing measurable symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). We also hypothesized that negative sentiment toward the opposing party correlates with PTSD. We measured PTSD using a modified version of the PCL-5, a validated PTSD screener, for 573 individuals from a nationally representative YouGov sample. We modeled the association between affective polarization and PTSD, controlling for political, demographic, and psychological traits. We estimate that 12.5% of American adults (95% CI: 9.2% to 15.9%) experienced election-related PTSD, far higher than the annual PTSD prevalence of 3.5%. Additionally, negativity toward opposing partisans correlated with PTSD symptoms. These findings highlight a potential need to support Americans affected by election-related trauma.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/pls.2023.8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,15]],"date-time":"2023-05-15T07:50:14Z","timestamp":1684137014000},"page":"179-204","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Election-Related Post-Traumatic Stress: Evidence from the 2020 U.S. Presidential Election"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"42","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4509-0244","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Timothy","family":"Fraser","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8460-0331","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Costas","family":"Panagopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0312-2284","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kevin","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0730938423000084_r106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2669316"},{"key":"S0730938423000084_r97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electstud.2019.04.009"},{"key":"S0730938423000084_r67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pops.12709"},{"key":"S0730938423000084_r89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10705500802222972"},{"key":"S0730938423000084_r100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15377857.2021.1939568"},{"key":"S0730938423000084_r1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022381608080493"},{"key":"S0730938423000084_r6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMms2025396"},{"key":"S0730938423000084_r7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electstud.2018.09.009"},{"key":"S0730938423000084_r35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pnasnexus\/pgac011"},{"key":"S0730938423000084_r49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.62.6.617"},{"key":"S0730938423000084_r10","article-title":"Posttraumatic stress disorders and extent of psychosocial impairments five years after a traffic accident","volume":"2","author":"Barth","year":"2005","journal-title":"GMS Psycho-Social Medicine"},{"key":"S0730938423000084_r30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-3797(98)00017-8"},{"key":"S0730938423000084_r43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-720X.2001.tb00037.x"},{"key":"S0730938423000084_r52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ajps.12087"},{"key":"S0730938423000084_r54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0002764218759581"},{"key":"S0730938423000084_r19","first-page":"211","article-title":"Trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in primary care patients","volume":"3","author":"Bruce","year":"2001","journal-title":"Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0730938423000084_r62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00150-6"},{"key":"S0730938423000084_r40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10880-016-9449-8"},{"key":"S0730938423000084_r109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10659129211034561"},{"key":"S0730938423000084_r14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.22059"},{"key":"S0730938423000084_r47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-71311-3"},{"key":"S0730938423000084_r77","unstructured":"Norman, S. 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